Monemuji (mo-ne-moz he)

At the time of the draught, 11 feet; inside diameter of turret, 20 feet; height Portuguese discoveries in Africa, a great native kingdom between Lake Tanganyika and the east coast: probably the modern Unyamwezi. See Nyamwezi . Monet (mō-na'), Claude. Born at Paris. A temporary French landscape-painter, belonging to the group known as Impre ionists. Among his works are "The Seine at Giverny," "Bordighera," "Cape Martin," "The Orchard," "Low Tide at Pourville," "A Wheat Field," "Snow at Port Villers," "Willow Trees," etc. Money. A comedy by Bulwer Lytton, first produced on Dec. 8. 1849. Money trap (mun'i-trap). In Vanbrugh's play "The Confederacy," a threadbare, rusty, rich money-scrivener. This was one of Doggett's best characters. turret, 9 feet; thickne of turret armor, 8 inches; thickne of side armor, 5 inches; thickne of deck armor, 1 inch; thickne of pilot-house armor, 9 inches. Armament, 2 11-inch Dahlgren guns, throwing 180-pound shot. Monk, or Monck (mungk), George, first Duke of Albemarle. Born at Pot he ridge, Devons hire, Dec. 6, 1608: died Jan. 3, 1670. An English general. He served as lieutenant-colonel in the Scottish war in 1640, and in the Irish rebellion of 1642. In the civil war he entered the king's service, was captured at Nantwich, and was committed to the Tower for two years. In 1646 he In 1651 he was left in Scotland by Cromwell as commander was released, and 1647-49 served Parliament in Ireland. in-chief. He was a ociated with Blake and Deane in com mand of the fleet in the Dutch war in 1653. In 1654 he suppre ed the Royalist insurrection in Scotland, and was made governor of that country. He was faithful to both the Cromwells. After the death of Richard Cromwell, he took the part of Parliament and the army, and on the expul Monomotapa sion of Parliament by Lambert Oct. 13, 1659, secured the Scottish fortre es, advanced into England, scattered Lambert's army, and entered London Feb. 3, 1660. On Feb. 12 he ordered the guards to admit the "secluded" or Royalist members to Parliament, and a new council was elected with Monk at its head. A new parliament met April 25, 1660, and the restoration of the monarchy was voted May 1, 1660. Monk met Charles II. at Dover May 25. On July 7 he was created earl of Torrington and duke of Albemarle. He served in the Dutch war as admiral April, 1666, and asand in defending the Thames against the invading Dutch sisted in restoring order at the great fire of London (1666), fieet (1667). Monk, Ambrosio, or the. A romance by M. G. Lewis, published in 1795. From the popularity of this book he was called "Monk" Lewis. Monkey Indians. See Tusayan. Monk's Tale, The. One of Chaucer's "Canterbury Tales." It is unfinished, being stopped by the knight. It contains the story of Ugolino from Dante, and follows Boccaccio's "De casibus illustrium virorum" in a Monk wear mouth (mungk-wer'muth). A sub urb of Sunder land, England, situated north of the Wear. Mon mouth (mon'muth). 1. A county of western England. It is bounded by Brecknock on the northwest, Here ford on the northeast, Gloucester on the east, the estuary of the Severn and Bristol Channel on the south, and Glam organ on the west. The surface is hilly, except in the south. The county has important iron-works. It was included in Wales till, in 1535, it was made an English county. Welsh is very generally spoken, and the county has more affinities with Wales than with England. Area, 534 square miles. Population (1891), 252,416. 2. The capital of Mon mouths hire, situated at the junction of the Monnow and Wye, 25 miles north of Bristol. Population (1891), 5.470. Mon mouth. A city and the capital of Warren County, western Illinois, 94 miles northwest of Springfield. It is the seat of Mon mouth College (United Presbyterian). Population (1890), 5,936 . Mon mouth, Battle of. A victory gained June 28, 1778, at Mon mouth Court House, Freehold, Mon mouth County, New Jersey, by the Americans under Washington over the British under Clinton. The Americans under Charles Lee were at first repulsed. The lo of the Americans was about 230; that of the British, over 400, besides many deserters. A considerable number of men on both sides succumbed to the intense heat. Mon mouth, Duke of (James Fitzroy). Born at Rotter dam, April 9, 1649: executed at London, July 15, 1685. A (reputed) illegitimate son of Charles II. of England and Lucy Walters. He was created duke of Mon mouth in 1663, and treated as a prince; was made captain-general of the in 1670; and came to be known as "the Protestant duke." He commanded the English forces sent to a ist the French in the Dutch war, and afterward the army sent against the Scottish Covenanters (1675-79). In 1679 he went into exile. He a ociated later with the Whig leaders; escaped to Holland in 1684; landed at Lyme Regis June 11, 1685; headed an unsucce ful insurrection against James II.; and was defeated at Sedgemoor, July 6, 1685, and captured two days after the battle. Mon mouth, Geoffrey of. See Geoffrey of Mon mouth . Monnica, or Monica (mon'i-kä), Saint. Born about 332: died at Ostia, Italy, 387. The mother of St. Augustine. Monnier (mo-nya'), Henri Bona venture. Born at Paris, June 6, 1799: died at Paris, Jan. 3, 1877. A French caricaturist and author. He wrote "Scènes populaires" (1830), "Mémoires de M. Joseph Prudhomme" (1857), etc. Monnier, Marc. Born at Florence, 1829: died at Geneva, April 18, 1885. A French poet and prose-writer. His works include poems, literary criticisms, volumes on Italy, etc. Monocacy (mō-nok'a-si). A small tributary of the Potomac. Near it, in the vicinity of Frederick in Maryland, on July 9, 1864, the Confederates (20,000) under Early defeated the Federals (6,050) under Lew Wallace. Monoceros (mō-nos'e-ros). [Gr. Μονόκερως , from μόνος , single, and κέρας , a horn.] A constellation, the Unicorn, south of the Twins and the Crab, and between the two Dogs, introduced Monod (mō-no'), Adolphe. Born at Copenhagen, Jan. 21, 1802: died at Paris, April 6, 1856. A French Protestant clergyman, noted as a pulpit orator. by Jacob Bartsch in 1624. Monod, Frédéric Joël Jean Gérard. Born at Monnaz, Vaud, Switzerland, May 17, 1794: died at Paris, 1863. A French Protestant clergyman, founder of the Free Church of France. Mono (mono) Lake. A salt lake in Mono County, eastern California, situated in lat. 38° N. It has no outlet. Length, 14 miles. Monomotapa (mō-nō-mō-tä pä). An ancient native African kingdom in the lower Zambesi basin, mostly in the present Mash on a land and district of Manica: famous among old Portu guese writers for its gold-mines. All the attempts of the Portuguese to colonize it failed, and most of the ac- counts of it were fantastic. Monongahela (mo-non-ga-heʻlä). A river in West Virginia and southwestern Pennsylvania. It is formed by the union of the West Fork and Tygart's Valley River, and unites with the Allegheny at Pittsburg to form the Ohio. In the battle of the Monongahela (some. times called "Braddock's defeat"), fought on its banks near Pittsburg, July 9, 1755, the French and Indians de- feated the British and colonial forces under Braddock. Monrad (mon'räd), Ditlev Gothard. Born Copenhagen, Nov. 24, 1811: died March 28, 1887. A Danish statesman and bishop. Monreale (mon-ra-ä'le). A town in the prov- ince of Palermo, Sicily, Italy, 5 miles southwest of Palermo. The cathedral, the finest building of the Sicilian Norman-Saracenic style, was begun in 1173. The exterior, except the arcaded chevet, is very plain; the bronze north doors, with 28 Romanesque relief-panels, and the west doors, with 43 Bible scenes, are beautiful. The interior length is 335 feet, the greatest width 131; the nave city by Cæsar. Mons was taken by Louis of Na au in May, and by the Spaniards in Sept., 1572; was taken by the French 1691, and restored 1697; was held by the French in the War of the Spanish Succe ion; was ceded to Aus- tri a in 1714; and was taken by the French in 1746 and in 1792. Population (1893), 25,114. Mons Badonicus. See Badon . Monselice (mon-sā-lē'che). A town in the prov- ince of Padua, Italy, 14 miles southwest of Padua. Population (1881), commune, 10,479. Mons-en-Pévèle (mons'on-på-val'), or Mons- en-Puelle (môns'on-pü-el'). A village in the department of Nord, France, 13 miles south of Lille. Here, Aug. 18, 1304, Philip IV. defeated the Flemings. Monserrat. See Montserrat. Monserrat (mon-se-rät'), Joaquin de. A Span- ish general, marquis of Cruillas, and viceroy of Mexico from Jan. 25, 1761, to Aug., 1766. He was the first to organize the militia of the country, a mea- sure which had an important bearing on subsequent events. Monsieur (mé-sye'). [F., 'my lord,' 'sir.'] A title formerly applied to the eldest brother of the King of France. Monsieur, Peace of. See Peace of Monsieur . Monsieur, Théâtre de. A theater existing in Paris, in the Foire St.