Vespers

Sicilian. A ma acre of French op- pre ors in Sicily (March 30, 1282), at the signal of the vesper bell. Via Dolorosa. The Sorrowful Way. Christian name for road of Jesus from Mount of Olives to Golgotha. Virgin Queen (The). Elizabeth of England. W. Wacht am Rhein (Ger.; The Watch on the Rhine). A song that had great popularity during the Franco-Pru ian war of 1870-71, and was adopted as national by the Germans. Wahnfried. (Ger.) Ideal peace. Richard Wagner's villa at Bayreuth. Wall Street. Financial center, New York; term used for the money market in general. Walpurgis Night. May-day eve, when witches hold revel on broomsticks and goats. Walton, Isaak. English author (1593-1683), esp. of " The Complete Angler." Ward, Artemus. Pen-name of Charles F. Browne, humorous American author (1834-67). War Of the Roses- A 30-year civil war in England (1455-85) between the royal houses of York (badge, a white rose) and Lancaster (red rose). wa ail (Sax. Wses hseil, Be thou well). "Your good health"— a salutation in drinking; hence a carouse. Ways and Means (Committee of). Parliamentary and Congre ional committee for revenue legislation. welsher. One who does not pay lost bets on races. werewolf. Ger. superstition of a man in wolf form and nature. Westminster Abbey. In London, the most famous English church, chiefly built in 13th cent., of esp. historical interest as the burial place of many great men. Whig. In England formerly the political party of progre (now called Liberal) as opp. to Tory in America, a former political party favoring a protective tariff (now called Republican). Whistle, too dear for the. Proverb, from Franklin's story of the boy who paid four times its worth for a whistle that he soon tired of. White Elephant. Something requiring much 797 FAMOUS NAMES AND expense with little profit, a burdensome po e ion. white feather (to show the). To betray cowardice, no true game-cock having white feathers. White hall. A former palace in London, standing to the north of Westminster Abbey, dating from 13th cent., scene of many historic events; in front of its banqueting hall (all that remains) Charles I. was beheaded. White House. The U. S. presidential residence at Washington. White's. A well-known gaming club in London, established 1698. wide-awake hats. Said to be so called because felt has no nap. willow pattern. A blue and white decorative design in Chinese table ware, brought to England 1775. windmills, to fight. To fight imaginary evils, as Don Quixote attacked the windmills for giants. Windsor Castle. Chief royal residence, near London, castle, palace, and park, of great extent and magnificence. witchcraft. Supposed supernatural power gained by compact with the Devil a superstition costing innumerable lives of innocent accused persons, not only in the European Dark Ages but in the 17th cent, in American Mas sachusetts. Woolsack, The. Seat of the Lord Chancellor of England in the House of Lords, a square, red-covered cushion of wool. Worms, Diet Of. A famous Council at Worms, Germany (1521), the object of which was to check the Reformation, and which condemned Luther as a heretic. FAMILIAR PHRASES. 777 Xavier, Saint Francis. A great Spanish Jesuit mi ionary (1506-52) who labored and died in the Ea6t Indies. Zimenes, Francisco. Famous Spanish cardinal, statesman, and scholar (1430-1517). Yahoo. In Swift's " Gulliver's Travels," vicious brutes in the form of men, contrasted with Houyhnhnms or horses gifted with reason hence, a brutal rowdy. Yankee. Iu general, an American (Indian corruption of English) spec if, a New Eng lander. Yankee Doodle. A comical popular American song, arising during the Revolution. Yellow Jack. Yellow fever the yellow quarantine flag. Yorkshire pudding. A batter pudding baked under meat. Yosemite Valley (yo-semf-ta). A famous cleft in Sierra Nevada mountains, in Mariposa Co. Cal., 6 m. long, from \ m. to 2 m. wide, with walls 3,000 to 5,000 ft. high. Ysolde. See Iseult. Yule. Christmas; Yule log, the great log backing the Christmas hearth-fire. Z. Zadkiel. Pen-name of Lieut. R. J. Morrison in his astrological prophetic almanac (from 1830). He died 1874. Zend Avesta. Sacred writings of the Zoroastrian (Persian) religion. Zodiac Imaginary belt in the heavens divided into 12 parts, each with its constellation sign, 6 north and 6 south of the equator. 798 Practical of the violable. that its the the dependently, but position should stricts mas with colon, omitted, (See treasures will ment quotation as PUNCTUATION KULES. Punctuation should be used as an aid to clearne , and not directly for rhetorical purposes. rules cannot be made so specific as to meet every matter of detail, and the application many rules is properly subject to variation according to personal opinion as to differences in subject-matter punctuated. Most of those here given, however, are generally accepted as in- COMMA. General Principle. A comma marks the slightest interruptions in grammatical construction demand punctuation, and should not be used when no such interruption is present unle by use added clearne can be secured. Rule I. Insert a comma after the first of two words, phrases, or short clauses when they are in same construction and not connected by a conjunction. We are fearfully, wonderfully made. Rule II. Insert a comma after each except the last of two or more words, phrases, or clauses in same construction but with no conjunction except before the last member of the series. The world, the flesh, and the devil. It is neither good, bad, nor indifferent. Rule III. A comma is needed before and after a word or a group of words which is inserted in or so that the rest of the sentence would be grammatically