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and then went to Haiti. Billaut (bē-yō'), Adam. A French poet, 16021662, most familiarly known as Maître or Master Adam. Bille (bil'e), Steen Andersen. Born Aug. 22, 1751: died at Copenhagen, April 15, 1833. A Danish admiral and minister of state, dist in guished in an attack on Tripoli in 1798, and the battle of Copenhagen in 1807. in 8° 30′ N., long. 118° 45′ Ε. Bimini (bē-me-nē'), or Bimani (bē-mä-nē'). The name formerly given by West Indian natives to an island or region north of them, where, according to their legends, there was a fountain whose waters conferred perpetual youth. Probably the island, like the fountain, was a fable; but the name was given in the early maps to the peninsula of Florida. About the middle of the 16th centurv Bimini was sometimes supposed to be in Mexico. Binche (bansh). A town in the province of Hainaut, Belgium, 11 miles east-southeast of Mons. Population (1890), 10,104. Binet (be-na'), Satané. The pseudonym of Bille, Steen Andersen. Born at Copenhagen, Dec. 5, 1797: died there, May 7, 1883. A Danish admiral and minister of marine, son of Steen Andersen Bille. He took part in an expedition to South America in 1840, and commanded a scientific ex pedition round the world 1845-47, in the corvette Galatea, of which he has given an account in "Beretning om Corvet ten Gala the as Reise omkrung jorden 1845-46 og 47" (1849-51). Bill ick in (bil'i-kin), Mrs. A keeper of lodgings in Charles Dickens's "Mystery of Edwin Drood." Her distinguishing characteristics are "personal faintne and an overpowering personal candor." Billings (bil'ingz), Joseph. [The surname Bil lings is a patronymic genitive of Billing , an AS. name, 'son of Bill, Bill meaning 'sword.'] Lived in the second half of the 18th century. An English navigator in the Ru ian service, engaged in Arctic exploration 1785-91. He was also a companion of Cook on his last voyage. Billings, Josh. The pseudonym of Henry W. Shaw. Billings, William. Born at Boston, Oct. 7, 1746: died at Boston, Sept. 26, 1800. An American composer. He is said to have been the first American musical composer, and to have introduced into New the style of church music. He published England the spiritchand "The Psalm-Singer's Amusement" (1781). Billingsgate (bil'ingz-gāt). [ME. Billingesgate , Bylyngesgate, Belyngsgate , AS. * Billingesgaat (in Latin transcription Billingesgate ), 'Billing's gate.' See Billings .] A gate, wharf, and fish market in London, on the north bank of the Thames, near London Bridge. It was made a free market in 1699. There may have been a water-gate here from the earliest times. The present market, however, was established in 1559, in the reign of Elizabeth. It was at first a general landing-place for merchandise of all kinds. It was burned down in 1715 and rebuilt. In 1852 new buildings were erected, and again in 1856. The present buildings were finished in 1874. The foul language used by the fishwives and others in the neighborhood has made its name a synonym for such speech. Billing ton (bil'ing-ton), Elizabeth. Born at London, probably about 1768: died at Venice, Aug. 25, 1818. A noted English singer, daughter of a German oboist, Carl Weichsel, and wife of her singing-master, James Billing ton. She began her operatic career at Dublin in "Orpheus and Eurydice,'" and appeared at Covent Garden, Feb. 13, 1786, as Rosetta in "Love in a Village." In 1799 she married M. Feli ent, from whom she soon separated, but with whom she was later (1817) reconciled, and returned to England in 1801. She retired from the stage in 1811. Bill it on (bil-li-ton'), or Blitong (ble-tong'). An island east of Banca and southwest of Borneo, in lat. 3o S., long. 108° E.: a colonial po e ion of Holland since 1814. Area, 1,863 square miles. Population, about 28,000. Billroth (bil'rot), The odor. Born at Bergen on the island of Rügen, April 