Thibet

See Tibet. Saints bury , French Lit., p. 68. Thierry, or Thierri (ti-er'i; F. pron. tyā-rē'), I., or Theodoric (the-od'ō-rik). Died 534. King of Austrasia: son of Clovis, and one of his succe ors in 511. Thierry II. Died 613. King of Burgundy and later of Austrasia, second son of Childebert II. Thierry III. Died 691 (6927). King of the Franks, a younger son of Clovis II. Thierry IV. Died 737. King of the Franks, one of the "rois fainéants." The government was administered by Charles Martel. See Charles . Thierry (tyā-rē'), Amédée Simon Dominique. Born at Blois, France, Aug. 2, 1797: died at Paris, March 26, 1873. A French historian and politician, brother of J. N. A. Thierry. He was for a time profe or at Besançon; after the revolution of 1830 was prefect of the upper Saône; and later held other political offices. He was made a senator in 1860. He wrote "His to ire des Gaulois" (1828), "His to ire de la Gaule sous l'administration romaine" (1840-47), "His to ire d'Attila" (1856), "Tableau de l'empire romain" (1862), "Récits de l'his to ire romaine" (1860, 1864), "Saint-Jérôme" (1867), etc. Thierry, Ja Jacques Nicolas August in. Born at Blois, May 10, 1795: died at Paris, May 22, 1856. An eminent French historian. He obtained a free scholarship at the college of his native town, and graduated with the highest honors. Then he took a two years' course of study at the École Normale in Paris (1811-13), and fitted himself for a teacher. After a brief stay in a provincial college, man, against each other, to decide a contest. The fight is said to have taken place between the castles of Jo elin and Ploermel in France in 1351. The English were beaten. Thirty Tyrants, The. 1. An aristocratic body which usurped the government of Athens 404403 B. C. The most notable was Critias. They were expelled by the democratic party under the lead of Thrasybulus.-2. A popular name given collectively to the body of pretenders to the Roman Empire under the reigns of Valerian, Gallienus, etc. Among them were Tetricus and Odenathus. Thirty Years' War, The. A religious and political war in central Europe which involved Germany and various countries. It was caused by the friction between the Protestants and Catholics in the Empire; and the immediate occasion was the infringe. ment by the court of Austria of the rights of the Bohemian Protestants, who in May, 1618, rose in revolt under the lead of Count Thurn. The following were the main events: In 1619 the emperor Matthias died, and was succeeded in the Hapsburg dominions and as emperor by Ferdinand II., but Frederick V., elector of the Palatinate, was chosen as a rival king by the Bohemians; in Nov., 1620, the Catholic League defeated Frederick at the White Mountain; in 1622 Tilly and the Catholic League were victorious at Wimpfen and Höchst; in 1625 Christian IV. of Denmark became the leader of the Protestants; in 1626 Tilly defeated Christian IV. at Lutter, and Wal lens tein, the Imperialist general, defeated Mansfeld at De au; in 1629 the Edict of in 1630 Wal lens tein was dismi ed, while Gustavus A dol Restitution was i ued by Ferdinand II. (see Restitution ); phus of Sweden became the Protestant leader. The events of 1631 were the storming of Magdeburg by Tilly and the victory of Gustavus at Breitenfeld; of 1632, the succe es of Gustavus, the reentry of Wal lens tein to the Imperialist ser Tholen (tō'len). 1. An island in Zealand, Netherlands, situated northeast of the East Schelde and 22 miles northwest of Antwerp. Length, 9 miles.