-Germain, in the latter part of the 18th century. It was founded by a coiffeur from "Monsieur," the king's brother, who backed it ("au crédit duquel il devait son privilege"). Italian opera and French comedy were played there, and it had a brilliant existence from 1789 to 1791, when a new house was built for it in the Rue Feydeau and it received the name of Théâtre Feydeau. buinted Corinthiaeolumns is part antique with stilted sept. The roof is of wood, open-framed. The lower parts Monro, or Monroe (mun-ro'), or Munro, Henry. Born 1768: hung at Lisburn, Ireland, June, 1798. A United Irish man, son of a Scotch Presby- terian minister settled at Lisburn. He entered the linen busine about 1788, and in 1795 joined the United Irish men. In the rebellion of 1798 he succeeded Dicks on in command; was captured on June 15; and was hung at Lisburn. Monroe (mun-rō'). A city, the capital of Mon- roe County, Michigan, situated on the Raisin 35 miles south-southwest of Detroit. Popula- tion (1890), 5,258. Monroe, James. Born in West more land County, Va., April 28, 1758: died at New York, July 4, son-yäk'). A comedy by Molière, played in 1660: "an ingenious satire, pushed to the verge of burlesque and farce, on the country squires of France" ( Saints bury ). Monsigny (môn-sen-ye'), Pierre Alexandre. Born near St.-Omer, France, Oct. 17, 1729: died Jan. 14, 1817. A French composer. His most succe ful opera was "Félix, ou l'enfant trouvé" Mons Meg (monz meg). An old cannon in the castle at Edinburgh. It was made at Mons in Flanders. Monson (mun's on), Sir William. Born 1569: died at Kinnersley, Feb., 1643. An English admiral. In 1585 he ran away to sea, and in 1588 was made lieutenant of the Charles. In 1591 he was captured and detained in the castle of Lisbon. In 1594 he took his M. A. degree at Oxford. In 1602 he was vice-admiral of the squadron under Sir Richard Leveson; in 1604 was ap- pointed admiral of the Narrow Seas; and in 1614 was en- gaged in suppre ing piracy on the coast of Ireland. He was imprisoned in the Tower Jan. 12, 1615-16, and did not serve again until the Dutch campaign of 1635. Monstrelet (mons-tre-lā'), Enguerrand de. Died 1453. A French chronicler, author of a chronicle of contemporary French history (ed- Mon summa no (mon-söm-mä'no). A town the province of Lucca, Italy, 22 miles west- northwest of Florence. Near it is a warm stalactitic grotto noted as a health-resort. Population (1881), com- mune, 6,931. Montabaur (mon'tä-bour). A town in the prov- ince of He e-Na au, Pru ia, 12 miles east- northeast of Coblenz. Population (1890), 3,377. Montacute (mon'ta-kut), or Montagu (mon'- ta-gū), John de, third Earl of Salisbury. Born about 1350: beheaded at Cirencester, Jan. 7, 1400. An English soldier, nephew of William de Montacute, second earl of Salisbury. A prom i- nent Lollard, he attended their meetings, and kept a Lol- lard chaplain. In 1397 he succeeded to the earldom. He was a favorite adviser of Richard II. On the landing of the Duke of Lancaster (Henry IV.), he raised troops in the west to oppose him. On the downfall of Richard, and the acce ion of Henry IV., he was committed to the Tower. He was released, entered into a conspiracy against Henry, was discovered, and was murdered by a mob. Montacute, or Montagu, Thomas de, fourth Earl of Salisbury. Born in 1388: died at Meung, France, Nov. 3, 1428. An English general. He was summoned to Parliament as Earl of Salisbury in Oct., 1409, and restored to the dignity of his father in 1421. In 1415 he served the king in France, fighting at Harfleur and famous and skilful English general until the siege of Or- léans, Oct., 1428. He was wounded there, and died at Meung. Montacute, or Montagu, William de, third Baron Montacute and first Earl of Salisbury. IMG:content-0700.png:[ocr errors] soldier, eldest son of William de Montacute, second baron. In 1327 he fought with Edward III. in Scotland. During the Parliament of Nottingham (Oct., 1330) he arrested Mortimer in the queen mother's apartments. On March 16, 1337, he was created earl of Salisbury, and was appointed marshal of England Sept. 20, 1338. Montacute, or Montagu, William de, second son; in Sept. commanded a regiment of foot in E ex's army; and in Nov. became earl of Manchester. In Aug., 1643, he was made major-general in the eastern counties. At Marston Moor (July 2, 1644) he was general field-officer with Cromwell as commander of his horse. On Nov. 25, 1644, Cromwell charged Manchester before the Commons with neglect and incompetency, and on April 2, 1645, he resigned his commi ion in the army. On Jan. 2, 1649, he opposed the ordinance for the king's trial in the House gre , and has 3 electoral votes. Montagu, Edward of Lords, and retired from public life before the formation of the Commonwealth. On March 15, 1649, he was made chancellor of the University of Cambridge. He a isted in the restoration of Charles II., and in 1660 regained many of his offices. Montagu, or Mountagu, Edward, first Earl of Sandwich. Born July 27, 1625: killed in a naval action, May 28, 1672. An English admiral. He followed Parliament, and in 1643 raised a regiment of foot in Cambridge shire; fought at Naseby June 14, and at Bristol Sept. 10, 1645; but had no share in the king's trial and execution. In 1656 he was appointed Blake's colleague in command of the fleet. He supported Richard Cromwell, and was actively engaged in the restoration of Charles II. In 1660 he was appointed general of the fleet with Monk, and with Pepys (author of the "Diary") as his secretary. On May 23, 1660, the king embarked on his flagship, and on May 25 landed at Dover. He was created earl of Sandwich July 12. In 1661-62 he was engaged in Morocco and Portugal. He was blown up in his ship, the Royal James, May 28, in a battle with the Dutch. Montagu, Edward Wortley. Born in 1713: died in Italy, 1776. An English author, son of Lady Mary Wortley Montagu: reputed author of "Reflections on the Rise and Fall of Ancient Republics" (1759). Montagu, Mrs. (Elizabeth Robinson). Born at York, Oct. 2, 1720: died at Montagu House, London, Aug. 25, 1800. An English author and social leader. On Aug. 5, 1742, she married Edward Montagu, grandson of the first Earl of Sandwich. After 1750 she held her salon in Hill street, May fair. The epithet "blue-stocking" was first applied to her a emblies. Among her visitors were Lord Lyttelton, Burke, Garrick, and Sir Joshua Reynolds. Her younger a ociates in cluded Hannah More and Fanny Burney. In 1760 she contributed three dialogues to Lyttelton's "Dialogues of the Dead." She visited Paris after the peace of 1763. In 1769 she wrote an e ay on the "Genius of Shakspere" in answer to Voltaire. In 1776 she built Montagu House, now No. 22 Portman Square, where she died. (This was not the Montagu House upon the site of which the British Museum was built.) Montagu, George. Born at Lackham, Wilts hire, 1751: died at Knowle House, Kings bridge, Devons hire, Aug. 28, 1815. An English naturalist. He served as captain in the American Revolution. He was an early member of the Linnean Society (established 1788). Among his works are "The Sportsman's Directory" (1792), the "Ornithological Dictionary, etc." (1802), "Testacea Britannica" (1803), etc. Montagu, John, fourth Earl of Sandwich. Born Nov. 3, 1718: died at London, April 30, 1792. An English diplomatist, st, eldest son of Edward Richard Montagu, Viscount Hin chin broke. He was educated at Eton and Cambridge, but left the university in 1738 without a degree, and traveled in Europe and the East. In Dec., 1744, he was appointed a lord commi ioner of the admiralty by the Duke of Bedford. In 1748 he was plenipotentiary at the conclusion of the treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle. In Feb., 1748, he was made first lord of the admiralty, and was dismi ed from office June 12, 1751. He disgraced himself at the notorious prosecution of John Wilkes. In Dec., 1770, he was appointed a secretary of state under Lord North, and was first lord of the admiralty during the American war, when the lowest depths of corruption were reached by the British navy. He retired from public life on on the fall of the North ministration, March, 1782. Basil Montagu was his son by his mistre , Mi Ray, who was murdered April 7, 1779. Montagu, Lady Mary Wortley. Baptized at Covent Garden, May 26, 1689: died in England, Aug. 21, 1762. An English writer, eldest daughter of Evelyn Pierre pont, fifth earl (later duke) of Kingston. She privately married Edward Wortley Montagu, grandson of Edward Montagu, first earl of Sandwich, on Aug. 12, 1712. Her son Edward Wortley Montagu was born in 1713. She was a favorite of the Prince of Wales (afterward Queen Caroline). In 1716 Montagu was appointed amba ador to the Portenopean recalled in Oct., 1717, but resided in Constantinople until June, 1718. An interesting account of the visit appears in here Letters while and a isted in introducing it into England. She was very intimate with Pope, but quarreled with him finally, and became an object of his malignity. In 1739 she again went abroad, and in 1758 settled at Venice, returning to England in 1762. Her daughter Mary (born in 1718) became Lady Bute. She wrote "Town Eclogues," published as "Court Poems" (1716). Her "Letters" appeared in 1763 and 1767. Montagu House. A mansion erected by Hooke for Ralph Montagu, first duke of Montagu, "after the French manner," in the suburb of Blooms bury, London. It was burned down in 1686. It was rebuilt, but only partially inhabited, and was sold to the nation for £10,000 in 1753, for the reception of the Sloane collection. The last remnants of the old house were removed in 1845 and replaced by the present British Museum. Montague (mon'ta-gū). 1. In Shakspere's tragedy "Romeo and Juliet," the father of Romeo.