26, 1829: died at Abbazia, Istria, Feb. 6, 1894. A noted German surgeon. Francis que Sarcey. Bingen (bing'en). A town in the province of Rhine-He e, He e, situated at the junction of the Nahe and Rhine 16 miles west of Mainz. It contains the castle of Klopp. In 1689 it was nearly destroyed by the French. Population (1890), commune, 7,654. Biondello (bē-on-del'lo). A servant to Lucentio in Shakspere's "Taming of the Shrew." Biondi (bē-on'dē), Sir Giovanni Francesco. Born on the island of Lesina, Gulf of Venice, 1572: died at Lausanne, Switzerland, 1644. An Italian novelist and historian, long resident in England, where he became a gentleman of the king's privy chamber. He published three romances of chivalry, in Italian, which were translated into English as "Eromena, or Love and Revenge" (1631), "Donzella desterrada, or The Banish'd Virgin" (1635), "Coralbo" (1655), a sequel to the preceding. Biot (bē-ō'), Jean Baptiste. Born at Paris, April 21, 1774: died at Paris, Feb. 3, 1862. A celebrated French physicist and chemist, noted especially for his discoveries in optics. His chief works are "E ai de géometrie analytique" (1805), "Traité élémentaire d'astronomie physique" (1805), "Traité de physique expérimentale" (1816), "Traité élémentaire de physique expérimentale" (1818-21), and works on ancient Egyptian, Indian, and Chinese astronomy. Bir (bēr). [Turk. Birejik , Bithra .] A town, the ancient Birtha or Bithra, in the vilayet of Aleppo, Asiatic Turkey, key, situated on the Euphrates in lat. 37° 5′ N., long. 38° 3′ E. Population (estimated), 8,000. Binger (ban-zhar') Louis Gustave. Born Oct. 14, 1856. A French officer and African explorer. For the French government he connected the French pos- Birc se ions on on the Upper Niger with those at Grand Ba am Birch (berch), Harvey. The chief character on the Ivory Coast. He started from Bammakou in 1887; in Cooper's novel "The Spy." explored Sikaso and Kong, where he found no chain of Birch, Samuel. Born at London, Nov. 3, 1813: mountains; and then turned to the north (1888) and reached Baromo and Wagadugu. From here he turned again to the south, and made his way over Salaga, Bontuku, and Kong to Grand Ba am (1889). He placed Tieba, Kong, and Bontuku under a French protectorate. In 1892 he returned to West Africa as French commi ioner for the settlement of the A shanti boundaries with England. Bingham (bing'am), George. Born at Melcombe, Dor sets hire, Nov. 7, 1715: died at Pimperne, Dor sets hire, Oct. 11, 1800. An English divine and antiquarian, rector of Pimperne. Bingham, Joseph. Born at Wake field, England, Sept., 1668: died at Havant, near Portsmouth, England, Aug. 17, 1723. An English divine and writer on church history. His chief work is "Origines Ecclesiasticæ" (1708-22), or "Antiquities of the Christian Church." Binghamton (bing'am-ton). A city and the county-seat of Broome County, New York, situated at the junction of the Chenango and Susquehanna rivers, in lat. 42° 8' N., long. 75° 57′ W. It is an important railway center. It was settled in 1787. Population (1900), 39,647. Bingley (bing'li). A manufacturing town in the West Riding of Yorkshire, England, 5 miles northwest of Bradford. Population (1891), 10,023. Bini (bē'ne). See Nupe . Binnenhof (bin'nen-hof). Originally, the palace of Count William of Holland, at The Hague, an irregular agglomeration of buildings, in part medieval, inclosing a court in which stands the Hall of the Knights, a brick, chapel like gabled structure with turrets, now used as a depository for archives. In the north wing are the quarters of the States-General, with some good Renai ance chimney-pieces and historical paintings. Binney (bin'i), Amos, Born at Boston, Ma ., Oct. 18, 1803: died at Rome, Feb. 18, 1847. An American naturalist and patron of science. He wrote "Terrestrial and Air-breathing Mollusks" (1851), etc. 4,1780: died there, Aug. 12, 