-2. A small town in the eastern part of the island of Tholen. Tholuck (tō'lök), Fried rich August Gotttreu. Born at Breslau, Pru ia, March 30, 1799: died at Halle, Pru ia, June 10, 1877. A German Protestant theologian and preacher, profe or of theology at Halle from 1826. He was educated at Breslau and at Berlin, where he was appointed profe or (extraordinary) in 1823. His works include "Die Lehre vom Sünder und Versöhner" ("The Doctrine of the Sinner and Redemption "), "Stunden der Andacht" ("Hours of Devotion," 1840), commentaries on Romans, John, the Sermon on the Mount, Hebrews, and Psalms, an answer to Strau 'sa "Leben Jesu" ("Glaubwürdigkeit der evangel is chen Ge schichte," 1837), "Vorgeschichte des Rationalism us" (18531862), "Geschichte des Rationalism us" (1865), etc. Thomas (tom'as), Saint, or Didymus. [Heb., a twin'; Gr. Θωμᾶς ; L. Didymus , from Gr. ὁ δίδυ μος, a twin; It. Tommaso , Sp. Tomas , Pg. Tho mas or Thomaz .] One of the twelve apostles: according to tradition, an evangelist in Parthia and India, where he suffered martyrdom. Thomas of Erceldoune. See Thomas the Rhymer . Thomas of London. Born at London, 1118: murdered in Canterbury cathedral, Dec. 29, 1170. An English prelate, archbishop of Canterbury. He was the son of a rich merchant, and his career was advanced by Theobald, archbishop of Canterbury, in whose household he was about 1142. He became archdeacon of Canterbury in 1154, and chancellor of Henry II. in 1155, an office he filled with great magnificence; and, though only in deacon's orders, was suddenly appointed archbishop of Canterbury in 1162. He became a strong advocate of the church's rights, defending her against the king whose partizan he had previously been. He refused to consent to the constitutions of the Council of Clarendon, curtailing clerical privileges, but was prevailed upon to do so by the Pope. He was tried by Henry for breach of allegiance in endeavoring to leave the country after this, and his property was confiscated and his ecclesiastical revenue sequestered. He finally escaped to France, and thence to Rome, where the Pope reinstalled him in his see. After much correspondence and many threats of ex communication against the English bishops, he was recon ciled with Henry in 1170, and returned to England; but temper was as haughty as ever, and Henry "to berid of this turbulent priest." Four knights, overhearing this hasty exclamation, slew Becket before the altar of St. Benedict in the north transept of Canterbury cathedral, Dec. 29, 1170. In 1172 he was canonized, and in 1220 his bones were removed to Trinity Chapel, where they were for several centuries the object of pilgrimages. Chaucer's "Canterbury Tales" were told on a pilgrimage to his shrine. Henry VIII. destroyed it, and burned and scat tered his bones. Also Thomas Becket or a Becket. Thomas of Wood stock, Duke of Gloucester. Born at Wood stock, England, Jan. 7, 1355: murdered at Calais, France, Sept. 8, 1397. The youngest son of Edward III., a leading politician in the reign of Richard II. Thomas the Rhymer, or Thomas of Erceldoune (now Earlston). Lived about 1225-1300. A Scottish poet, noted in folk-lore and Arthur i an legend as a prophet and a guide to the mysterious halls beneath the Eildon Hills. Ac cording to the popular story, the Queen of Faery came to him as he sat under the Eildon tree, and carried him to The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia: The Century Cyclopedia of names Thomas the Rhymer Fairyland, where they lived in happine for three years, at the end of which time she brought him back to the Eildon tree and told him of many things that were to happen in the wars between England and Scotland. He was called "True Thomas" from the truth of these prophecies. He finally disappeared in a forest, following a hart and hind, and was seen no more. (Compare Tannhauser .) "The Romance and Prophecies of Thomas of Erceldoune" has been edited by Dr. Murray for the Early English Text Society (1875). Sir Walter Scott attributed to him the poem "Sir Tristrem," a 13th-century romance, which he edited from the Auchinleck MS, in 1804; but it is not now thought to be his. "Sir Tristrem" was edited by McNeill in 1886 for the Scottish Text Society. The charter [dated 1299, in which his son describes him self as the heir of Thomas Rymour de Erceldon) quoted in the "Minstrelsy" contains written evidence that the epithet of Rymour was peculiar to our Thomas, and was dropped by his son, who designates himself simply Thomas of Erceldoune, son of Thomas the Rymour of Erceldoune; which I think is conclusive upon the subject. In all this discu ion, I have scorned to avail myself of the tradition of country, as well as the suspicious testimony of Boece, Dempster, ., grounded probably upon that tradition, which uniformly affirms the name of Thomas to have been Learmont or Leirmont, and that of the Rhymer a personal epithet. Certain it is that his castle is called Leirmont's Tower, and that he is as well known to the country people by that name as by the appellation of the Rhymer. Letter from Scott to George Ellis , in Lockhart, 1. 