-2. The "honest man" in Fletcher and Mas singer's play "The Honest Man's Fortune." Montague, Henry James (the stage name of Henry J. Mann). Born in Staff ords hire, England, 1843: died at San Francisco, Aug. 11, 1878. An English-American actor. He played in London till 1874, when he made his first appearance in New York, He went to San Francisco in 1875. He was a graceful and refined comedian. Montague, Lady. In Shakspere's "Romeo and Juliet," the mother of Romeo. Montaigne (mon-tan'; F. pron. môn - täny'), Michel Eyquem de. Born at the Château Montaigne, Dordogne, France, Feb. 28, 1533: died Sept. 13 (?), 1592. A celebrated French e ayist. His early education was carried on at home under his fa ther's guidance. After graduating from college at Bordeaux, he studied law. In 1559 he was at the court of Francis II., and in 1571 became attached to the person of Henry III. In this year Montaigne published his friend La Boé tie's translations from the Greek, and in 1572 edited the latter's French verses. In 1580 he traveled in Germany, Switzerland, and Italy. He left Rome in 1581 to become mayor of Bordeaux. Montaigne is chiefly known from his "E ais" (Bordeaux, 1580: edition of 1588 was the last to be published during the author lifetime adethist de Gournay, a warm admirer of Montaigne, did not have acce to a copy of this last edition with the author's own corrections when she edited the "E ais" in 1595, together with some posthumous writings and notes). An English translation was made in 1601 by the Italian Giovanni Florio, cal edition of Montaigne's "E ais" is due to J. V. Leclerc: based on Mademoiselle de Gournay's work. The best cla i Mont Cenis advent of Christ, and the establishment of the heavenly Jerusalem at Pepuza in Phrygia. They practised rigorous asceticism. Montan us (mon-ta'nus). Born in Phrygia, Asia Minor. Lived in the 2d century. A schismatic, founder of the Mon tanist sect probably about 157. See Mon tanists . Montan us, Arias. See Arias Montan us . Montan vert (môn-ton-var'), or Montenvers. A height in the Mont Blanc group of the Alps, east of Chamonix, near the Mer de Glace. It commands a fine prospect. Height, 6,303 feet. Montargis (môn-tär-zhē'). (môn-tär-z A town in the department of Loiret, France, situated at the union of the Loing and Verni on, 63 miles south by east of Paris. It contains ruins of a castle. (For the dog of Montargis, see Aubry de Montdidier.) Population (1891), commune, 11,600. Montataire (môn-tä-tar'). A manufacturing a reprint of it was made in 1865-66. In his e ays Montaigne town in the department of Oise, France, 30 studies the men of the society of his day. He examines miles north of Paris. everything in a skeptical spirit, is inclined to doubt, and his is Que sais-je? Montaigne's ideas and influence are to be traced in many of the best French authors of the 17th and 18th centuries, while outside of France his e ays were diligently read by Bacon and Shakspere. Montalba (mont-al'bä), Clara. Born at London. A contemporary English landscape-and marine painter. She is the eldest of the four daughters of Antony and Emiline Montalba; was a pupil of Isabey in Paris; and was made a ociate of the London Society of Painters in Water Colors in 1874, and of the Belgian Society in 1876. Among her works are several Venetian scenes, one of the port of Amsterdam, etc. Her sisters Ellen and Hilda are portrait and figure-painters. Montalba, Henrietta Skerrett. Born at Lon- don, 1856: died at Venice, Sept. 14, 1893. An English sculptor, sister of Clara Montalba. She studied at South Kensington, at the Belle Arti in Venice, and with Jules Dalou in London. She exhibited first at the Royal Academy in 1876. Among her portrait-busts is one Browning terra-cotta (1883). Among her other works are "A Dale carl i an Peasant Woman," "The Raven," and a "Venetian Boy catching a Crab " (1893: exhibited in Lon- don and at the International Exhibition at Chicago). Mon talc i no (mon-täl-chēnō). A town in the province of Siena, Italy, 52 miles south by east of Florence. Population (1881), commune, 7,851. Montalembert (môn-tä-lon-bar'), Comte de (Charles Forbes de Montalembert). Born London, May 29, 1810: died at Paris, March 13, 1870. A French historian, orator, publicist, and politician (representing the Roman Catho- lic and clerical interest). His chief works are "Vie de Sainte-Élisabeth de Hongrie" (" Life of St. Elizabeth of Hungary," 1836), “Les Moines d'Occident" ("The Monks of the West," 1860-68). Montalembert, Marquis Marc René de. Born at Angoulême, France, July 16, 1714: died March 29, 1800. A French military engineer. His chief work is "La fortification perpendicu- laire," etc. (1776-96). Montalvan (mon-täl-vän'), Juan Perez de. Born at Madrid, 1602: died June 25, 1638. A noted Spanish dramatist, novelist, and ecclesiastic, apostolic notary of the Inquisition. Montalvo (mon-täl'vō), Francisco. Born at Havana, Cuba, 1754: died at Madrid, Oct., 1822. A Spanish general. He was acting viceroy of New Granada and Venezuela, with the title of captain-general, from May, 1813, to Dec., 1817. During this period the revolution was temporarily subdued, mainly by the operations of Murillo (whom see). Montaña (mon-tän'yä). [Sp., 'mountain land.'] A name given in Spanish America, especially in Peru and Bolivia, to the forest-covered region which forms the lower portion of the east ern slope of the Andes, and includes the numerous valleys of the Amazonian tributaries. By extension the term is often used for all forest land in con trad is tinct i on to the open sierra, thus including portions of the plain. Montauban (môn-to-bon'). [L. Mons Albanus .] The capital of the department of Tarn-et-Garonne, France, situated on the Tarn in lat. 44° 1' N., long. 1° 21′ E. It has considerable trade and manufactures; contains a faculty of Protestant theology; and was the birthplace of Ingres. It was founded in 1144 on the site of the Roman Mons Albanus. It was a stronghold of the Albigenses and the Huguenots, and succe fully resisted Louis XIII, in 1621. Population (1891), 30,388. Montauban, Renaud de. See Rinaldo (F. Renaud ). Montauk (mon-tak'). A tribe of North American Indians, formerly occupying the eastern end of Long Island, New York. Those remaining about 1788 joined the Brother ton Indians in New York. One translation of their name is 'lookout' or 'place of see ing. See Algonquian . Montauk Point. The easternmost point of Long Island, New York, situated in the township of East Hampton, in lat. 41° 4′ N., long. 71° 51′ W. Montbard (môn-bär'). A town in the department of Côte-d'Or, France, 40 miles northwest of Dijon. Population (1891), commune, 2,509. Montbars (mon-bär'). Born in Langue doc about 1645. A French bucaneer, called "the Exterminator" from his ferocity. He was of good family, and accompanied his uncle, a naval officer, to the West Indies in 1663. His uncle having been killed by the Spaniards, he joined the bucaneers, rose to high command, and for several years ravaged the Spanish colonies about the Caribbean Sea. There is no record of his subsequent life or of his death. Montbéliard (môn-bā-lyär'). [G. Mömpelgard . ] A town in the department of Doubs, France, situated near the junction of the Allaine and Lisaine, 36 miles northeast of Besançon. It has manufactures of watches, etc., contains a chateau, and was the birthplace of Cuvier. It was the capital of a medieval countship; pa ed to Würtemberg; and belonged to it until 1793. Near it was fought the battle of Belfort, Jan. 1517, 1871. Population (1891), commune, 9,561. Mont Blanc (môn blon). [F., 'white mountain.'] The highest mountain of the Alps, situated on the frontier of France (department of HauteSavoie) and Italy (Piedmont). The summit is cro ed by the French-Italian boundary line. The Mont Blanc ma if is sometimes cla ed with the Pennine Alps, but more generally as a group by itself. The mountain was first ascended in 1786. A French observatory was erected on its summit in 1893. Its largest glacier is the Mer de Glace, and the valley of Chamonix is at its foot. Height, 15,781 feet. Montbrison (môn-bre-zôn'). A town in the department of Loire, France, situated on the Vizezy 38 miles west-southwest of Lyons. It was formerly the capital of the department. Population (1891), commune, 7,086. Montcalm Gozon de Saint-Véran (mont-käm'; F. pron. môn-kälm' gō-zôn' dė san-va-ron'), Louis Joseph, Marquis de. Born at the Château de Candiac, near Nîmes, France, Feb. 29. 