Meanwhile

he removed to Springfield and built up a law practice. From 1847 to 1849 he was a Whig Congre man, but was not notably prominent. His importance dates from the Kansas-Nebraska controversy. In its progre he became the Republican State leader, and in 1858 he took part with Stephen A. Douglas in a series of joint debates in canva ing for the U. S. Senatorship. Lincoln was defeated, but the discu ion had aroused great interest, and his utterances, ¢. g., ‘‘a house divided against itself cannot stand,”’ brought him into national prominence. In February, 1860, he delivered a remarkable political speech at Cooper Institute, New York. He was pre ed for the Presidency by many Western Republicans in the Chicago Convention in May, though Seward was in the lead at the outset. Amid great excitement Lincoln was nominated on the third ballot, and elected, by 180 electoral votes, over Douglas, Breckenridge and Bell. This first victory of the Republicans decided the Sece ionists, and when the new President delivered his conciliatory inaugural addre the country was drifting toward civil war. In the Cabinet Seward had the Department of State, Chase the Treasury, Cameron, and soon afterward Stanton, War, Welles the Navy, Caleb B. Smith the Interior, Edward Bates was Attorney-General, and Montgomery Blair Postmaster-General. Immediately on the fall of Fort Sumter the President, April 15, 1861, called for 75,000 volunteers to put down the Rebellion. He soon i ued a call for additional troops, instituted a blockade, and summoned Congre to meet in extra se ion July 4. As the ‘‘ War President’? Lincoln is iden- | tified with a great part of the history of the struggle. Foreign complications, military and naval movements, domestic politics, as well as: routine administrative duties, all claimed his attention; to the people and the armies he was endeared as ‘‘ Father Abraham’; innumerable anecdotes are related bearing on his humor, strong common sense and. sympathy. On September 22, 1862, profiting by the partial succe of | Antietam, he i ued a preliminary proclamation fixing the coming January 1 as the date for freeing slaves in insurgent States. The Emancipation Proclamation to that effect accordingly appeared at the open- | | ing of 1863. On the nineteenth of November, 1863, he pronounced on > the battle-field of Gettysburg his short but famous eulogy. He was re- | nominated by the Republicans June 8, 1864, and elected over McClellan, receiving 212 electoral votes. ‘‘ Malice toward none, charity for all" was the burden of his second inaugural. He had visited Richmond | after its fall, and was pondering the questions of reconstruction, when; on the night of April 14 he was shot by Wilkes Booth in Ford’s Theater at the capital, and died the next morning. Among the many lives may. be mentioned those by Raymond, Morse, Herndon and the extended ‘ one by Nicolay and Hay. Lincoln, Benjamin (1733-1810), was major-general of the Ma a-. chusetts militia from 1774 to 1775 and commanded them at White Plains in 1776. In 1777 he was second in command under General Gates at Bemis Heights, He commanded the Southern army from 1778 to 1780, when he was besieged by the British at Charleston and forced to cap it-. ulate. He received the sword of Cornwall is at York town in 1781. He. was Secretary of War from 1781 to 1784. He was a member of the Ma achusetts Convention that ratified the Constitution. Lincoln, Mary Todd (1818-1882), married Abraham Lincoln in 1842. Her family sympathized with the Confederate cause, and this, together with the death of her husband and of three sons, unsettled her reason. Lincoln, Robert T’., born in 1843, is the son of Abraham Lincoln. He served in the Federal army from 1864 to 1865. He was admitted to the Illinois bar and practiced until 1881. He was Secretary of War in the Cabinets of Garfield and Arthur from 1881 to 1885. He was appointed U. S. Minister to Great Britain in 1889, serving till 1893. Lincoln, Neb., was laid out in July, 1867, and shortly after became the capital of the State. Lincoln’s Prophecy. In the second inaugural addre of President Lincoln he used the following prophetic words: ‘‘I see in the near future a crisis arising which unnerves me, and causes me to tremble for the safety of my country. Asa result of the war, corporations have been enthroned, and an era of corruption in high places will follow, and the money power of the country will endeavor to prolong its reign by working upon the prejudices of the people until all the wealth ts aggregated in a few hands and the republic is destroyed. 