thermokinematics (therm ok i nema tiks)

[ The science of heat has been called Thermotics, and the theory of heat as a form of energy is called Thermodynamics. In the same way the theory of the equilibrium of heat might be called Thermostatics, and that of the motion of heat Thermokinematics . Clerk Maxwell , Heat, Int., i. 9. thermology (ther-mol'ō-ji), n. [ λέγειν , speak: see- ology .] The science of heat. 6283 state of the atmosphere, the body, liquid, or gas, with regard to heat, is indicated by a scale either applied to the tube or engraved on its exterior surface. The thermom eter was invented by Galileo at some date prior to 1611, and was developed by his pupils through the first thirty years of the seventeenth century. In 1641 the Florentine philosophers were using a thermometer consisting of a bulb filled with alcohol, with sealed stem, and graduated on the stem according to an arbitrary scale, of which the divisions were, approximately, fiftieths of the volume of the bulb. Sagredo adopted a scale of 360 divisions, like the graduation of a circle, and fixed the application of the word degree to the thermometric spaces. No means of comparing observations made with thermometers containing different fluids and of different manufacture were po ible until Fahrenheit adopted a graduation between two fixed temperatures. For the zero of his scale Fahrenheit adopted the lowest temperature observed by him in the winter of 1709, and for his upper fixed point he took the temperature of the body, and marked it 96°. By this system of numeration the temperature of melting ice became 32°, and the boiling-point of water 212°. This is the scale of the Fahrenheit thermometer commonly used by English-speaking peoples and in Holland. Del'Isle, about 1730, first used the melting-point of ice and the boiling point of water as the fixed points of the thermometric scale, and they gradually came to be universally accepted. In Réaumur's thermometer (formerly largely used in Germany and Ru ia, but now being superseded) the space between the freezing-point and the boiling-point of water is divided into 80 equal parts, the zero being at freezing. In the centigrade thermometer, used widely throughout Europe, and very extensively in scientific investigations everywhere, the space between the freezing-point and the boiling-point of water is divided into 100 equal parts or degrees, the freezing-point being zero and the boiling point 100°. The absolute zero of temperature is the logical beginning of a thermometric scale, but since thermometric temperatures are primarily relative, the zero point is arbitrary, and the Fahrenheit, Réaumur, and [ M. Le Comte terms it (the science of heat] Thermology . Whewell, Philos. of Induct. Sciences, I. p. lxxii. thermolysis (thér-mol'i-sis), n. [ θέρμη , heat, + λύσις, loosening, di olving.] 1. Same as di ociation , 2. The heat supplied has the effect of throwing the molecule into such agitation that the mutual affinity of the atoms cannot retain them in union. This is the proce of Di ociation or Thermolysis . A. Daniell, Prin. of Physics, p. 319. 2. The dispersion of heat from the body, by radiation, conduction, evaporation, and the warming of excreta and dejecta.