1712: died at Quebec, Sept. 14, 1759. A French general. He was appointed commander of the forces in Montana (mon-tänä). One of the Western States of the United States of America. Capi- tal, Helena. It is bounded by Canada on the north, North Dakota and South Dakota on the east, Wyoming and in 1756; captured Fort Ontario at Oswego in 1756, Idaho on the south, and Idaho on the west. It is traversed by the Rocky Mountains in the west. The eastern portion consists of plateaus and plains, and there are fertile valleys in the west. The chief metals are gold and silver. The leading industries are mining and stock-raising. Montana formed part of the Louisiana Purchase, and the greater part of it was included in Nebraska Territory. Gold was discovered there in 1861. Montana Territory was organized in 1864. It was admitted as a State in 1889. It has 21 counties, sends 2 senators and 1 representative to Con miles. Population (1890), 132, 159. Area, 146,080 square Montan ell i (mon-tä-nel'lē), Giuseppe. Born at Fucecchio, Tuscany, about 1813: died June 17, 1863. A Tuscan revolutionist, triumvir in 1849. Mon tanists (mon'tā-nists). A sect of the Christian church, now extinct, founded during the 2d century by Montan us of Phrygia. The Mon tanists believed in the divine and prophetic inspiration of Montan us, the continuance of the miraculous gifts of the apostolic church, the immediate approach of the second and Fort William Henry in 1757; repulsed the British under Abercrombie at Ticonderoga in 1758; repelled Wolfes at tack on Quebec, July 31, 1759; and was defeated and mor tally wounded in the battle of Quebec, Sept. 18. Montceau-les-Mines (môn - số 'la - mēn'). A town in the department of Saône-et-Loire, France, 34 miles northwest of Mâcon. It is noted for coal-mines and manufactures. Population (1891), commune, 19,612. Mont Cenis (môn se-ne'). A mountain pa of the Graian Alps, between France and Italy, situated in lat. 45° 17′ N., long. 6° 50′ E. The present Mont Cenis road was made by Napoleon I. (18031810) to connect the valley of the Isère in France with Susa in Italy: it reaches the height of 6,860 feet. The Mont Cenis tunnel, in the Mont Cenis railway route between France and Italy, built 1861-70, pa es under the Col de Fréjus, 14 miles from the Mont Cenis road. Its length is 7 miles (the second longest in the world), and it reaches the height of 4,245 feet. IMG:content-0701.png:[blocks in formation] We have seen that the early tragedy, which was more or le directly reproductive of Seneca, attained its highest pitch in the work of Garnier. This pitch was on the whole well maintained by Antoine de Montchrestien, a man of a singular history and of a singular genius. The date of his birth exactly known, but was the son of an apothecary at Falaise, and belonged to the Huguenot party. and lawsuits succeed each other in his story, and by some means or other he was able to a ume the title of Seigneur de Vasteville. In one of his duels he killed his man, and had to fly to England. Being pardoned, he returned to France and to commerce. But after death of Henry IV. he joined a Huguenot rising, and was killed in October, 1621. Montchrestien wrote a treatise on political economy (he is even said to have been the first to introduce the term into French), some poems, and six tragedies, "Soph on is be" or "La Car tag i noise," "Les La cènes," "David," "Aman," "Hector," and "L'Éco aise." Saints bury, French Lit., p. 289. Montclair (mont-klar'). A township in E ex County, New Jersey, 13 miles northwest of New York. Population (1890), 8,656. Mont-de-Marsan (môn'de-mär-son'). The capital of the department of Landes, France, situated at the junction of the Douze and Midou, in lat. 43° 54′ N., long. 0° 29′ W. Population (1891), commune, 12,031. Montdidier (môn-de-dyā'). A town in the department of Somme, France, situated on the Don 20 miles southeast of Amiens. Population (1891), commune, 4,617. Mont Dore, e, or Monts Dore (môn dor). A mountain ma in Auvergne, in the department of Puy-de-Dôme. Highest peak, Puy-de-Sancy (6,185 feet). Mont-Dore-les-Bains (môn-dor'la-ban'), or Bains-du-Mont-Dore. A village in the department of Puy-de-Dôme, France, situated on the Dordogne about 20 miles southwest of Clermont-Ferrand: noted for its mineral springs. Monteagudo (mon-tä-ä-gö ́dō), Bernardo. IMG:content-0702.png:[blocks in formation] Monte cat in i di Val di Cecina (mon-te-kä-te' nẽ dễ väl dễ cha-che'nä). A small town in the province of Pisa, Italy. Monte cat in i di Val di Nievole (nē-āʼvō-le). A small town in the province of Lucca, Italy, 24 miles west-northwest of Florence. It has warm baths. Monte Cavo (mon'te kä' võ), or Mount Albano (äl-bäʼno). The highest summit of the Alban Mountains, situated 15 miles southeast of Rome. On it are the ruins of the temple of Jupiter Latiaris. Height, 3,145 feet. Montecchio (mon-tek'kē-ō). A town in northern Italy, 20 miles east of Verona. Monte Ceneri (mon'te cha'ne-re). A mountain southwest of Bell in zona, in Switzerland. It is penetrated by a railway tunnel. Montecerboli (mon-te-cher'bo-lē). A place in the province of Pisa, Italy, 42 miles southwest of Florence. It is noted for boracie springs or lagoons. Monte Corno. See Gran Sa o d'Italia . Monte Cristo (krēs'tō). A small uninhabited island in the Mediterranean, belonging to Italy, situated 27 miles south of Elba, Monte Cristo. The principal character in Dumas's novel "Le Comte de Monte Cristo." He imprisoned. He escapes, becomes immensely wealthy, and is originally Edmond Dantes, an innocent youthalunjustly carries out an elaborate system of revenge in the various disguises of the Count of Monte Cristo, Lord Wilmore, the Abbé Faria, and the Abbé Busoni. Montecuculi (mon-te-köʻkö-lē), or Montecuccoli (mon-te-kök kō-lē), Count Raimondo, Duke of Melfi. Born at the castle of Montecuculi, in the territory of Modena, Italy, 1608: died at Linz, Austria, Oct. 16, 1680. A noted Austrian general. He served with distinction in the Thirty Years' War; commanded the Austrian army sent to the a istance of Poland against the Swedes and Transylvanians 1657-60; gained the victory of St. Gotthard over the Turks Aug. 1, 1664; and opposed Turenne and Condé on the Rhine 1672-75, without fighting any decisive battle. His works include "Com men tar i i bellici cum puncto artis bellicæ system ate" (1718). Montero, Lizardo Monte Leone (mon'te lā-ō'ne). A peak of the Valais Alps, near the Simplon Pa , on the border of Switzerland and Italy. Height, 11,660 feet. Monte leone di Calabria (dē kä-lä'brē-ä). A town in the province of Catanzaro, Italy, in lat. 38° 44′ N., long. 16°8′ E.: the ancient Hippo nium, later Vibo Valentia. It has an ancient castle. Population (1881), 9,811. Monte Lettere (mon'te let'te-re). A mountain in the neighborhood of Castella mare, Naples: the ancient Mons Lactarius. Here, March, 553, a battle was fought between Narses and Teias, the last king of the Goths in Italy, in which the latter was defeated and slain. Montélimar (môn-tā-lē-mär'). A town in the department of Drôme, France, situated near the junction of the Roubion and Jabron, 25 miles south of Valence. Population (1891), commune, 13,764. Monte Ma ico. See Ma icus . Monte may or (mon-tä-mä-yor'), Jorge de. Born at Monte may or, Portugal, about 1520: died at Turin, Feb. 26, 1561. A Spanish romancer and poet, author of the pastoral romance "Diana Enamor ada" (which see). "In his youth he was a soldier; but later, from his skill in music, he became attached to the travelling chapel of the prince of Spain, afterwards Philip the Second, and thus enjoyed an opportunity of visiting foreign countries, especially Italy and Flanders." Ticknor . Monte mol in (mon-tā-mo-lēn'), Count of. A name a umed by Don Carlos (1818–61). Monte more los. See More los . Monte Motterone (mot-te-rō'ne). A mountain in northern Italy, west of Stresa on Lago Maggiore: famous for its view. Height, 4,890 feet. Monten (mon'ten), Diet rich. Born at Dü eldorf, Pru ia, Sept., 1799: died at Munich, Dec. 13, 1843. A German painter of battle-scenes. Monte negro (mōn-te-nā'grō), Sery. Crna Gora (cher'na go'ra), Turk. Kara Dagh (kä'rä däg) (all meaning 'black mountain). A principality of Europe, surrounded by Dalmatia, Herzegovina, Rascia (Novi-Bazar), Albania, and the Adriatic Sea. Capital, Cettinje. The is lic), 1787: a a inated at Lima, Peru, Jan. 28, 1825. A Spanish-American republican. He was one of the most influential advocates of independence; was secretary of San Martin; and was the leading spirit of the first republican government of Peru, 1821-22, as minister of war and marine. Montealegre (mon-ta-ä-lagra), José Maria. Born at San José, March 19, 1815. A Costa-Rican statesman. After the deposition of Mora, he was made provisional president, Au, and was regularly president May 8, 1860, to May 7, 1863. was prosperous. Monte Alegre, Baron, Viscount, and Marquis of. See Costa Carvalho , José da . Monte Amaro (mon'te ä-mä'rō). [It., 'bitter mountain.'] The highest summit of the Maiella group of the A pennines, central Italy. Height, 9,170 feet. Monte Argent a rio (är-jen-tä'rē-ō). [It., 'silver mountain.] A promontory on the coast of Tuscany, Italy, near Orbetello. Height, 2,090 feet. Monte Baldo (bal'do). A chain of the Triden tine Alps, on the border of Tyrol and northern Italy, separating the Lake of Garda from the Adige. Length, 25 miles. Height of Cinna Val Dritta, 7,275 feet. Montebello (mon-te-bel'lo), Battle of. 1. A victory gained at the village of Montebello (32 miles south of Milan) by the French under Lannes over the Austrians under Ott, June 9, 1800. It was speedily followed by the battle of Marengo.