1875. An eminent Binney, Horace. Born at Philadelphia, Jan. He was American lawyer and legal writer. graduated at Harvard College in 1797; was admitted to the Philadelphia bar in 1800; was Whig member of Congre 1833-35; and was a director and defender of the United States Bank. Binney, Thomas. Born at Newcastle-on-Tyne. England, April, 1798: died at Clapton, England, Feb. 24, 1874. A noted English Congregational divine and controversialist. Biloxi (bi-lok'si). A division of North Ameri- Bintang (bin-tang'). An island of the Dutch can Indians which probably included, besides East Indies, situated south of Singapore, in lat. the Biloxi proper, the Pas cagoul a (or Pasco- 1o N., long. 104° 20′ E. Area, 455 square miles. boula) and the Moctoby, tribes which were in Binue (bin'we). The largest affluent of the three villages on Biloxi Bay, Mi i ippi, in 1699. Niger River, West Africa. It springs in Adamawa, At the beginning of the 19th century the Biloxi and Pas Cagoul a were in Rapides parish, Louisiana. A few of the Biloxi proper still live near Lecompte, Rapides parish, Louisiana. See Siouan . north of Ngaundere, makes a bend to the north, and joins the Niger at Lokoja. It is navigable for 1,000 kilometers, as far as Ribago, but only from May to January. From Yola down it belongs to the Royal Niger Company. It was explored principally by Baikie and R. Flegel. Bilqula (bil-kölä), or Bell a cool a. A Sali- shan tribe of North American Indians, on the coast of British Columbia. With the Haeltzuke (of the Wakashan stock) they number 2,500. See Salishan . Bilson (bil's on), Thomas. Born at Winchester, Biobio. A river in Chile which flows into the England, 1546: died at Westminster, June 18, Pacific at Concepcion. Length, about 300 1616. An English prelate and author, conse- Biobio (bē-ō-bē'ō). A province in central Chile. Capital, Angeles. Area, 4,158 square miles. Population (1895), 88,749. miles. IMG:content-0243.png:[ocr errors] died there, Dec. 27,1885. An English archæologist. He published "Gallery of Antiquities" (1842), "Introduction to the Study of Egyptian Hieroglyphs (1857), "History of Ancient Pottery" (1858), etc. Birch, Thomas. Born at London, Nov. 23, 1705: died near London, Jan. 9, 1766. An English writer on history and biography. He wrote nearly all the English biographies in the "General Dictionary, Historical and Critical" (1734-41), edited "Thurloe's State Papers" (1742), compiled "Memoirs of the Reign of Queen Elizabeth" (1754), etc. Birch-Pfeiffer (bērch'pfi'fer), Charlotte. Born at Stuttgart, June 23, 1800: died at Berlin, Aug. 25, 1868. A German actre and dramatist. Her chief dramas are "Dorf und Stadt" (1848), "Die Waise von Lowood" (1856), "Die Grille" (1856), etc. Bird, Golding. Born in Norfolk, England, Dec. 9, 1814: died at Tun bridge Wells, Oct. 27, 1854. An English physician and medical writer. He was appointed on natural philosophy at Guy's Hospital in 1836, and lecturer on materia medic a at the College of Physicians in 1847. His chief work is his "Elements of Natural Philosophy" (1839). Bird, Robert Montgomery. Born at Newcastle, Delaware, 1803: died at Philadelphia, Pa., Jan. 22, 1854. An American physician and novelist. He wrote several tragedies, among them "The Gladiator," a favorite with Edwin For rest, and the novels "Calavar" (1834), "The Infidel" (1835), etc. Bird, or Byrd, or Byrde, William. Born about 1538: died at London, July 4, 1623. An English organist, and composer of madrigals and sacred music. He is said to have composed the well-known canon "Non nob is Domine," but it is not in his works. Birdcage Walk. A walk on the south side of St. James's Park, London. It is so named from the aviaries which were ranged along its side as early as the time of the Stuarts. Bird in a Cage, The. A play by Shirley, printed in 1633. Birds, The. A comedy of Aris toph anes, produced in 414 B. C. It obtained the second