217. Thomas, Annie. See Cudlip , Mrs. Thomas (to-ma'), Charles Ambroise. Born at Metz, Aug. 5, 1811: died Feb. 12, 1896. A French composer, director of the Conservatory in Paris. Among his works are the operas "Mignon" (1866), "Hamlet" (1868). Thomas (tom'as), Edith Matilda. Born at Chas am, Ohio, in 1854. An American poet. Among her works are "A New Year's Masque" (1885), "The Round Year" (1886), "Lyrics and Sonnets" (1887). Thomas (tom'as), George Henry. Born in Southampton County, Va., July 31, 1816: died at San Francisco, March 28, 1870. A distinguished American general. He graduated at West Point in 1840; served in the Seminole war; was distinguished in the Mexican war at Monterey in 1846 and Buena Vista in 1847; was instructor at West Point 1851-54; and served in Texas until the Civil War. He was appointed colonel in May, 1861, and served under Patters on; was appointed brigadier-general of volunteers and transferred to the Department of the Cumber land in Aug., 1861; gained the victory of Mill Springs Jan. 19, 1862; was distinguished at Perryville Oct. 8, and as commander of the center at Murfreesboro; and became famous for his defense of the Union position in the battle of Chick am aug a Sept. 19-20, 1803 (hence called "the Rock of Chick am aug a"). On Oct, 19, 1863, he was made commander of the Army of the Cumber land, with the rank of brigadier general; and fought at the battle of Chattanooga, and with Sherman in the invasion of Georgia in 1864. He was sent to Tenne ee repel Hood's invasion in Sept., 1864, and defeated Hood at Nashville Dec. 15-16, 1864. He was promoted major-general in the regular army and organized cavalry operations (capture of Davis, etc.) in 1865. He was commander of military divisions and departments in Tenne ee, etc., and lastly of the military division of the Pacific 1869-70. to Thomas, Joseph. Born in Cayuga County, N.Y., Sept. 23, 1811: died Dec. 24, 1891. An American author. He was educated as a physician, and was for a time profe or of Latin and Greek in Haver ford College, He was a ociated with Baldwin in compiling the "Pronouncing Gazetteer" (1845); edited the biographical and geographical vocabularies to Webster's dictionaries; col with Baldwin in the compilation of "A New and Complete Gazetteer of the United States" and of "Lippincott's Pronouncing Gazetteer of the World" (1855); and edited "A Comprehensive Medical Dictionary" revised 1886) and Lippincott's "Pronouncing Dictionary of Biography and Mythology" (1870-71). He wrote also "Travels in Egypt and Palestine" (1853), etc. Thomas, Lorenzo. Born at Newcastle, Del., Oct. 26, 1804: died at Washington, D. C., March 2,1875. An American general. He served in the Seminole war; was chief of staff to Butler in the Mexican war, and later chief of staff to Scott; was adjutant-general in the Civil War; and was appointed by Johnson secretary of war ad interim 1868 (but did not serve). Thomas, Philemon. Born in North Carolina, 1764: died at Baton Rouge, La., 1847. An American officer and politician. He was leader of the West Florida insurrection against Spain 1810-11, and was member of Congre from Louisiana 1831-35. Thomas, Theodore. Born at Esens, Hannover, Oct. 11, 1835. An American musical conductor. He made his first appearance in public about 1841 as a violinist. He was brought to the United States in 1845, and was first and solo violin in concerts and opera till 1861. From 1855 to 1869 he gave a series of concerts of chamber music; and his symphony concerts in New York, begun in 1-64, were given every season (except from 1869 to 1872) until 1878, when he became director of the College of Music at Cincinnati, Ohio. He