-2. A victory gained at Montebello May 20, 1859, by the French under Forey over the Austrians under Stadion. It was the open ing battle of the Italian campaign of 1859. Monte Carlo (kär'lō). A place in the principality of Monaco, northeast of the town of Monaco. It is noted as a gambling resort, and also as a sea-bathing place and winter health-resort. Monte-Caseros (mon'tā-kä-sā'ros). A village of the province of Buenos Ayres, Argentine Republic, 25 miles west of Buenos Ayres. Here, Feb. 3, 1852, the forces of Urquiza and his Brazilian allies defeated the dictator Rosas, forcing him to flee from the country. Monte Ca ino (käs-sēnō). A monastery on a hill near Ca ino, Italy, about 45 miles northwest of Naples. It was founded in 529 by St. Benedict, and is the cradle of the famous Benedictine order. The existing buildings, architecturally plain, are imposing from their enormous size. The arcaded courts and cloister are handsome. The great church, rebuilt in the 17th century, is not pure in style, but is almost inconceivably rich in its sē-ä). A peak of the Alps, on the border of Italy and the canton of Grisons, Switzerland, north west of Sondrio. Height, 12,050 feet. Mon tef i a scone (mon-te-fe-äs-kō'ne). A town in the province of Rome, Italy, 50 miles north northwest of Rome. It produces muscat wine. Population (1890), 3,092. Montefiore (mon-te-fe-ō're), Sir Moses Haim. Born at Leghorn, Oct. 24, 1784: died at Ramsgate, July 28, 1885. An English-Jewish philanthropist. He was the son of an Italian-Jewish merchant solute hereditary monarchy. The prevailing religion is orthodox Greek. The Mon tene grins are of Servian race, and speak a dialect of that language. Monte negro became independent of Servia in 1389; came under the rule of prince-bishops in 1516; has been under the present dynasty since 1697; became a secular state under Danilo I. (1851-60); and has been at war with the Turks for over 400 years (recently in 1852-53, 1861-62, 1876-78). It acquired territory in 1878 and in 1880 (including Dulcigno). Area, estimated, 3,630 square miles. Population, estimated, 240,000. Montenotte (mon-te-not'te). A village 26 miles west of Genoa, Italy. Here, April 12, 1796, Napoleon began his first Italian campaign by defeating the Austrians Monte Pellegrino (mon'te pel-le-grēnō). [It., 'pilgrim mountain.'] An isolated mountain near Palermo, in Sicily, on the coast. It was occupied by Hamilcar in the first Punic war, and then called Heircte or Ercte. Formerly it was an island. Height, 1,960 feet. of London. He ama ed a fortune as a stockbroker in under D'Argent eau. improving the condition of the Jews. In Nov., 1840, he London, and retired in 1824, devoting himself thereafter to obtained a firman securing the rights of Jews throughout the Ottoman empire. In 1846 he secured the abrogation of the ukase of the czar Nicholas, removing the Jews on the German and Austrian frontier into the interior of Rus- sia. On June 10, 1812, he married Judith, second daughter of Levi Cohen, brother-in-law of Baron Nathan Mayer de Rothschild. He published a "Narrative of a Forty Days' Sojourn in the Holy Land" (1875). mountain southeast of the Lake of Lugano, on the border of Switzerland and Italy. It com- mands a fine prospect, and is ascended by a rack-and-pinion railway. Height, 5,560 feet. Monte Gennaro (jen-nä'rō). One of the chief peaks of the Sabine Mountains, Italy, 7 miles north of Tivoli. Height, 4,160 feet. Montego Bay (mon-te gō bā). A seaport on the 4,803. Montégut (môn-ta-gü'), Jean Baptiste Joseph Émile. Born June 24, 1825: died Dec. 11, 1895. A French littérateur and translator from the English. About 1847 he introduced the doctrines of Emerson, then unknown in France, in an article in the "Revue des Deux Mondes." In 1850 he published a translation of Emerson's philosophical e ays; in 1862 he became literary critic of "Le Moniteur Universel." He also pub lished volumes of literary criticisms and translations. Montejo (mon-ta'Ho), Francisco. Born in Sal amanca about 1484: died in Spain about 1550. A Spanish soldier. In 1514 he went to Darien and soon after to Cuba; was one of Grijalva's captains in 1518; and followed Cortés, and was his agent in Spain 1519-22 and 1526. In the latter year he was authorized to conquer and govern Yucatan, and sailed in 1527 with three ships and five hundred men. After much fighting with the Indian she was driven from the peninsula in 1535, but conquered part of Campeche. From 1537 to 1539 he was governor of Honduras. In 1540 he delegated his authority in Yucatan to his son (of the same name) while he made an expedition into Chiapas. His son having founded Merida, 1542, and cat an, but was deposed on charges in 1548. ing. The walnut choir-stalls are exquisitely carved. It is Montépin (môn-ta-pan'), Xavier Aymon de. Born at Apremont, Haute-Saône, France, March 18, 1824. A French novelist and playwright. He has written nearly 100 novels and about 30 plays, and collaborated in 1848 on anti-revolutionary journals. His works have been translated into nearly all languages. Monte pul cia no (mon-te-pöl-chäʼno). A cathedral city in the province of Siena, Italy, 55 miles south-southeast of Florence: famous for its wine. It was the birthplace of Poliziano. Population, 2,952. Montereau (mont-ro'). A town in the department of Seine-et-Marne, France, situated at the junction of the Yonne and Seine, 51 miles southeast of Paris. It has a fine church. John the Fearle , duke of Burgundy, was a a inated here at the instigation of the dauphin (afterward Charles VII.), Sept. 10, 1419. Here, Feb. 18, 1814, Napoleon defeated the Allies under the Crown Prince of Würtemberg. Population (1891), commune, 7,672. Monterey (mon-ta-rā'). [Sp., 'king mountain.'] A city, the capital of the state of Nuevo Leon, Mexico, situated near lat. 25° 40′ N., long. 1000 25 W. It was taken by the United States troops (6,500) under Taylor from the Mexicans (about 10,000) under pudia, after 3 days' fighting, Sept. 24, 1846. Population (1892), 46,000. Monterey (mon-te-rā'). A village in Monterey County, California, situated on the Bay of Monterey in lat. 36° 35' N., long. 121° 53′ W. It is a noted winter and health resort. A Spanish mi ion was established here in 1770. It was the capital of California until 1847. Population (1890), 1,662. Monterey, Count of, Viceroy of Peru and Mexico. See Zuñiga y Azevedo , Gaspar de . Montero (mon-ta'rō), Lizardo. Born in the province of Piura, May 27, 1832. A Peruvian Montero, Lizardo naval officer and politician. He joined the rebellion of Vivanco (1856-58); was prominent in the defense of Callao in 1866 and in the war against Pierola in 1874, and in the latter year was a presidential candidate; was made admiral, but fought with the land forces against the Chil eans 1879-81; and after the fall of Lima was vice-president in the provisional government, and soon after president. Calderon being imprisoned by the Chileans, Mon 1883, he driven into Bolivia by Chileans; after returned and submitted to. Iglesias. Montero, Luis. Died in 1868. A Peruvian painter. His principal work is the "Funeral of Atahualpa" (which see). a umed the executiut soon Monte Rosa (mon'te rõ'sä). [It., 'rosy mountain.'] The highest mountain of the Alps next to Mont Blanc. It is situated on the border of northern Italy and the canton of Valais, Switzerland, 60 miles north of Turin. It was houses which lined the neighboring quay. The potters' stamps on the fragments show that this rubbish-heap was still used in the 4th century, and it is believed to have been begun about the inception of the empire. The view from the summit is celebrated. Monte var chi (mon-te-vär'kē). A small town in the province of Arezzo, Italy, 24 miles south- east of Florence. Monte Velino (mon'te ve-lē'no). One of the principal summits of the A pennines, about 50 miles east-northeast of Rome. It was the scene of the defeat of Conradin by Charles of Anjou in 1268. Height, 8,160 feet. Monte verde (mon-te-ver'de), Claudio. Born at Cremona, Italy, 1568 (1): died 1643 (?). An Italian composer. Among his works are the operas "Arianna" (1607) and "Orfeo" (1608). 15,217 feet (Dufour Spitze). its first ascended in 1855. Height, Monte verde (mon-ta-ver'da), Juan Domingo. Monte Rotondo (rō-ton'dō). [It., 'round mountain.'] One of the principal summits of Corsica, in the central part. Height, 8,775 feet. Montes, Lola. See Gilbert , Marie D. E. R. Monte San Giuliano (sän jö-le-ä'no). [It., 'mount of St. Julian.'] A mountain near Trapani and near the western extremity of Sicily: the ancient Eryx. It was the ancient shrine of Venus Erycina, and figured in the first Punic war. Height, 2,465 feet. Monte San Salvatore (säl-vä-tō're). [It., 'mount of the holy Saviour.'] A noted point of view near Lugano in Switzerland. Height, 2,980 feet. Monte Sant-Angelo (sänt-än'je-lō). [It., 'mount of the holy angel.'] Atown and place of pilgrimage in the province of Foggia, Apulia, Italy, 28 miles northeast of Foggia. Montes-Claros, Marquis of, Viceroy of Mexico and Peru. See Hurtado de Mendoza y Luna . Montes i no (mon-tā-sēnō), or Montes i nos (mon-ta-se'nos), Antonio. Died after 1526. A Spanish Dominican mi ionary. He went to Española in 1510; was the first to preach against Indian slavery; and in 1511 was sent to Spain to appeal against the evil. His representations resulted in the promulga Born in Teneriffe, Canary Islands, about 1772: died in Spain, 1823. A Spanish general. From 1811 to the end of 1813 he was the most prominent royalist commander in Venezuela, though without legitimate authority. He received the submi ion of Miranda in July, to 1812, and in violation of his treaty sent him a prisoner Spain. His cruelty to the subjugated provinces led to fresh rebellions. He was repeatedly defeated by Bolivar, and at length besieged in Puerto Cabello, where he was deposed by his own followers in Dec., 1818. He returned to Spain in 1816. Monte verde, Jules. Born at Bistagno, Italy, Oct. 8, 1837. An Italian sculptor. Monte video (mon-te-vid'ē-ō; Sp. pron. mon-tāve-Thā'ō). The capital of Uruguay, situated on the estuary of the Rio de la Plata in lat. 34° 54′ 33′′ S., long. 56° 12′ 18o W. It has important foreign commerce; exports