complete without them, which is not sufficiently independent to require the use of marks of parenthesis. Punctuation, like other matters, should be governed by common sense. Commas, therefore, should not be used without reason. Authors, not printers, should punctuate their writing. All printers, however, should know how to punctuate. The most vigorous thinkers and writers are, in fact, self-taught. Rule IV. A comma is needed before a conjunction introducing an antithesis, or a clause in opto one preceding, or introducing an opposite a ertion. False delicacy is affectation, not politene . Though learned and methodical, the teacher was not a pedant. Rule V. A word or group of words standing independently at the beginning or end of a sentence be separated from the rest of the sentence by a comma. Awkward in his person, James was ill qualified to command respect. Antonio, light my lamp. Referring to your note of the 10th inst., I would say, etc. He was a scoundrelly rascal, with all due respect to his learning. Rule VI. A comma precedes a relative clause that adds an explanation, but not a clause that ret he application of an antecedent. Behold the emblem of thy state in flowers, which bloom and die. Every teacher must like a boy who is attentive and docile. SEMICOLON. Rule I. Each clause, or part of a sentence, that is itself divisible into parts marked off by com should have a semicolon after it also each clause in a sentence that contains any such part commas. Our schoolbooks used to tell us that at the period we should stop long enough to count four; at the three at the semicolon, two; at the comma, one. Stones grow; vegetables grow and live; animals grow, live, and feel. Rule II. Two or more clauses in a series in the same construction, when the conjunction is should be separated by semicolons. Occasionally commas are sufficient in such cases. Comma, Rule I.) Philosophers a ert that Nature is unlimited in her operations; that she has inexhaustible in reserve; that knowledge will always be progre ive; and that all future generations continue to make discoveries of which we have not the slightest idea. COLON. Rule. A colon should be used after a word or clause introductory to a speech, a letter, a state of particulars, or a quotation of a long sentence or a number of sentences, and before a short if that is made a separate paragraph. The colon is very little used as a mark of punctuation within the sentence, but may be so used intermediate between the semicolon and the period. (778) 799 after is strongly nece ary inclosing an Dashes at use d's, the inverted ployed common gadolinile, name. capital. from or Southern, junctions. USE OF CAPITAL LETTERS. 779 PERIOD. Rule L Every sentence that is not interrogatory or exclamatory is ended with a period. Rule II. An abbreviation, as distinguished from a contraction or a mere short form, has a period Wm. for William is an abbreviation; dep'tfor department is a contraction; Will for William a short form. Rule HI. A decimal number is written with a period before INTERROGATION AND EXCLAMATION. Rule. A question should always end with an interrogation point, and a mere exclamation, or a exclamatory sentence, with an exclamation mark. PARENTHESES AND BRACKETS. Rule. Parenthesis marks and brackets (often called square brackets) inclose words that are not parts of the sentences in which they are used. Brackets are commonly restricted to the of corrections, notes, directions, editor's comment, etc. DASH. Rule. The dash is used to denote a sudden change in the construction, a suspension of the sense, unexpected transition in the sentiment, a sudden interruption, or hesitation in speaking. are sometimes used instead of parentheses. APOSTROPHE. Rule I. When letters are omitted from within a word, use an apostrophe in place of them, also beginning or end of a word when the omi ion is to be shown. Rule II. In the po e ive case singular (as man's), and in that of irregular plurals (as men's), an apostrophe and s; in regular plural po e ives (as boys'), use the apostrophe alone. Rule IIL The plural of a single letter or figure is formed by adding apostrophe and s (as o's, 3's, etc.), but the apostrophe is not needed with figures (as 8s, 9s, etc.). QUOTATION MARKS. Rule. Quotations are marked by two inverted commas at the beginning and two apostrophes at end. A quotation within a quotation has single marks. In British usage the use of the single comma and single apostrophe for full quotations is more usual, with double marks emwithin. USE OF CAPITAL LETTERS. Rule I. Begin every sentence with a capital. Rule II. Begin every line of poetry with a capital. Rule HI. Begin every proper name, as of a person or a place, with a capital. Rule IV. Begin with a capital the name of a day, month, historical period, etc. Rule V. Use a capital in words made from the name of a person or a place, except in the few words like china, boycott, etc., and names of substances, forces, etc., in the sciences, as galvanism, etc. Rule VI. Appellatives of God should always have capitals. Rule VH. Use a capital in every official title put before a person's name or in place of his Rule Vm. Begin the name of a political party, a religious sect or denomination, etc., with a Rule IX. Begin with a capital the name of a point of the compa and adjectives derived them when referring to conventionally recognized divisions or sections of the United States, other countries or parts of the world as, the North, the South, the East, the West, Northern, etc. Rule X. Capitalize each word in the title of a book, except the articles, prepositions, and con- Rule XI. The pronoun / and the interjection are always capitals. 800