1 feel at this time more anxious. for my country than even in the midst of war.” Linn, Lewis F. (1795-1843), served during the War of 1812 as a surgeon. He was a member of the Kentucky Legislature in 1827. He | |. sen resented Kentucky in the U. S. Senate as a Democrat from 1833 to Ing3. “T/Insurgente.”” (See “Constellation.” ) Little Crow, chief of the Sioux tribe of Indians, led an outbreak of the Indians on the Upper Minnesota in 1862, but was defeated at Wood: sake. He was shot while making a raid in 1863. Little Giant, a nickname for Stephen A. Douglas, of Illinois, because of his small stature and great abilities. ‘Tittle James,’’ a small ve el, which, in company with the “ Ann,” brought reinforcements to the Pilgrims at Plymouth in August, 1623. Little Magician, a nickname given to Martin Van Buren on account of his dexterity in political manipulations,. Little Rock, Ark., founded in 1820, became the capital of the then Territory the same year. During the Civil War it was held by the Confederates until it was captured by General Steele (September 10, 1863). ' “Little Sarah,” a privateer fitted out in 1793, at Philadelphia, by, Citizen Genét, the newly arrived French Minister. She sailed under French colors and was manned by American seamen, and cruised for ‘ British ve els. This was done against the prohibition of the American Executive. Little Turtle, chief of the Miami Indians, died in 1812. Hecom- ’ manded at the defeat of General Harmar on the Miami in 1790, and of General St. Clair at St. Mary's in 1791. He was one of the signers of the Greenville treaty in 1795. Little Van, a nickname for Martin Van Buren, eighth President of the United States.; Liver more, Mary A., born in 1821, distinguished herself during the Civil War by her labors in the Sanitary Commi ion. She is one of the foremost lecturers upon woman suffrage and temperance reform. ‘ Livings ton, Brockholst (1757-1823), served at Ticonderoga, and with Benedict Arnold at the surrender of Burgoyne in 1777. In 1807. he was appointed an A ociate Justice of the U. S. Supreme Court, and served till his death.. Iivingston, Edward (1764-1836), a brother of Robert R. Livings ton, graduated at Princeton, and reached early in life a commanding position at the New York bar. From 1795 to 1801 he was a Democratic Congre man. While district attorney in the following years he be came entangled in busine , was deeply indebted to the Government, and removed to Louisiana to retrieve his fortunes. He was Congre man from that State in 1822-1829, U. S. Senator 1829-1831, Secretary of State 1831-1833, and Minister to France 1833-1835. His rank asa lawe yer was very high, and his influence by his codes and legal writings ” was profound upon Jaw here and in Furope. (See Batture Cases.) ‘ Livings ton, Philip (1716-1778), was a member of the New York A embly from 1758 to 1769. He was a delegate to the Stamp-Act Congre of 1765, and a member of the Continental Congre from 1774 to; 1778. He was one of the committee to prepare an addre to the people N of Great Britain, and a signer of the Declaration of Independence.; Livings ton, Robert R. (1746-1813), graduated at King’s (now 4 Columbia) College and became a lawyer, member of the New York A embly, and delegate to the Continental Congre . He served on the: committee of five which drafted the Declaration of Independence. He ’ was Secretary for Foreign Affairs in 1781-1783, and was a prominent Federalist in the ratifying convention at Poughkeepsie in 1788. Meanwhile from 1777 to 1801 he was Chancellor of the State of New York,; and in this position he administered the oath of office to Washington in 1789. While U. S. Minister to France in 1801-1805 he helped to negotiate the Louisiana Purchase. He is remembered also for his connection with many societies in New York City, and his a ociation with Fulton in the beginnings of steamboat navigation. Livings ton, William (1723-1790), was a delegate from New Jersey to the Continental Congre from 1774 to 1776. He was Governor of New Jersey from 1776 to 1790. In 1787 he was a delegate to the convention that framed the Constitution and sigued that instrument. Livings ton Manor, in New York, adjoining that of Ren laerswyck, was granted by Governor Dongan in 1686 to Robert Livings ton, an immigrant from Scotland. Local Government. England, at the time when the first settlements were made in the United States, had well-developed local institutions, the country being subdivided into counties, the counties into | hundreds, the hundreds into parishes or townships. In the Southern colonies, where the plantation system prevailed and the settlers were scattered over a large area, it was natural that, of the institutions to | which the settlers were accustomed, they should keep in use rather those of the county. In the New England colonies, where population was | | more compact, it was rather the township’s set of officers and institutions that were employed. Hence there grew up in the United States two types of local government,—in New England the township system, in the South the county system. In the Middle colonies a form of local government was instituted which kept in active existence both sets of institutions, and this is the type now most common in the West. History by Howard. 408