hides, wool, tallow, horns, etc.; is the terminus of various steamship lines; and has a university and a cathedral. It was colonized by Spanish settlers in 1726; taken by the British in 1807, but recovered the same year; and since 1828 has been the capital of Uruguay. Until 1834, when the walls were removed, it was little more than a fortre . Population (1892), with suburbs, 238,080. Monte Viso (mon'te ve'sō). A peak of the Cottian Alps, in Italy, near the French border, 42 miles southwest of Turin. It contains the source of the Po, and is one of the most conspicuous peaks of the western Alps. Height, 12,615 feet. tion of the "laws of Burgos." Later he was a friend of Las Monte Vulture (völ-tö're). [It., 'Mount Vul Casas, and was constantly engaged in helping the Indians. From 1521 he preached in Porto Rico, and he is known as the apostle of that island. He accompanied Ayllon's expedition to Florida in 1526. Montes i nos (mon-tā-sēnōs). A character in medieval romance. Don Quixote's visit to the cave of Montes i nos (book ii., chap. 23) is an important part of that romance. Montes i nos, Fernando. Born at Osuna, Seville, about 1600: died, probably in Seville, about 1655. A Spanish lawyer and historian. From 1629 to about 1650 he was in Peru, where he held important offices and made special studies of mines and of early Indian history. His principal works are "Me morias antiguas hist or i a les del Perú" and "Anales nuevas del Perú," first published in French (1840) and in Spanish (1882). Montes i nos gives a long list of the pre-Incarial monarchs of Peru, which he profe es to have received from the natives. Monte span (môn-tes-pon'), Marquise de (Françoise Athénaïs de Roc he chou art), Born 1641: died at Bourbon-l'Archambault, France, May 27, 1707. A mistre of Louis XIV. She was a daughter of the Duc de Mortemart, and married the Marquis de Monte span in 1663. She succeeded Mademoiselle de la Vallière as mistre of Louis XIV. about 1667, and was in turn supplanted by Madame de Main ten on three years later, although she was not wholly discarded before 1686. She eventually entered a convent. She had eight children by the king, including the Duc de Maine, Louis César, the Comte de Vexin, and the Comte de Toulouse. The Marquis d'Antin was her son by her husband. Montesquieu (môn-tes-kyė', Anglicized montes-kū'), Baron de la Brède et de (Charles de Second at). Born at the Château de la Brède, near Bordeaux, Jan. 18, 1689: died at Paris, Feb. 10, 1755. A celebrated French writer. He was brought up at the College of Juilly, near Meaux, and returned to his native province to study law. In 1714 he was made councilor, and in 1716 president, of the Bordeaux parliament. He was not in sympathy, however, with the duties of his position, and he gradually withdrew from them and devoted his attention to the study of literature and jurisprudence. In 1721 he won fame in the world of letters with his "Lettres per sanes," in which he criticizes cleverly the French society of his time. For this work he was elected to the French Academy in 1728. The following years were spent in travel, and he visited succe ively Austria, Italy, Germany, Switzerland, Holland, and England. On his return to France he gave up the remainder of his life to literary work. Among his many productions, the two which have contributed most to his renown are the "Considérations sur les causes de la grandeur et de la décadence des Romains" (1734), and "L'Esprit des lois" (1748) (which see). Montes Rauraci. See Abnoba . Monte Testaccio (mon'te tes-tä'chō). [It., 'potsherd hill.'] A hill in the extreme southern part of Rome, southwest of the Aventine, on the left bank of the Tiber. It is about 115 feet in height above the surrounding area, and 2.500 in circumference, and is formed entirely of the fragments of pottery vases, chiefly amphoræ, from the extensive ware ture.'] An extinct volcano in southern Italy, near Melfi: the ancient Vultur Mons. It was on the boundary of the ancient Apulia and Lucania. Height, 4,365 feet. Montez, Lola. See Gilbert, Marie D. E. R. Monte zum a (mon-tē-zömä), or Moteczuma (mō-tāk-zöʻmä): called Monte zum a I., and surnamed Ilhuicamina (el-we-kä-me'nä) ('archer of the heavens'). [Nahuatl, 'angry chief.'] Born about 1390: died 1464. A war-chief or "emperor" of ancient Mexico. He was the son of Huitzilihuitl, and succeeded his brother Izcohuatl in 1436 (formally inaugurated 1440). He had wars with the Mix tecs and Tlascalans, and is said to have carried his arms to the Gulf of Mexico. Also written Muteczuma (Cortés), Monte uma (Bernal Diaz and Oviedo), Motezuma (Acosta), Moctezuma , Motecuhzoma , etc. Monte zum a, or Moteczuma: called Montezu ma II., or Xocoyotzin (Hō-kō-yōt-zen'). Born in 1477 (according to Bernal Diaz in 1479): died at Tenochtitlan, June 30, 1520. An Aztec war-chief or "emperor" of Mexico at the time of the Spanish conquest. He was the son of Axayacatl, and succeeded his uncle Ahuizotl in 1503. Besides his almost continuous wars with the Tlascalans and Tarascans, he carried his arms far southward, and is said to have invaded Honduras: you sands of captives were brought back for sacrifice in the temples. The tidings of ships and white men on the coast excited his superstitious fears. When Cortés landed he sent him presents, but tried to di uade him from coming to Tenochtitlan. Cortés insisted, and reached the city with his army in Nov., 1519. violence from the seized Monte zum a in own Helens well received and given rich presents, but hearing house and contined him in the Spanish quarters as a hostage. The Aztecs at length rose in arms and attacked the quarters: Monte zum a, at the request of Cortés, appeared on wall and attempted to expostulate with them, was received with a shower of stones, and died of his wounds four days later. Descendants of one of his daughters are still living in Mexico. After the Spanish conquest Monte zum a became a mythical personage among the Indians: this hero or hero-god they mention to strangers as their principal deity, although they do not pay him the slightest worship. In New Mexico modern travelers and tourists have thought that they have discovered a Monte zum a worship, which, however, does not exist. Monte zum a, Baths of. See Tezcotzinco . Montfaucon (môn-fō-kôn'), Bernard de. Born at the Château Soulage, in Langue doc, France, Jan. 18, 1655: died at Paris, Dec. 21, 1741. A French critic and cla ical scholar. Among his works are "Paleographia Græca" (1708), "L'Anti quité expliquée et représentée en figures" (1719-24), "Les monuments de la monarchie française" (1729-33), an edition of A than as i us, etc. Montferrat (môn-fer-rä'), It. Monferrato (mon-fer-rä'to). [It., 'iron mountain.'] A former marquisate, later a duchy, in northwestern Italy, lying south of the Po and north of the Ligurian A pennines and Alps. Capital, Montgomery Casale. Its marquises from the 10th century ruled not only in Italy but for some time in Greece. A branch of the Palæologi ruled from 1306. The marquisate was made a duchy and united to Mantua in 1536. Its po e ion was later a matter of dispute between Mantua and Savoy. It pa ed to Savoy in 1703. Montfleury (môn-flé-re'), Antoine Jacob, called. Born at Paris, 1640: died at Aix, 1685. A French dramatist, son of Zacharie Jacob, also called Montfleury, an actor. His comedy "La femme juge et partie" (1669) is still played, though reduced to three acts. It was almost as succe ful as "Tartufe." He wrote sixteen comedies, partly on contemporary subjects and partly adaptations of Spanish originals. The two best are "La Femme Juge et Partie" and "La Fille Capitaine." They belong to an older style of comedy than Molière's, being both extravagant and coarse, but there is considerable vis comic a in them. Saints bury , French Lit., p. 313. Montfort (môn-for'), Comte Simon de. Killed near Toulouse, France, June 25, 1218. A French commander and crusader, leader of the crusade against the Albigenses in 1208. He was the father of the following. Montfort (mont'fort; F. pron. môn-for'), Simon of, Earl of Leicester. Born about 1208: killed at Evesham, Aug. 4, 1265. A celebrated English general and statesman. He was the son of Si mon de Montfort (see preceding name). The earldom of Leicester came into the family through his grandmother, Amicia, daughter of Robert of Beaumont, third earl of Leicester. In 1238 Montfort married Eleanor, widow of William Marshal, earl of Pembroke, and sister of Henry III. In 1240 he went on a crusade. In 1248 he was appointed governor of Gascony. His vigorous administration resulted in an open quarrel with the king, and he resigned his office Sept. 29, 1252. The ill feeling between the earl and king forced Simon more and more into the popular party, and he was openly recognized as leader of the "barons' war" in 1263. On May 14, 1264, he captured the king, and became virtually governor of the kingdom. By writs in the king's name (Dec. 14 and 24, 1264) he summoned to a parliament, which met in London Jan. 30, 1265, 120 churchmen, 23 lay barons, and 2 knights from every shire, and also 2 citizens from every borough in England first appearance of the Commons. At this parliament the quarrel between Simon and Gilbert, earl of Gloucester, began, which ended in the death of Simon at Evesham. Montfort, Simon of. Born near Brindisi, 1240: died near Siena, Italy, 1271. The second child of Simon of