returned to New York in 1880, and made it the headquarters of his orchestra till 1891, when he removed to Chicago. He has been mainly instrumental in developing the musical taste of the country by his series of orchestral concerts, as well as by his work as conductor of the New York and Brooklyn Philharmonic Societies, of the New York Chorus Society, the Cincinnati festivals, etc. Hewas made musical director of the World's Columbian Exposition at Chicago, and resigned in 1893. Thomas a Kempis (kem'pis): properly Thomas Hammer ken or Hamerken. Born at Kempen, Rhenish Pru ia, about 1380: died near Zwolle, Netherlands, July 25, 1471. A German mystic IMG:content-0965.png:[blocks in formation] IMG:content-0966.png:[blocks in formation] Sept. 8, 1798: died at Tall a has see, Fla., Nov. 23, 1868. An American politician. He was Whig member of Congre from South Carolina 1835-41, and United States minister to Mexico 1842-44. He wrote "Recollections of Mexico" (1846). Thomson (tom's on), Sir Charles Wyville. Born at Bonsyde, Linlithgowshire, March 5, 1830: died at Edinburgh, March 10, 1882. A noted Scottish biologist. He lectured on botany at Aberdeen in 18501853, and was succe ively profe or of natural history at Cork, Belfast, and Edinburgh. With Dr. W. B. Carpenter, he conducted the deep-sea dredging expeditions in the war-ships Lightning and Porcupine (1868-69). He is best known as the director of the scientific staff of the important Challenger expedition for deep-sea exploration (1872-76). In 1877 he published "The Voyage of the Challenger," descriptive of its general results. He was Thomson. church. It was an attempt to reconcile Aristo tel i an phi. knighted in 1876, and is generally designated Sir Wyville losophy with the Christian faith. It is of very high author Thomson, James. Born at Ednam, Roxburghshire, Scotland, Sept. 11, 1700: died near Richmond, England, Aug. 27, 1748. A British poet. He was educated at Edinburgh, and studied for the church; was private tutor for a short time; and held several sinecure offices. He wrote "The Seasons" ("Winter," 1726; "Summer," 1727; "Spring,"1728; "Autumn," 1730), "The Castle of Indolence" (1748), an "Ode to the Memory of Sir Isaac Newton" (1727), "Liberty" (1734-36), and the plays "Soph on isba" (1730: containing the famous line (which killed the piece) "O Soph on isba, Soph on isba O," parodied by every one as "O Jemmy Thomson, Jemmy Thomson O") and "Agamemnon" (1738), the masque "Alfred," in conjunction with Mallet (1740), and "Tancred and Sigismunda" (1745). Thomson, James. Born at Port Glasgow, Scotland, Nov. 23, 1834: died at London, June 3, 1882. A Scottish poet, known as "the poet of despair." He became a lawyer's clerk in 1862; later came to America as a mining agent; was war correspondent in Spain; and during the last years of his life labored as a journalist. He is best known as the author of "The City of Dreadful Night" (1880). He also wrote "Vane's Story," "A Voice from the Nile" (1884), and "Shelley, a Poem" (1885). ca Thomson, William. Born Feb. 11, 1819: died Dec. 25, 1890. An English prelate and author, archbishop of York 1862. He wrote "Outline of the Nece ary Laws of Thought" (1842), and theological works. Thomson, William, first Lord Kelvin. Born at Belfast, Ireland, June, 1824. A celebrated British mathematician and physicist, profe or of natural philosophy in Glasgow University since 1846. He has made important investigations in the domains of heat, electricity, and magnetism; invented the mirror-galvanometer and siphon-recorder, various forms of apparatus used in navigation and deep-sea exploration, and has otherwise done much for the advancement of practical electricity; and took a prominent part in the laying of the first submarine cables in the Atlantic. He is joint author with Profe or P. G. Tait of "An Elementary Treatise on Natural Philosophy," and has besides written extensively on theoretical subjects connected with geology, terrestrial physics, tidal phenomena, etc. He was the first boldly to enunciate the doctrine, now largely received by geologists and mathematical