prize. It is "profoundly interesting as a piece of brilliant imagination, with le political rancour and le obscenity than most of the author's work, and justly accounted one of the best, if not the best, of his extant plays" ( Mahafy ). Birdlime (bėrd'lim). A disreputable character in Webster's "Westward Ho." It is he who says "Is not old wine wholesomest, old pippins tooth som est, old wood burn brightest, old linen wash whitest?" (ii. 2). Biren. See Biron. Bireno (bē-ra'no). The husband of the de serted Olimpia in Ariosto's "Orlando Furioso." Birgitta (bir-git'tä), or Brigitta (bri-git'ti), Saint, of Sweden. Born at Finstad, in Upland, Sweden, 1302 (1303): died at Rome, July 23, 1373. A Swedish nun. She was related to the royal family of Sweden. On the death of her husband, Ulf Gudmarson, in 1344, she decided to found an order, and obtained the papal confirmation of the proposed rule (regula Sancti Sal vat or is) from Urban V. in 1367, the order being established in 1370. She was the author of "Revel at i ones," claiming divine inspiration, which were denounced by Gerson, but which were confirmed by the Council of Basel. She was canonized, Oct. 7, 1391, by Boniface I., and her day falls on Feb. 1. Birh (ber). A district in the Nizam's dominions, British India. Area, 4,460 square miles. Population (1891), 642,722. Birkbeck Birkbeck (bėrk'bek), George. Born at Settle, Yorkshire, England, Jan. 10, 1776: died at London, Dec. 1, 1841. An English physician and educational reformer who, with others, founded the Glasgow Mechanics' Institute 1823, and in 1824 a similar institution in London (later called the “Birkbeck Institute"), and the University College, London, in 1827. Birkenfeld (ber'ken-feld). A principality belonging (since 1817) to Oldenburg, Germany, situated east of Treves, surrounded by Rhenish Pru ia. Area, 194 square miles. Population (1890), 41,242. Labour 's Lost." He is gay and eloquent, and holds nothing sacred.-2. (bi'ron). The husband of Isabella in South erne's play "The Fatal Marriage." He is supposed to be killed in battle, but returns after seven years to find his wife married to another through the machinations of his younger brother Carlos. He is killed in a fray instigated by Carlos. See Isabella . Biron (bē-rôn'), Armand de Gontaut, Baron (later Duc) de. Born 1524: killed at Épernay, France, July 26, 1592. A marshal of France. He fought in the Catholic army in the battles of Dreux, St. Denis, and Mon contour, became grand master of artillery in 1569, negotiated the peace of St. Ger burg, Germany, 26 miles east-southeast of Treves. Birken head, or Berkenhead (ber'ken-hed), Sir John. Born near North wich, Cheshire, England, March 24, 1616: died at White hall, Dec. 4, 1679. An English satirist and journalist, editor of the "Mercurius Aulicus" (which see) in the civil war. Birken head. A seaport and suburb of Liverpool, in Cheshire, England, situated on the Mersey opposite Liverpool, with which it is connected by tunnel and ferries. It has extensive docks, ship-building, and commerce. Population (1901), 110,926. Birken head, The. An English troop steamer which was wrecked off the Cape of Good Hope Feb. 26, 1852. The troops formed at the word of command and went down at their posts, having put the women and children in the boats. More than 400 men were drowned. Birket el-Kurun (ber'ket el-kö-rön'). [Ar., 'Lake of the Horns.'] A brackish lake in Fayum, Egypt, in lat. 29° 30′ N., long. 30° 40′ E., by Nile. It was formerly erroneously supposed to be Lake Mæris. Length, 34 miles. Greatest breadth, 6+ miles. Birmingham (ber'ming-am). [ME. Berming ham , AS. prob. * Be or ming a ham , dwelling of the Be or mings, or sons of Beorm. The ME. and E. forms of the name are numerous. One of them, Brummagem , has become appellative of cheap jewelry.] A city in the northwestern extremity of War wicks hire, England, in lat. 52° 29′ N., long. 