Montfort, earl of Leicester. In the "barons' war" of 1264 he defended North amp ton against the king, and was captured April. After his father's victory at Lewes, May 14, 1264, he was made constable of Por chester. He reached Evesham after the death of his father, Aug. 4, 1265, and was obliged to surrender to Edward at Christmas. He was banished, and was still in France March 26, 1268. On March 13, 1271, he a isted in the murder of Henry of Cornwall. Montfort-l'Amaury (môn-för lä-mō-re'). A small town in the department of Seine-et-Oise, France, 20 miles west by south of Paris. It contains the ruined castle of the counts of Montfort. Mont Genèvre (môn zhe-nāvr'). A pa in the Cottian Alps, department of Hautes-Alpes, France, 7 miles northeast of Briançon, on the Italian border. It has frequently been cro ed by armies. Height, 6,100 feet. Montgolfier (mont-gol'fi-er; F. pron. môn-golfya'), Jacques Étienne. Born at Vidalon-lezAnnonay, Ardèche, France, Jan. 7, 1745: died at Servières, Aug. 2, 1799. A French mechanician and inventor. Like his elder brother, Joseph Michel, he studied mathematics, mechanics, and physics. He was for a time an architect, but gave up that profe ion in order to take charge with his brother of his father's paper-manufactory at Annonay. Together with his brother he invented the form of air-balloon known as the montgolfier, a public experiment with which was made at Annonay in 1782. The experiment was repeated by Joseph Montgolfier before the court at Versailles, Sept. 19, 1783, and both brothers were subsequently elected corresponding members of the Academy. Montgolfier, Joseph Michel. Born at Vidalonlez-Annonay, Ardèche, France, 1740: died at Balaruc, France, June 26, 1810. A French mechanician, brother of Jacques Étienne Montgolfier, with whom he was a ociated in the invention of the air-balloon. Montgomerie (mont-gum'e-ri), Alexander. Born about 1556: died before 1615. A Scottish poet, a relative of the earls of Eglinton. His chief work is the allegorical poem "The Cherry and the Slae" (1597). He also wrote "The Flyting betwixt Montgomery and Polwart," etc. Montgomerie, Archibald William, thirteenth Earl of Eglinton. Born at Palermo, Sicily, Sept. 29, 1812: died at St. Andrews, Scotland, Oct. 4, 1861. A British politician, lord lieutenant of Ireland in 1852 and 1858-59. Montgomery (mont-gum'e-ri). 1. A county in Wales. It is bounded by Merioneth and Denbigh on the north, Shropshire on the east, Radnor on the south, and Cardigan and Merioneth on the west. It is hilly and mountainous, and has lead-mines and flannel manufactures. Area, 797 square miles. Population (1891), 58,003, 2. The capital of the county of Montgomery, situated near the Severn 21 miles southwest of Shrews bury. Population (1891), 1,098. Montgomery. A district of the Panjab, British India, intersected by lat. 30° 40′ N., long. 73° E. Area, 5,754 square miles. Population (1891), 499,521. Montgomery. The capital of Alabama and of Montgomery County, situated on the Alabama in lat. 32° 22′ N., long. 86° 25′ W. It has a flour- ishing trade, especially in cotton. It became the State ated on the Lézarde 6 miles east-northeast of Havre. Population (1891), commune, 5,344. Montjoie (môn-zhwä'). A small town in the Rhine Province, Pru ia, situated on the Roer 16 miles southeast of Aix-la-Chapelle. Montjoie. The name of the hill near Paris where St. Denis was martyred. Before 1789 it was the of the king at arms. In ancient tournaments "Montjoie" was the cry of the French heralds, and "Mont joie St. Denis" the war-cry of the French in battle. The kings of England had at one time the war-cry "Montjoie St. George." It was last used by the French at the siege of Montargis in 1426. Larou e. Montlhéry (môn-lā-re'). A small town in the department of Seine-et-Oise, France, 18 miles south of Paris. Here, July 16, 1465, the forces of the League of the Public Good defeated Louis XI. Montluc (môn-lük'), Blaise de La eran-Mas- sencome, Seigneur de. Born near Condom, Guienne, about 1503: died in the province of Agéno is, 1577. A noted French marshal. His family was noble but in moderate circumstances, so that he, the eldest of 12 children, was soon called upon to sup- port himself. He went into the army and took part in all- campaigns of Francis I. against Charles V., and also became celebrated for his exploits in the reign of Henry II. Charles IX. and Henry III. honored him with high positions. In the later years of his life he dictated from memory his account of the wars from 1521 to 1574. His work is of great value to historians, and is furthermore po e ed of considerable literary merit. Henry IV. paid it a just tribute in calling it "la Bible du sold at." Mont- luc's "Comment a ires" appeared first in 1592 at Bordeaux, and have been reprinted several times since. The best edition in modern times was made by M. de Ruble for the Société de l'His to ire de France. Montlucon (môn-lü-son'). A city in the depart- ment of Allier, central France, situated on the Cher 38 miles southwest of Moulins. It has flourishing manufactures, especially of mirrors, and is sometimes called "the Manchester of France." Population (1891), commune, 27,878. Montmartre (môn-mär'tr). A height and (since 1860) a quarter in the northern part of Paris, formerly a separate commune. It was stormed by the Allies March 30, 1814, and was in the hands of the Commune March-May, 1871. Montmédy (môn-mā-de'). A town in the de- part ment of Meuse, France, situated on the him from the oblivion to which he was properly destined." Chiers 23 miles southeast of Sedan. It has often Dict. Nat . Biog . l'his to ire de France sous Napoléon, écrits à Sainte-Hélène sous sa dictée" (1823), etc. Monthyon. See Montyon . Monti (mon'te), Vincenzo. Born at Fusignano, near Ravenna, Italy, Feb. 19, 1754: died at Milan, Oct. 13, 1828. A noted Italian poet. Cardinal Borghese was so much pleased with his "Vision of Ezekiel" (1776) that he took him to Rome, where, after winning praise as a poet, he e ayed tragedy in imitation of his friend Alfieri. At this time he was the secretary of Cardinal Braschi, the Pope's nephew. His "Ba e villi an a (1793) was inspired by the ma acre by the populace of the French envoy Ba eville. He was profe or of eloquence Dec., 1870). Population (1891), commune, 2,782. Montmirail (môn-me-ray'). A town in the department of Marne, France, situated on the Petit-Morin 55 miles east of Paris. Here, Feb. 11, 1814, the French under Napoleon defeated the Allies. Pop- Montmorency (môn-mo-ron-se'). A town in the department of Seine-et-Oise, France, 9 miles north of Paris. It was the residence of Rou eau. Its castle was the seat of the Montmorency family. Popu- lati on (1891), commune, 4,577. Montmorency, or Montmorenci (mont-mō- ren'si; F. pron. môn-mō-ron-se'). A small river the St. Lawrence 8 miles below Quebec. It is noted for the cataract (250 feet high) situated Montmorency, or Montmorenci (môn-mo-ron- sē'), Anne de. Born at Chantilly, France, March 15, 1492: died at Paris, Nov. 12, 1567. A French marshal and constable, distinguished in the wars in Italy and against Charles V. He was defeated at St.-Quentin in 1557, and commanded at Dreux in 1562, and at St.-Denis in 1567. Montmorency, Henri II., Duc de. Born at Chantilly, France, April 30, 1595: executed at Toulouse, France, Oct. 30, 1632. A French mar- shal, grandson of Anne de Montmorency. He joined the rebellion of Gaston of Orléans in Montmorillon (môn-mō-re-yon'). A town in the department of Vienne, France, situated on the Gartempe 28 miles east-southeast of Poi- tiers. Population (1891), commune, 5,268. Montoro (mon-to'ro). A town in the province of Cordova, Spain, situated on the Guadalqui- vir 27 miles east-northeast of Cordova. Popu- lati on (1887), 12,563. Montorsoli (mon-tor'sō-lē). Giovanni Angelo. Born at Montorsoli, near Florence, about 1500: died at Florence, 1563. An Italian sculptor and architect, a pupil of Andrea Ferucci of Fiesole. He restored the left arm of the Apollo Belvedere and the right arm of the Laocoon. He a isted Michelangelo in finishing the statues of Giuliano and Lorenzo de' Medici, and made the statue of San Cosimo in the sacristy of San Lorenzo in Florence. His most famous work is the great fountain of Me ina (1547). at Lima, Peru, 1583 (?): died there, April 11, 1652. A Jesuit mi ionary and author. He spent many years in the Guarany mi ions of Paraguay, and published a history of them, "Con quist a espiritual hech a por los religiosos de la Compañia de Jesus en las provincias del town in the department of Seine, France, east of Paris, near Vincennes. Population (1891), 23,986. Montreuil-sur-Mer (-sür-mar'). A town in the department of Pas-de-Calais, France, 20 miles south-southeast of Boulogne. Population (1891), 3,565. Montreux (môn-tre'). A health-resort in the can- ton of Vaud, Switzerland, near the eastern end of the Lake of Geneva, 16 miles southeast of Lausanne. It comprises Montreux-Vernex, Clarens, Glion, etc. Near it is the castle of Chillon. It is a noted place of residence for foreigners. Population, about 8,000, Montrond (môn-rôn'). A small town in the de- part ment of Loire, France, situated on the Loire 30 miles west-southwest of Lyons. Montrose Montrose (mon-trōz'). A seaport in For far shire, Scotland, situated on the North Sea, at the mouth of the South Esk, 26 miles northeast of Dundee. It has important flax and linen