physicists, that the earth has the rigidity of steel or gla , and is practically solid to the center. He was president of the British A ociation in 1871; was knighted in 1866; and was created Baron Kelvin in 1892. Thompson, Elizabeth. See Butler , Lady . Thompson, Jacob. Born in Caswell County, N. C., May 15, 1810: died at Memphis, Tenn., March 24, 1885. An American politician. He was Democratic member of Congre from Mi i ippi 1839-51; secretary of the interior 1857-61; governor of Mi i ippi 1862-64; and Confederate agent in Canada. Thompson, Joseph Parrish. Born at Phila- delphia, Aug. 7, 1819: died at Berlin, Sept. 20, 1879. An American Congregational clergyman, theological writer, and Egypt ologist. He was pastor of the Broadway Tabernacle, New York, 1845-71, and one of the founders of the "New Eng lander" and of the "Independent." He lived in his later years at Berlin. His works include "Egypt, Past and Present" (1856), "Theology, of Christ" (1870), "Church and State in the United cinnati. (1874), and "Life of Christ" (1875). Thompson, Launt. Born in Queen's County, Ireland, 1833: died at Middle town, N. Y., Sept. 26, 1894. An American sculptor. Thompson, Richard Wigginton. Born in Cul- peper County, Va., June 9, 1809. An American politician. He was a Whig member of Congre from Indiana 1841-43 and 1847-49; and secretary of the navy Thompson, Robert Ellis. Born near Lurgan, Ireland, 1844. An American educator, editor, and economist: an advocate of protection. He was editor of the "Penn Monthly" and the "American," and was the first editor of the "American Supplement" to the 1877-81. "Encyclopædia Britannica"; was formerly profe or in the University of Pennsylvania; and is now (1895) principal of the Philadelphia High School. Thompson, Smith. Born at Stanford, N. Y., Jan., 1768: died at Poughkeepsie, N. Y., Dec. 18, 1843. An American jurist and politician. He was chief justice of the Supreme Court of New York 1814-18; secretary of the navy 1818-23; and a ociate justice of the United States Supreme Court 1823-43. Thompson, Thomas Perronet or Per on net. Born at Hull, England, March 15, 1783: died Oct. 6, 1869. An English politician and mathematician. He studied at Queen's College, Cambridge; entered the navy in 1803; and in 1806 went over to the army. In 1808 he was made governor of Sierra Leone through the influence of Wilberforce. In 1815 he went to the Persian Gulf as Arabic interpreter in the Wahhabee expedition, and in 1820 negotiated a treaty with the Wahhabees which characterized the slave-trade as piracy. In 1835 he was elected member of Parliament for Hull. He published "A Catechism of the Corn Laws" (1827), a telling pamphlet. His "Theory of Just Intonation" (1850) was an early contribution to the principles of musical acoustics that have been developed as the tonic sol-fa system. He was for a time joint editor of the "Westminster Review." Thomson, William McClure. Born near Cincinnati, Dec. 31, 1806: died April 8, 1894. An American Presbyterian mi ionary in Syria and Palestine, and biblical archæologist. He wrote "The Land and the Book" (1859), "The Land of Promise (1865), etc. Thopas, Sir. See Rime of Sir Thopas . Thor (thôr or tor). [Icel. Thorr = AS. Thunor , thunder.] The second principal god of the ancient Scand in avians: the god of thunder. He was the son of Odin, or the supreme being, and Jördh, the earth. He was the champion of the gods, and was called to their a istance whenever they were in straits. He was also the friend of mankind, and the slayer of trolls and evil spirits. He always carried a heavy hammer (Mjöllnir, 'the crusher'), which, as often as he discharged it, returned to his hand of itself, and he po e ed a girdle which had the virtue of renewing his strength. Thor is represented as a powerful man, in the prime of life, with a long red beard. Thorah. See Torah. Thorbecke (tor'bek-e), Jan Rudolph. Born at Zwolle, Jan. 15, 1798: died at The Hague, June 4, 1872. A Dutch statesman. He was premier 1849-53, 1862-66, and 1871-72. Thoreau (thōrō), Henry David. Born at Concord, Ma ., July 12, 1817: died at