1° 54′ W., the fourth city in size in England and the second manufacturing center. It is one of the principal places in the world for manufactures of hardware. It is (perhaps) built on the site of a Roman station. It is mentioned in Domesday Book. In 1643 it was taken by Prince Rupert. It was the scene of riots against Priest ley in 1791, and of Chartist riots in 1839. Population (1901), 522,204. Birmingham (ber'ming-ham). A city, the capital of Jefferson County, Alabama, situated in Jones Valley in lat. 33° 30′ N., long. 86° 53′ W.: founded in 1871. It is now one of the chief iron manufacturing cities in the United States. There are large supplies of coal and limestone in the neighborhood, of miles distant). It is also an road center. Population (1900), 38,415. Birmingham. A suburb within the municipality of Pittsburg, Pennsylvania, situated south of the Monongahela River. Birmingham Festival. A musical festival held triennially at Birmingham, England, established in 1768. Handel's music originally formed the main part of the programs, which are most important. The proceeds of the festivals are given to the funds of the General Hospital. Birnam (ber'nam). A hill in Perth shire, Scotland, situated 11 miles northwest of Perth, formerly part of a royal forest which is referred to in "Macbeth" as Birnam Wood. Height, 1,324 feet. Birnbaumer Wald (bērn'boum-er väld). [G., 'pear-tree wood,' translating the Latin name Ad Pirum, 'at the pear-tree.'] A plateau in Carniola, northeast of Trieste, near the river Frigid us, the scene of the victory of Theodosius in 394. It contains the Roman station Ad Pirum, on the main road acro the Alps into Italy. Birney (bėr'ni), David Bell. Born at Hunts first to recognize Henry IV., contributed to the victories of Arques and Ivry, and was killed at the siege of Epernay. Biron, Armand Louis de Gontaut, Duc de Lauzun, later Duc de. Born at Paris, April 15, 1747: died there, Dec. 31, 1793. A French general and politician. He reduced the British colonies of Senegal and Gambia, in Africa, in 1779; joined Lafayette in America in 1780; commanded an unsucce ful expedition to capture New York from the British in 1781; became general-in-chief of the army of the Rhine in 1792, and of the army of the coast at La Rochelle in 1793; and, in spite of his capture of Saumur and his defeat of the Vendeans, was executed by order of the revolutionary tribunal of Fouquier-Tinville, whose displeasure he had incurred. Biron, Charles de Gontaut, Duc de. Born 1562: died at Paris, July 31, 1602. An admiral and marshal of France, son of Armand de Gontaut. He was the friend and a trusted officer of Henry IV., by whom he was made admiral of France in 1592, marshal in 1594, governor of Burgundy in 1595, and Savoy and Spain to dismember France. duke and peer in 1598. He was executed for plotting with Biron, Conspiracy and Tragedy of Charles, Bi agos Bischofszell (bish'ōfs-tsel). A town in the canton of Thurgau, Switzerland, at the junction of the Sitter and Thur, 13 miles south of Con stance. Population (1888), 2,189. Biserta (bē-zer'tä). 1. See Bizerta .-2. The capital of King Agramant in Ariosto's "Orlando Furioso." It was besieged and taken by Orlando, Astolfo, and Brand i mart. Bisharin (bē-shä-rēn'). A Hamitic tribe of northeast Africa. With the related Hadendoa, Hallenga, Ababdi, and Ben Amir tribes, it is said to constitute the Bedja nation of Arabic literature, the Blemmyes of the Romans, the Kushites of the Bible, and the Ethiopians of Hero dot us. The habitat of these tribes is between the Red Sea and the Nile, and between Egypt and Aby in i a. They are Mohammedans, pastoral and nomadic. By the Mahdi insurrection they have been torn from Egypt. Bishop (bish'up), Ann Rivière. Born at London, 1814: died at New York, March 18, 1884. An English singer in oratorio and opera, known as Madame Anna Bishop. She married Sir Henry Rowley