Masons' Marks

Several explanations are given of the employment of marks by workmen in masonry, the custom of which goes back to a very early period. One that it was to enable each artisan to properly fit his blocks, and another, that Chandler's Encyclopedia IMG:content-1267.jpg:[merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][graphic][merged small] marks on the outside of the stone, where they remained visible when the building was completed, but they were subsequently placed on the bed of the stone. Maspero, GASTON CAMILLE CHARLES, b. 1846. French Egypt ologist, who succeeded Mariette as head of the Boulak (now Gizeh) Museum 1881, but returned to France 1886, and is now prof. at the Institute of Paris. Historiæ Ancienne de Peuples de l'Orient , 1885. In his Egyptian Archæology , tr. 1887, and in his recent Dawn of Civilization , he combines great learning with popular intelligibility. Masquerade. A embly of persons who disguise themselves by wearing masks or fantastic dre . Usually a dancing party. They were in fashion in the court of Edward III. 1340. Masques. Precursors of the opera, introduced into England in the latter part of the 16th century; many were written by Ben Jonson; one at the Middle Temple on the marriage of Elizabeth, Jan. 1613. Milton's Comus was given at Ludlow Castle 1634. Ma . Quantity of matter in any body, denoted by the initial M. Since the weight of a body results from the action of gravity tending to produce an acceleration g upon each unit W of ma , W=Mg; or M--. This is the form in which it is often used in formulæ. All forces act upon bodies in proportion to their ma in producing motion or rest, and inertia varies as the ma of a body. It is to be carefully distinguished from weight, which is force; viz., the attraction that the earth exerts on matter. The units in which ma is measured are the gram and the pound. The comparison of ma es is dependent upon the principle that ma is equal to the ratio of force to acceleration, so that if we apply equal forces to two ma es, the latter will be to each other inversely as the accelerations produced. Practically, since weight is proportional to ma , ma es may be compared by weighing them at the same place on the earth. The total ma in a body is equal to the product of its volume and density, or M-V p . Ma . In R. C. theology, the consecration and oblation of the Eucharist, including the communion of the celebrating priest, but not nece arily in the presence of other persons; held to be a true continuance of the propitiatory sacrifice of the Cro . Its order is (a) Introit, formerly vocal now instrumental; (b) KYRIE and CHRISTE ELEISON (q.v.); (c) GLORIA (q.v.); ( d ) collects, and prayers, Epistle and Gospel, (the two latter separated by the Graduale; ( e ) Credo ; (f) Offertory, usually a vocal or instrumental solo; ( g ) Sanctus ; ( h ) Benedictus , frequently united with the Sanctus ; (i) Pater noster, Amen , sed liber a nos and Communio; (j) Agnus Dei; (k) Dona nob is pacem , generally united to the Agnus : (1) Ite , mi a est . The setting of the ma has always been looked upon as the highest ambition of the church composer. Anciently, and down to the development of counterpoint, each portion of the ma was sung to its proper tune; these melodies were then laid as the foundation for contrapuntal treatment. In the hands of the composers who came by Ma accio. threw the Mediæval style dating from Giotto. He has frescoes in the Brancacci Chapel, Church of Santa Carmine at Florence; especially famed is the Tribute Money . Ma achusetts. One of the New England States. Its area is 8,315 sq. m. Its surface is in the e. part undulating, and in many parts covered with rounded hills of glacial origin, rising in the w. part into more decided relief. Along the w. border are the Berks hire hills, which are a s. extension of the Green Mts. of Vt., rising in Mt. Greylock to 3,505 ft. Its rivers are navigable but for short distances from the sea, but it contains numerous smaller streams, the water power of which has been utilized to the fullest extent in its extensive manufactures. Aside from the superficial glacial deposits which cover nearly the entire State, the surface rocks are mainly of the Archæan formation, Silurian outcropping w. of the Connecticut River with Tria ic in the Connecticut valley and Silurian immediately w. of it. In the s.e. portion there is a small area of Cretaceous, while Cape Cod and the islands of Martha's Vineyard and Nantucket are Quarter nary. The industries of the State are commerce, transportation, manufactures, and fishing. Its farming interests, formerly large, are rapidly diminishing. There is conjectural evidence that the M. coast was touched by Norsemen ab. 1000. It was explored by the Cabots 1497, but no permanent settlement was made until 1620, when the May flower landed her company at Plymouth. The colony existed as an independent government, no charter being granted by the crown until the Provincial Charter of 1691 united Plymouth colony with M. In 1628, a company headed by John Endicott landed at Salem, with a grant of territory extending 3 m. n. of the Merrimack, 3 m. s. of the Charles, and from the Atlantic to the Pacific. This colony under Winthrop founded Boston 1630 and many of the neighboring towns. It was the center of the persecution of the Quakers and of Roger Williams and others. On account of the early struggles with the Indians, a confederacy was formed of several of the colonies for mutual protection. The struggles with the parent government began almost with the origin of the colony, and increased in bitterne after the granting of the provincial charter in 1691. Active hostilities began in opposition to the Stamp Act, and step by step increased until the revolution was upon the colonies. The first bloodshed was in the Boston ma acre 1770; the actual outbreak of war was at Concord and Lexington 1775. Pop., 1890, 2,238,943. (See Map, page 36.) Ma achusetts Bay. Indentation on s. coast of Ma . Ma Action. When chemical action takes place between two or more compounds, the quantities of the new compounds formed will be proportionate to, and will often depend upon, the ma of the reacting substances. For example, if a small quantity of water be added to a hydrochloric acid solution of bismuth or antimony chlorides, no perceptible change will occur; if, however, the ma of the water is increased, a precipitate of the oxy chloride will be formed, the action depending upon the ma of the water present. Ma age. 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It was known to the ancient Greeks. During the last forty years it has been scientifically developed for the relief of local muscular and nerve affections.