manufactures, and flourishing trade and fisheries. Population (1891), 13,079. Montrose, Marquises of. See Graham. Montrouge (môn-rözh'). A suburb of Paris, lying directly to the south. Population (1891), 11,992. Mont-Saint-Jean (môn-san-zhon'). A hamlet near Waterloo, which sometimes gives name to the battle. Mont-Saint-Michel (môn-san-me-shel'). A village in the department of Manche, northwestern France, situated on an island in the Bay of St.Michel, 6 miles west of Avranches. The mount is in its entirety one of the most curious of medieval monu ments. It is a small pyramidal island, now connected with the shore by a causeway. It is defended on the sea-level by towered ramparts, within which nestles the village. Above rise, tier over tier, the huge fortified walls and towers and the extensive buildings of the monastery, long a fortre and afterward used as a prison. The rock is crowned by the great granite church, with Romanesque The cloister is of great beauty. It has a double tured foliage-rosettes in the spandrels. nave. province of Milan, Italy, situated on the Lambro 9 miles north-northeast of Milan: the ancient Modicia. It was the residence of the Gothic and Lombard kings. The cathedral was founded by Queen Theodolinda in 590, but reconstructed in the 14th century. The treasury is extremely rich in Lombard and medieval goldsmiths' work, its most prized treasure being the famous iron crown of Lombardy, so called from the thin ribbon of iron within it, said to be forged from a nail of the crucifixion. Moodkee. See Mudki . Moody (mö'di). 1. The guardian of Peggy, the country girl, in Garrick's adaptation of Wycherley's "Country Wife."-2. In Dryden's play "Sir Martin Mar-all," a swashbuckler - that is, one who retained the boisterous manners of the period when sword and buckler were in common use and brawls were frequent. Moody, Dwight Lyman. Born at North field, Ma ., Feb. 5, 1837. An American evangelist. He was engaged in mi ionary work in Chicago about 1856; conducted, with Ira D. Sankey, various revival meetings in the United States, and 1873-75 and 1881-83 in Great Britain; and has established a school for Christian workers in North field and a Bible Institute in Chicago. Monts Dore. See Mont Dore. Montserrat (mōnt-ser-rät'), or Monserrat (mon-ser-rät'). ['Toothed' or 'serrate mountain.'] A jagged mountain about 30 miles northwest of Barcelona, Spain, famous for its monastery (founded 880), noted for an image of the Virgin. Height, about 4,000 feet. Montserrat (mont-se-rat'). An island of the British West Indies, situated southwest of Antigua in lat. 16° 42′ N., long. 62° 13' W. Chief town, Plymouth. The most important products are sugar and fruits. It was discovered by Columbus in 1493; settled by the British in 1632; and occupied temporarily by the French in 1664 and in 1782. Area, 32 square miles. Population (1891), 11,762. Montt (mont), Jorge. Born at Santiago, 1847. A Chile an naval officer and politician, son of Manuel Montt. In Jan., 1891, he sided with Congre against President Balmaceda; was given temporary command of the congre ional forces; and was a member of the governing junta. After the fall of Balmaceda he was elected president, a uming office Nov. 6, 1891. He was succeeded in 1896 by Señor Errázuriz. place in the Netherlands, near the Meuse, south of Nimwegen. Here (1574) the Spaniards defeated the Dutch under Louis of Na au. Mooltan. See Multan . Moon (mön). A heavenly body which revolves around the earth monthly, accompanying the earth as a satellite in its annual revolution, and shining by the sun's reflected light. Next to the sun, the moon is the most conspicuous and interesting of of its phases, and especially the striking phenomena of celestial objects. The rapidity of its motion, the variety its eclipses, compelled the attention of the earliest observers; and the fact that the longitude can be determined from lunar observations has given the theory of the moon's motion economic importance. Of all the heavenly bodies (meteors excepted), the moon is nearest to us. Its mean distance is a little more than sixty times the radius of the earth, or 238,800 miles. Its diameter is 2,162 miles (about 0.273 of the earth's equatorial diameter), and its volume is about of that of the earth. It revolves around the earth in 27d. 7h. 43m. 11.5s.; the time from new moon to new moon is 29d. 12h. 44m. 2.7s. The moon always presents nearly the same face to the earth. It has no clouds, and shows no indications of an atmosphere or of the presence of water. 1809: died at Santiago, Sept. 20, 1880. A Chile an statesman. As a leader of the conservatives, he was president of the House of Deputies, minister of foreign affairs 1840, minister of justice and education 1841-45, and minister of the interior 1845-50. In 1851 he became president of Chile, and was reëlected in 1856, serving until Sept., 1861. During this period the country was very prosperous; but the extreme conservative policy of the government led to revolts of the liberals in 1851 and 1858, and to a bloody civil war in 1859. President Montt resigned his office peacefully to his succe or, and was subsequently president of the supreme court until his death. Mont-Tendre (môn-ton'dr). A mountain in the Jura, in the canton of Vaud, Switzerland, 15 miles west-northwest of Lausanne. Height, 5,519 feet. Montt-Varistas (mõnt'vä-rēs'täs). A political party in Chile, formed about 1850 by a division of the conservative or Pelucones party. It derived its name from President Manuel Montt and Antonio Varas who was his minister of state 1851-56. The MonttVaristas advocate extreme conservative principles, a semi aristocratic form of government, and partial union of church and state. Montucla (môn-tü-klä'), Jean Etienne. Born at Lyons, Sept. 5, 1725: died at Versailles, Dec. 18, 1799. A noted French mathematician. His chief work is a "His to ire des mathématiques” (1758: continued by Lalande). Montúfar (mon-tö'fär), Lorenzo. Born at Guatemala, March 11, 1823. A Central American jurist, politician, and author. His principal work is "Me morias históricas de Centro-América" (1881). Mont-Valérien (môn'vä-lā-ryan'). A hill and fortre west of the Seine, 21⁄2 miles west of the fortifications of Paris. It was an important point of defense in 1870-71. An unsucce ful sortie was made from it by the French Jan. 19, 1871. Montyon (môn-tyôn') (incorrectly Monthyon), Baron de (Antoine Jean Baptiste Robert Auget). Born at Paris, Dec., 1733: died at Paris, Dec. 29, 1820. A French philanthropist. He founded various prizes (including the Montyon prize of virtue). Monument, The. A column in London, north of the Thames, near London Bridge. It was erected to commemorate the great fire of 1666, and stands close to the spot where the conflagration started. It is a fluted Roman-Doric column by Wren, standing on a square base ornamented with reliefs, and supporting on a pedestal above the capital an urn from which flames i ue. The height is 202 feet. Monumentum Ancyranum. See Ancyra . tains placed by Ptolemy in the interior of Africa, containing the sources of the Nile. They were conceived afterward as traversing Africa from to west. They have disappeared from modern maps. Moonlight Sonata. A name given to Beethoven's "Sonata quasi una fantasia" in C sharp minor, one of the two which form his Opus 27, published in 1802. The romantic stories about the name and dedication appear to be without foundation. Moonstone (mön's ton), The. A novel by Wilkie Collins, published in 1868. Moor, or Mór (mor). A town in the county of Stuhlwei enburg, Hungary, 37 miles west by south of Budapest. Here, Dec., 1848, the Austrians defeated the Hungarians under Perczel. Population (1890), 9,309. Moor (mör), Edward. Born in 1771: died at London, Feb. 26, 1848. A writer on Hindu mythology. He entered the Madras establishment of the East India Company as cadet in April, 1783, served in the war of 1790-91, and was wounded Dec. 29, 1791, at Gadjmoor. He went to Bombay April, 1796, as brevet captain, and in 1800 made a "Digest of the Military Orders and Regulations of the Bombay Army." He published "Hindoo Pantheon" (1810), "Hindoo Infanticide" (1811), "The Gentle Sponge," a proposal for reducing the interest on the national debt (1829), and "Suffolk Words and Phrases" (1823). Moor (mor), Karl. The principal character in Schiller's play "Die Räuber" ("The Robbers"). The hero of his first drama, the enthusiastic young robber, Moor, like Goethe's Gotz, has recourse to force on his own responsibility. He has all the feelings of a Werther, and, like Werther, he falls foul of society. Werther turns the destroying weapon upon himself, but Moor directs it against society. He is a rebel, like the Satan of Milton and of Klopstock, and a vagabond, like Goethe's Crugantino; but, while love and reconciliation lead Crugantino back to the bosom of his family, the shameful intrigues of an unnatural brother Franz turn Moor into a robber and a murderer. Hostile brothers had already been depicted by Fielding in romance, and by Leisewitz and Klinger in tragedy: the two latter had introduced fratricide upon the stage itself, and Ge ner had written a patriarchal romance based on the story of Cain and Abel; but Schiller far surpa es these writers in power in the grand scene where the criminal, in fear of the avengers of his crime, pronounces and carries out his own sentence.