Bishop in 1831, and, after his death, Mr. Schulta in 1858. She appeared first on the concert stage in 1837 and for the last time in 1883. Her voice was a high so prano. Bishop, Sir Henry Rowley. Born at London Nov. 18, 1786: died at London, April 30, 1855 An English musician, composer of operas songs, cantatas, etc. His numerous works includ "The Miller and his Men" (1813), "The Slave" (1816) "Maid Marian" (1823), "Clari" (containing Payne "Home, Sweet Home," 1822), etc. Bishop Blougram's Apology. A poem b Robert Browning. He is said to have intended Bisho Blougram for Cardinal Wiseman, but the description to the last degree untrue. Bishop-Auckland (bish'up-ak'land). A tow in Durham, northern England, 10 miles south west of Durham. It contains the palace of th be regarded as a single play. They were produced in 1605, printed in 1608, and reprinted in 1625 during Chapman's lifetime, with revisions. Birs Nimrud (bers nēm-röd'). [Ar., 'Nimrod's tower.'] A mound of ruins on the site of Borsippa, northeast of the city of Babylon, where stood the celebrated temple of Nebo Ezida (described in Hero dot us I. 178 as that of Bel). To this temple, constructed in the shape of a pyramid of seven stages, it is supposed the narrative of the tower of Babel in Gen. xi. attached itself. See Borsippa . Birstall (ber'stâl). A manufacturing town in the West Riding of Yorkshire, England, 7 miles southwest of Leeds. Population (1891), 6,528. Birth of Merlin, The, or The Child has lost a Father. A tragicomedy published in 1662 as by Shakspere and Rowley. It is clearly a refashioning by Rowley of an old play. The present title is Rowley's. The original author is unknown. Biru (bē-rö'). An Indian chief who, in the early part of the 16th century, ruled a small region in the extreme northwest corner of South America, adjacent to the isthmus of Darien. The Spanish called this region the province of Biru, and extended the appellation to a rich region farther south, of which they had vague reports; hence, probably, the name Peru originated. The territory proper of Biru was ravaged by Gaspar de Novalis in 1515, and traversed by And a goy a in 1522. Bisa (bē'sä), or Wa-Bisa (wä-bē ́sä). A Bantu tribe of British Zambesia, Africa, between the Zambesi and Lake Bangweolo. They are great traders. It was in the northern part of their territory that Living stone died. Their language seems to be related to Lunda and Yao. Bisbal, Count. See O'Donnell . Biscay (bis'kā). [Sp. Biscaya , now Vizcaya .] One of the Basque Provinces in Spain, bordering on the Bay of Biscay. Capital, Bilbao. Area, 849 square miles. Population (1887), 235,659. Biscay, Bay of. [F. Golfe de Gascogne .] An arm of the Atlantic west of France and north of Spain: the Roman Sinus Aquitanicus, Sinus Cantabricus, Can taber Ocean us, etc. Its limits are the island of Ushant and Cape Ortegal. It is noted for its storms. The chief tributaries are the Loire and Garonne. Alava, and Guipuzcoa in Spain. son of James Gillespie Birney. He served with at Chancellorsville and at Gettysburg. Birney, James Gillespie. Born at Danville, Ky., Feb. 4, 1792: died at Perth Amboy, N. J., Nov. 25, 1857. An American politician, candidate of the "Liberty" party for President 1840 and 1844. Birni (bērnē), or Old Birni. The former capital of Bornu, in Sudan, in lat. 13° 20′ N., long. 13° E. Biron (F. pron. bē-rôn'). 