Concord, May 6, 1862. An American writer. He graduated at Harvard in 1837, taught school, and afterward became a land-surveyor. He lived alone on the shore of Walden Pond, Concord, 1845-47. He was a transcendentalist, and a friend of Emerson, Alcott, etc.; stood out for the rights of the individual; and was at one time imprisoned for his refusal to pay taxes. Among his works are "A Week on the Concord and Merrimac Rivers" (1849), "Walden, or Life in the Woods" (1854), "Excursions in Field and Forest" (1863: with a memoir by Emerson), "The Maine Woods" (1864), "Cape Cod" (1865), "Letters to Various Persons" (1865: with a notice by Emerson), "A Yankee in Canada, etc." (1866). He wrote for the leading periodicals, and was the author of several poems. Thorenburg Thorenburg (tō'ren-börg), or Torda, or Thorda (tor'do). The capital of the county of TordaAranyos, Hungary, situated on the Aranyos 16 miles south-southeast of Klausenburg. Population (1890), 11,079. Thorfinn (thor'fin). Lived at the beginning of the 11th century. A Scand in avian navigator, said to have explored the coast of New England about 1107-10, and to have attempted a settlement in southeastern Ma achusetts. Thorn (torn), Pol. Torun (to'rön). A town and fortre in the province of West Pru ia, Pru ia, situated on the Vistula in lat. 53°2′ N., long. 18° 34′ E. It has considerable trade, partly by the Vistula, and contains several medieval churches. It was founded by the Teutonic Order in 1231, but the people destroyed the castle of the order and attached themselves to Poland in 1454. The first peace of Thorn between Poland and the Teutonic Order was concluded in 1411; by the second (1466) the order made important ce ions to Poland. Thorn was an ancient Hanseatic town. Several Protestants were put to death in 1724. It pa ed to Pru ia at the second partition of Poland (1793), to the grand duchy of Warsaw in 1807, and to Pru ia in 1815. As an important border strategic point it has been strongly fortified since 1878. It was the birthplace of Copernicus. Population (1890), 39,549. Thorn, Conference of. A fruitle congre held at Thorn in 1645 between representatives of the Roman Catholic, Luther an, and Reformed churches in Poland. Thornbury (thôrn'bu-ri), George Walter. Born at London, 1828: died there, June 11, 1876. An English miscellaneous writer, commonly known as Walter Thornbury. Among his works are "Lays and Legends" (1851), "The Buccaneers, or Monarchs of the Main" (1855), "Shakspere's England (1856), "Art and Nature at Home and Abroad" (1856), Man his own Trumpeter" (1858), "Life in Spain" (1859), "British Artists from Hogarth to Turner" (1860), "Life of Turner" (1861), etc. Songs of the Cavaliers and Round heads" (1857), "Every Thorn hill (thôrn'hil). A town in the West Riding of Yorkshire, situated near the Calder 10 miles southwest of Leeds. Population (1891), 9,606. Thorn hill, Sir James. Born at Melcombe Regis, 1676: died at Thorn hill, near Weymouth, May 13, 1734. An English painter. His first teacher was Thomas High more. He visited Holland, Flanders, Germany, and France. When George I. became king he appointed Thorn hill court painter as succe or to High more. He executed the decorations of part of the cupola of St. Paul's, the ceiling and walls of the hall of Green wich Hospital, the great hall at Blenheim, parts of Hampton Court, and many chapels in Oxford, etc. He was knighted by George I. in 1715. Hogarth was his most distinguished pupil and his son-in-law. Thorn hill, Sir William. A character in Goldsmith's "Vicar of Wake field." He a umes the name of Mr. Burchell, and is the good genius of the story. His nephew, Squire Thorn hill, is the betrayer of Olivia Primrose. Thornton (thôrn'ton), Sir Edward. Born 1817. An English diplomatist. He was minister to Brazil 1865-67, and to the United States 1867-81; member of the joint high commi ion 1871; and amba ador to Ru ia 1881-84, and to Turkey 1884-87. Thorny croft (thôr'ni-krôft), Mrs. (Mary Francis). Born in England, 1814: died Feb. 1, 1895. An English sculptor. Thorny croft, Walter Hamo. Born at London, March 9, 1850. An