A'ryan, Indo

-GERMANIC, and INDO-EUROPEAN, Languages. ( Philol.) The different names given by different philologists to one of the three great families into which the tongues of the Mediterranean branch of the white race are divided. The family was also formerly called the Japhetic or Japetic family; but it is held by the more scientific grammarians of the present time, that A. is the most appropriate technical term, inasmuch as A. was the name adopted by those ancient tribes from whom we have preserved the oldest texts in this linguistic stock. There are likewise two other great families of languages in Asia, known respectively as the Semitic and the Turanian, both of which will be treated of in their proper places. To deal here with the A. languages:-The A. family of languages may, at the outset, be broadly cla ified into two great divisions: The Asiatic division, containing two main cla es, the Indic and Iranic. The Indic branch comprises, as living languages, the Aryan dialects of India, and the dialect of the Gypsies; as dead languages, the Prakrit and Pali, the modern Sanscrit, and the Vedic Sanscrit. The Iranic branch comprises, as living languages, the dialects of Persia, Afghanistan, Kurdistan, Bokhara, Armenia, and the O etic; and, as dead languages, the Parsi, Pehli, the cuneiform inscriptions of Darius and Xerxes, the Zend, and the old Armenian. The European division of the A. family of languages contains six chief cla es. 1. The Celtic has two branches, the Cymric and the Gaelic. To the Cymric belongs the dialects of Wales and Britt any, and the Cornish, the latter being a dead language. To the Gaelic branch of the Celtic cla belong the dialects of Scotland, Ireland, and that of the Isle of Man, or Manx. 2. The Italic cla embraces the dialects of Portugal, Spain, Provence, France, Italy, and Wall a chia, as well as the dead languages known as the Langue d'Oc, Langue d'Oil, and the Oscau, Latin, and Umbrian. 3. The Illyric cla contains the dialects of ancient Illyria and modern Albania. 4. The Hellenic cla comprises the dialects spoken in Greece at the present time, together with the Doric, Æolic, Attic, and Ionic, the four latter being dead languages. 5. The Letto-Slavic cla comprises within itself the living dialects of Lithuania, Courland, and Livonia ( Lettish ), as well as the old Pru ian, which last is reckoned as a dead language; the living dialects of Ru ia (Great, Little, and White), Illyria, (Slavonian, Croatian, Servain), Poland, Bohemia ( Slavakia ), and Lusatia; in this cla also are included the dead languages known as the Ecclesiastical Slavonic, and the old Bohemian. 6. The Teutonic cla contains: the High German branch, in which are included the living dialects of Germany, and the dead languages called the Middle High-German and Old High-German; the Low-German branch, containing the living dialects of England, Holland, Fries land, and the north of Germany ( Platt Deutsch), together with the Gothic, Anglo-Saxon, Old Dutch, Old Frisian, and Old Saxon, the five latter being dead languages. The Scand in avian branch comprises the living dialects of Denmark, Sweden, Norway, and Iceland, as also the dead language known as Old Norse. It may now be asked-Why are these great streams of language, rolling on through centuries, set down as converging to one common source? To this question the greatest philologists of our day reply, that in all these languages and dialects, we find a great number of roots or radicals in common; that the grammatic proce es and laws are the same in all; and that these identities increase in number as we go back in time. Yet, even if we attempt to a ert that all the dialects of the Indo-Germanic family have diverged from one common type, how shall we be able to prove this to be the original language? It may have been the language of conquerers which had pushed away and survived numerous previous idioms. All that we can say is, that in the A. languages the closest affinity has been discovered in the roots and in the inflections, those two great tests of the relationship of languages. Did our space permit, an extensive list of samples might be given in a tabular form, to prove the unmistakable family likene which exists between the chief representatives of the great A. family of languages. We must, however, rest content by referring the reader to some of the most valuable authorities on this subject: Schrader and Jevons, Prehistoric Antiquities of the Aryan Peoples; Brugmann, Comparative Grammar of the Indo European Languages; Isaac Taylor, Origin of the Aryans. Arytenoid, a. [Gr.] ( Anat. ) Applied to some parts, from their being funnel-shaped.-A. cartilage is the name of two cartilages of the larynx. ( Law .) Formerly a day's work at the plough Ar'uspex, n.; pl . ARUSPICES. [Lat.] An aruspice. Ar uspice, HAR'USPICE, n. [Lat. aruspex , from aries , a ram, and specio, to view.] ( Antiq .) The aruspices were Roman priests and prophets, who foretold events from observing the entrails of sacrificed animals. They observed, too, all the circumstances which accompanied or happened during the sacrifice; e . g . , the flame, the mode in which the animal behaved, the smoke. Their origin is to be sought for in Etruria. They were introduced into Rome by Romulus, where they enjoyed their authority till the time of the emperor Const an tine, 337 A.D., who prohibited all soothsaying on pain of death. Their number, at that time, was 70; their chief priest was called summus aruspex, or magister public us . -The name of A. is sometimes applied to any kind of soothsayer or prophet. Arus'picy, n. ( Antiq . ) The art of the aruspices. It was considered by the Romans so important at one time, that the senate decreed that a certain number of young Etruscans, belonging to the principal families in the state, should always be instructed in it. In later times, however, their art fell into disrepute among well-edu- "A simple idea is one uniform idea, as , sweet, bitter."- Watts . cated Romans; and Cicero relates a saying of Cato, that -In the state or character of another. Arza'mas, a town of Ru ia in Europe, gov. of Nijni- Novgorod, 62 m. from the latter city. Arza'no, a town of S. Italy, near Naples. Flax and hemp are largely cultivated in its environs. Pop . 5,171. Arzig'nano, a town of N. Italy, prov. and 10 m. W. of Vicenza. It produces good wine, and has cloth-mills, dye and brick works. Pop . 7,700. As, adv. and conj. [A.S. ase, from eall -swa; O. Eng. als, also.] In the same or like manner. "I live as I did, I think as I did. I love you as I did: but all these are to no purpose; the world will not live, think, or love as I do." Swift . -Like; in the same kind with; for example. he wondered that one aruspice did not laugh when he "Madam, were I as you, I'd take her counsel."-A. Phillips . saw another. Ar've, a river in Savoy, France, which, after a course of 45 miles, falls into the Rhone near Geneva. Arvel, ARVIL, ARVAL, n. [W. arwyl , from wylo , to weep, and ar, over.] A funeral. -A word only used in the north of England. -While; at the same time that. "These haughty words Alecto's rage provoke, And frighted Turnus trembled as she spoke."-Dryden. -It is used in a reciprocal sense, answering to as. " As sure as it is good that human nature should exist, so certain it is, that the circular revolutions of planets do declare God."--Bentley. -Also in a comparative sense, before as. "Sempronius is as brave a man as Cato."-Add is on. -Answering to such. "Is it not every man's interest, that there should be such a gop ern or of the world as designs our happine , as would govern our advantage?"- Til lots on . -Having so to answer it; in a conditional sense. " As far as they carry light and conviction to any other man's understanding, so far, I hope, my labor may be of use to him."-Locke. As for , as to , with respect to. As if , in the same manner that it would be if.- As well as, equally with.-As though , as if. "These should be at first gently treated, as though we expected an imposthumation."-Shaks.