SOCIALISM it

it involves political, religious, and social changes. It proclaims the equal right of all subjects of a State to share the material wealth of that State, and the equal duty of all to share the labour nece ary to develop that wealth, so as to maintain the nece aries and comforts of life. There are two great cla es ot SOCIOLOGY Socialists, however, who have very different opinions of the causes of poverty, the great evil, and different who remedies for it. Ore cla consists of the Anarchists, destroyed, so that some new form of it may ruse disciples of Rou eau, and are best represented by Bakunin and other Nihilists, science—in who have demanded even the abolition of order that all men SO CRATES, might live together, sympathetically, in a state of holy and wholesome ignorance.* Scientific Socialists have nothing in common with such illegitimate and absurd extravagances and inanities, though ignorant people think and a ert the opposite. Scientific Socialists seem to really know what their ideal is, how they got it, and how they want to carry it out. They define it as a state of things in which every soul in the nation shall have an equal chance of realizing such perfection as it is naturally capable of realizing—as a pot-boy or a remier—without any reference to the lot into which, y fortune or by misfortune, it has been born; and they a ert, often with too little regard for the feelings of the rich middle-cla , that at present society does not give the ma of men the * chance 'o' realizing such perfection education does not give them body—due the ‘will,’ and natural; food—does inheritance of brain and mainly to bad not give them the power. Further, they consider that this feverish scramble for material wealth is both unseemly and unscientific, because what one man gets another has to go without. The cure lies in their scheme of ' Education * (q.v.), so as to bring out the power of each individual character, and in the strengthening of existing authorities, so that they may be used vigorously for the benefit of the poor and needy. The chief demands on the latter are for (1) Taxation graduated so as to correct fully gro inequalities of fortune; (2) loans of public money at a very low rate to persons m too poor to borrow the open market strict enforcement of the moral and social duties; attaching (3) to wealth, especially in land. Such proposals may be inexpedient, but they are perfectly legitimate. The English Societies representative of Socialism are the Social Democratic Federation, the Fabian Society, and the Independent Labour Party. In Germany they form the strongest political party in the whole empire, and polled 25 per cent, of the total number of votes at the last election; and the Social Democrats are deadly foes to State Socialism, which they consider as a system of half-measures dictated by fear and intended to undermine real Socialism by petty conce ions. The leaders are Liebknecht, Bebel, Vollmar, and Singer. In Austria, too, they are strong, but split into two parties—one following Karl Marx under the leadership of Dr. Adler, and the other led by Herr Hanser. Both in Germany and in Austria the political discontent is very much in favour of a wide spread of Socialism. the Latinized name of the two celebrated theologians (uncle and nephew), who gave their name to the religious sect of the Socinians, whose modified doctrines are now called Utilitarianism. Laelius Socinus (Lelio Sozzini) was bom in 1525, in Tuscany. In 1546 he became a member of a secret society at Vicenza, which arrived at the conclusion that the doctrine of the Trinity was untenable, and that many of the Romish dogmas were quite unreasonable. Soon after the society was broken up several members were put to death, and others (among whom was Socinus) fled the country. He visited France, England, Holland, and Poland, where he resided for a time. He died in 1592. lie wrote “ Diologus inter Calvinum et Vaticanum,” “ De Sacrament is,'* etc. Faustus Socinus (Fausto Sozzini) was bom in 1539. On the death of his uncle he came into po e ion of the latter’s manuscripts, which confirmed him in his former religious opinions. He lived twelve years at the Court of the Grand Duke Francesco de Medici, and began to publish his views in Florence in anonymous writings, but he fled to Basle to escape the Inquisition, and died in 1604. is the science which investigates the laws of those forces that regulate human society, existing and historical, savage and civilized. It treats of the general structure of society, the laws of its development, and the progre of actual civilization. Comte was the first scientific sociologist, and he was followed by Quetelet and Herbert Spencer. Comte wrote the "Traits de So cio logie,” and Spencer " The Study of Sociology ” and “ Principles of Sociology." the famous Greek philosopher, was bom about 469 B.C. His father, Sophroniscus, was a sculptor, and the son followed in his footsteps for a