James

(jāmz,) the name of the following European monarchs: - ARAGON: J. I., styled THE CONQUEROR, reigned 1213-76.- J. II., THE JUST, B. 1261, s. his father, Peter III., in 1291, and was a brave, warlike, and magnanimous ruler. D. 1327. - ENGLAND: J. I. (VI. of Scotland), B. in Edinburgh Castle, 1566, was crowned king of Scotland after the abdication of his mother, Mary Queen of Scots, while yet a child in the cradle, Elizabeth of England having declared J. her heir, he s., at her death in 1603, to the throne. His reign pre.sents nothing but a chronicle of favoritism shown to Scotsmen, with a corresponding antipathy to English men, as evidenced in the unjust trial and execution of Sir Walter Raleigh. J. was a pedant in understanding and.a boor in manners; superstitious, pragmatical, and pusillanimous. D., to the great relief of his subjects, 1625.-J. II., B. 1633, s. his brother, Charles II., in 1685. The Bloody A ize of the brutal Jeffreys against the adherents of Mon mouth (q. v.); the attempted restoration of the Roman Catho-Fig.416. COURTIER'S COSTUME (1605). lic religion in England; the trial and triumphant acquittal of the Seven Bishops; the exclusion of the dignitaries of the colleges of Oxford and Cambridge to make way for priests and Jesuits; the unanimous call of the nation upon William Prince of Orange to occupy the throne; his arrival; the flight of J. in 1688; and his final overthrow in Ireland-constitute the chief events of this reign. J. died in exile at St. Germain, France, 1701. His son by his second marriage subsequently a umed the title of James III., and unsucce fully attempted to recover the throne of his ancestors, in 1715.-SCOTLAND: J. I., B. 1394, pa ed 19 years of his life a prisoner in England. Restored to the throne in 1424, he perished by a a ination in 1437, having by his love for the peaceful arts bitterly offended his fierce and warlike nobles.- J. ІІ., B. 1430, carried on an ince ant war against the great feudal nobles, particularly with the omnipotent house of Douglas, the chief of which he murdered with his own hand in Edinburgh Castle. Killed at the siege of Roxburgh, 1460.- J. ІІІ., B. 1453, s. his father, the foregoing. His love of arts and letters excited against him the contempt and animosity of the nobles, who defeated the royal forces near Bannock burn, 1488, and murdered the king while a fugitive from the field.-His son, J. IV., " the handsomest and most chivalrous prince ofhis time," founded the university of Aberdeen and the Order of the Thistle, and while proceeding to invade the dominions of his brother-in-law, Henry VIII. of England, was encountered by the latter's troops at Flodden Field, 1513, and there perished along with the flower of the Scottish chivalry, nearly the whole of the Scottish peerage dying around their king. His son, J. V., s. him, the govt. being carried on by a regency. Engaging in a war with England,J. suffered so severely thereby, losing 10,000 of his troopB on one occasion alone, that he is said to have D. of a broken heart in the prime of his manhood, 1542, leaving the troublous crown of Scotland to his only legitimate child, Mary Queen of Scots. J. was a gay and gallant prince, and one so loved by the humbler cla es of the nation as to be known in history as the King of the Commons. The great Regent Murray (q. v.) was one James' of his natural Bay, children. a S. arm of Hudson's Bay, Brit. N. America,bet. N. Lat. 51-55°, and W. Lon. 79-820. [s. 499]