1. A lord attending on the King of Navarre, in Shakspere's “Love's Population, 21,000. Bischof (bish'of), Karl Gustav. Born at Wörd, near Nuremberg, Bavaria, Jan. 18, 1792: died at Bonn, Pru ia, Nov. 30, 1870. A German chemist and geologist, profe or of chem istry at Bonn. Bischoff, The odor Ludwig Wilhelm. Born at Hannover, Germany, Oct. 28, 1807: died at Munich, Dec. 5, 1882. A German anatomist and physiologist, profe or of physiology and anatomy at Heidelberg. Bishops cote, Bishop scott. Old corruptions Pejebscot , a name of the Andro scog gin River. Bishops gate (bish'ups-gat). The principal er trance through the northern wall of old Londor The only entrance in the northern wall in Roman tim was near this point. Near here Ermyn street and th Vicinal way entered the city. Bishops gate street is th street which goes over the site of the old gate, and is vided into "Bishops gate within" and "Bishops gate wit out." The gate was destroyed in the reign of George ] The foundations of the old Roman gate have been foun Biskara (bēs'kä-rä), or Biskra (bēskrä). city in the department of Const an tine, Algeri: in lat. 35° 27′ N., long. 5° 22′ E. It was taken le the French in 1844. Population (1891), 7,166. Bismarck (biz'märk), Otto Eduard Leopol Prince von. Born at Schönhausen, Pru i April 1, 1815: died at Friedrichsruh, July 3 1898. A famous Pru ian statesman, the cr at or of German unity. He studied at the univer ties of Göttingen and Berlin; entered the united Landt of Pru ia in 1847; and in 1849-50, as a member of the se ond chamber of the Pru ian diet, became known as outspoken advocate of reactionary measures. In 1851 was appointed Pru ian amba ador to the diet of the G manic Confederation at Frankfort; in 1859 he became a ba ador to Ru ia; and in 1862 he was for a few mont amba ador to France. He was appointed Pru ian p mier and minister of foreign affairs 8, 1862, and gaged in a long struggle with the Landtag over the qu tion of the army increase and the prerogatives of t crown. After the Schleswig-Holstein war of 1864, which he secured the coöper at i on of Austria, he v made a count, Sept., 1865. On the renewal of the Schl wig-Holstein complications Bismarck concluded an liance with Italy, and war against Austria was declar (1866). In 1867 he became chancellor of the North G man Confederation, and added to Pru ian prestige baffling Napoleon's designs on Luxemburg. His conci tory attitude toward the South German states prep a the way for the triumphs of the Franco-German war 1870-71. In 1871 he became the first chancellor of German Empire, and was made a prince. He labo until 1878 in harmony with the National Liberal pal and engaged in a protracted struggle with the Ultram tanes the so-called Kulturkampf . After 1878 he in gurated a series of economic reforms, including syste of insurance for the laboring cla es, and advocate vigorous colonial policy. He presided at the Berlin C gre of 1878, and concluded the Triple Alliance (18) Having incurred the displeasure of William II., he signed March, 1890, the title of Duke of Lauenburg be conferred upon him on his retirement. His eight birthday (April 1, 1895) was made the occasion for ex ordinary ovations in his honor, in which the emp Bismarck. The capital of North Dakota of Burleigh County, situated on the Mi o in lat. 46° 50′ N., long. 100° 50′ W.: settled 1873. Population (1900), 3,319. Bismarck Archipelago. A group of islands the Pacific Ocean, comprising Neu-Pomm (New Britain), Neu-Mecklenburg (New 1 land), and some smaller neighboring islan made a German po e ion in 1884. The pi ent name was (in honor of Prince Bismar substituted for New Britain Island in 1885. Bi agos (bis-sä'gōs), or Bidjago (be-jä'gō). heathen tribe of Portuguese Guinea, West Bi agos rica, inhabiting the islands of the same name. The principal bal town is Bolama, where the Portuguese steamers call. Bi agos. A group of islands west of Sene gambia, Africa, in lat. 11°-12° N., long. 16° W. All the islands belong to Portuguese Guinea. Bi en (bis's en), Herman Wilhelm. Born near Schleswig, Oct. 13, 1798: died at Copenhagen, March 10, 1868. A Danish sculptor, director of the academy at Copenhagen after 1850. His chief works are at Copenhagen. Bistritz (bis'trits), Hung. Besztercze (bes'terts a). A town in Transylvania, situated on the Bistritz in lat. 47° 10' N., long. 24° 28′ E. It was formerly an important place. Population (1890), 9,109.