English sculptor, son of the sculptor Mary Thorny croft. He won the gold medal of the Academy in 1875, and first exhibited at the Royal Academy in 1876. His most important works are "Artemis" (188)), at Eaton Hall, the seat of the Duke of Westminster; "Teucer" (1881), in the South Kensing ton Museum; "Hypatia" (1884), in the Grosvenor Gallery; a statue of General Gordon (1885); an equestrian statue of Edward I. (1885); "Science" (1891), a high relief; and a statue of John Bright (1892), at Rochdale. Thorough (thur'o). The name given by Str afford to his policy. See Str afford . Thorough Doctor, The. William Varro. "Triumphal Entry of Alexander into Babylon" and "Night and Morning" (his best-known work); statues of Jason, Ganymede, Venus, Psyche, the Graces, and other cia i- cal subjects; "Christ and the Twelve Apostles" (Copenha- gen), probably his best work; and "Preaching of John the Baptist" (Copenhagen). Thorvaldsen Museum. A museum at Copen- hagen, at once the mausoleum of the great sculptor and a repository of his works. It was completed in 1848. The building, inspired by Greek and Etruscan prototypes, is solemn and impre ive. It is a long rectangle, preceded by a vestibule, and inclosing a court in the middle of which, on an ivy-covered mound, is the tomb of Thorwaldsen. The museum contains, ar- rayed in a series of rooms, 80 statues from the master's hand or in casts, three long friezes, 220 smaller reliefs, and 130 busts. Thorwaldsen. See Thorvaldsen . Thospitis (thos-pī'tis). The ancient name of Lake Van. Thoth (thoth or tot), Eg. Tehuti (te-hö'te). An Egyptian divinity whom the Greeks a imilated to their Hermes (Mercury). He was the god of speech and hieroglyphics or letters, and of the reckoning of time, and the source of wisdom. The cynocephalous ape and the ibis were sacred to him. He is represented as a human figure, usually with the head of an ibis, and frequently with the moon-disk and crescent. Also Tat . Thot (Tehuti) is generally drawn with an ibis head, or as a dog-ape. We recognize in him the moon-god, but he generally appears as the god of civilization (of intelligence and writing), or as the god who protects and revives dead bodies. He is worshipped more especially at Sesennu (Hermopolis) and in the peninsula of Sinai. Three Rivers rope, with varying boundaries: the ancient Thracia ( Gr.Θράκη ). In early times it was regarded as the entire region north of Greece. As a Roman province it was bounded by the Hæmus or Balkan (separating it from Mœsia) on the north: the Euxine and Bosporus on the east; the Pro pont is, Hellespont, and Ægean Sea the south, and the Nestus (separating it from Macedonia) on the west: corresponding, therefore, to Eastern Kumelia and part of Turkey. The principal mountain-range is the Rhodope; the principal river, the Hebrus. Greek colonies were planted at Byzantium, on the Thracian Cher sones us, and at Abdera, Per in thus, etc. The climate was notable for its severity, and the inhabitants for their ferocity and barbarity. The affinities of the ancient inhabitants are unknown: they may have been ancestors of the Wallachs. In the 5th century B. C. Thrace was largely under the rule of Teres, king of the Odrysæ. It was succe ively under Maced on i an, Roman, Byzantine, and Turkish rule. The wide stretch of country between the lower course of the Danube and the shores of the Ægean and the Pro pont is was occupied in antiquity by the tribe of the Thra cians, which Hero dot us (v. 3) regards as the greatest of all peoples next to the Indi. The scanty remains of the Thracian language are enough to establish traces of its Indo-Germanic character, but not enough to define its position in the Indo-European family more closely. Certain it is, however, that from hence a large part of Asia Minor received its Indo-Germanic population. In the first place, it is known that the Thracians themselves spread eastwards over the strait a considerable distance towards Asia. According to the unanimous opinion of antiquity, again, the Phrygians emigrated from Europe, and were originally connected with the Thracians.