Switzerland, secretary

After having received the cases of the contending parties, the tribunal adjourned till June 15, 1872. The United States claimed, addition to direct damages, consequential or indirect damages; while Great Britain contended against any liability whatever, and especially against any liability for indirect damages. Sept. 14, 1872, the decision of the tribunal was announced, a gro sum of $15,500,000 in gold being awarded the United States in satisfaction for all claims. The Geneva tribunal is of importance in the history of international law on account of the rules relating to neutrals which it adopted to guide its action. Alabama Claims Commi ion. A commi ion of representatives of Great Britain and the United States, for the settlement of the Ala bam a claims. Earl Grey Rin Salmafforts members were de Trentond Sir John Mac donald, and Profe or Montague Bernard, for Great Britain; and Hamilton Fish, Robert C. Schenck, Samuel Nelson, Ebenezer R. Hoar, and George H. Williams, for the United States. They concluded the treaty of Washington, May 8, 1871. See treaty of Washington , and Alabama claims (above). A lab and a (al-a-ban'da). An ancient city of Caria, Asia Minor, on the site of the modern Hi ar. Alabaster (al'a-bas-ter), William. Born at Hadleigh, Suffolk, England, 1567: died in April, 1640. An English poet and divine, a graduate and fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge, author of a Latin tragedy, "Roxana" (acted at Cambridge University about 1592, printed 1632), and of various learned works. He began an epic poem, in Latin, in praise of Elizabeth, the first book of which remains in manuscript in the library of Emmanuel College, Cambridge. In 1596 he went to Cadiz as chaplain to the Earl of E ex. Alacoque (ä-lä-kōk'), Marguerite Marie. Born at Lauthecour, Saône-et-Loire, France, July 22, 1647: died at Paray-le-Monial, France, Oct. 17, 1690. A French nun, founder of the worship of the Sacred Heart of Jesus. Ala cranes (ä-lä-krä'nes). A group of coral islets in the Gulf of Mexico, in lat. 22° 30′ Ν., long. 89° 40′ W. Ala-Dagh (ä'lä-da (ä'lä-däc'). A range of the Taurus in the southeastern part of Asia Minor, north of Adana, a continuation of the Bulgar-Dagh. Ala-Dagh, or Allah Dagh. A mountain-range in the northern part of Asia Minor, intersected by long. 32° E. Ala-Dagh. A mountain-range in Turkish Armenia, north of Lake Van, about 11,000 feet high, the source of the eastern Euphrates. ddin (a-lad'in). In the story of "Aladdin or the Wonderful Lamp," IMG:content-0045.png:[ocr errors] Nights' Entertainments," the son of a poor widow in China, who becomes po e ed of a magie lamp and ring which command the services of two terrific jinns. Learning the magic power of the lamp, by accidentally rubbing it, Aladdin becomes rich and marries the Prince of Cathay through the agency of the "slave of the lamp" who also builds in a night a palace for her reception. One window of this palace was left unfinished, and no one could complete it to match the others. Aladdin therefore directs the jinns to finish it, which is done in the twinkling of an eye (hence the phrase "to finish Aladdin's window"; that is, to attempt to finish something begun by a greater man). After many years the original owner of the lamp, a magician, in order to recover it, goes through the city offering new lamps for old. The wife of Aladdin, tempted by this idea, exchanges the old rusty magic lamp for a brand-new usele one (hence the phrase "to exchange old lamps for new"), and the magician transports both palace and prince to Africa, but the ring helps Aladdin to find them. He kills the magician, and, po e ing himself of the lamp, transports the palace to Cathay, and at the sultan's death succeeds to the throne. Aladfar (al-ad-fär'). [Ar.] A name, not much used, for the star η Lyræ. Aladja-Dagh (ä-läjä-däg'). A mountain near Kars, Ru ian Armenia, the scene of a victory of the Ru ians under Grand Duke Michael over the Turks under Mukhtar Pasha, Oct. 1315, 1877. Ala-ed-Din (ä-lä'ed-den'), or Ala-eddin, or Aladdin. An Ottoman statesman, son of Othman the founder of the Ottoman empire. On the death of Othman, Orchan, Ala-ed-Din's elder brother, offered to share the empire with him, but he would accept only the revenues from a single village and the post of vizir. He organized the corps of janizaries, at the head of which he gained a victory over the emperor Andronicus in 1330, and took Nicæa, the chief defense of the Greek empire in Asia. Alaghez (ä-lä-gez'). An extinct volcano 30 IMG:content-0046.png:[blocks in formation] Alamans. See Alamanni . Alambagh (a-läm'bag), or Alumbagh (a-lum'bag). A fortification near Lucknow, India. Brazil, capital Maceió, bounded by Pernambuco on the north and northwest, the Atlantic on the southeast, and Sergipe on the southwest. Its chief products are cotton, sugar, and tobacco. Area, 22,583 square miles. Population (1888), 459,371. Alagoas. A town in the state of Alagoas, situated near the coast in lat. 9° 45′ S., long. 35° 50′ W.: formerly the capital of the province. Population, about 10,000. Alai, or Alay, Mountains. See Trans - Alai . Alain de Lille (ä-lan' de lēl), Latinized Alanus ab Insulis (a-la'nus ab in'sū-lis). Born 1114: died at Citeaux, France, 1203 (1). A monk and celebrated scholar, surnamed "Doctor Universal is," author of an encyclopedic poem, treating of morals, the sciences, and the arts, entitled "Antic laud i an us" (published in 1536), etc. Alais (ä-lā'). A town in the department of Gard, France, situated on the Gardon 25 miles northwest of Nîmes. It has a fort built by Louis XIV. to intimidate the Huguenots. Population (1891), 24,856. Alais, Peace of. A peace (1629) which terminated the last of the religious wars in France, in which (1628) La Rochelle, the stronghold of the Huguenots, was taken by Richelieu, and the Huguenots were compelled to disband as a political party. of poplar-trees. The name is now applied very generally in Spanish America to any large pleasure-ground or nd or park.] A town in Spain, about 50 miles northwest of Malaga. Population, about 4,500. Alameda. A city in Alameda County, California, situated on San Francisco bay 9 miles east of San Francisco. Population (1890), 11,165. Alameda. Up to 1681, a pueblo of the Tigua Indians, 9 miles north of Albuquerque on the Rio Grande in central New Mexico. In 1681 the Indian pueblo was burnt by Governor Otermin on his expedition into New Mexico. Alamillo (ä-lä-mēl'yō). [Sp.] A small settlement on the At chis on, Topeka and Santa Fé Railroad, in New Mexico, south of Albuquerque and on the Rio Grande. Up to 1680 it was the site of a considerable village of the Piros Indians. The ruins of the village are still visible. Alaminos (a-la-me'nos), Anton or Antonio. A Spanish navigator whose name is a ociated with many early expeditions in the Gulf of Mexico. It appears that he was with Columbus in 1499 and 1502, and he was chief pilot of the succe ive expeditions of Cordova, Grijalva, and Cortés to Mexico, 1517 Alamo (ä'lä-mō). A mi ion building, founded to 1520. He discovered the Bahama channel in 1520. in 1744 at San Antonio, Texas. Until 1793 it was used as a parish church, and subsequently as a fort, being surrounded with strong walls. In Feb., 1836, it was oc about lat. 9° 55′ N., long. 84° 20′ W. Population (estimated, 1893), 12,000. Alaka (a'la-kä). In Hindu mythology, the capital of Kuvera and the abode of the gan dharvas on Mount Meru. Ala-kul (ä-lä-köl'). A lake in Asiatic Ru ia, about lat. 46° N., near the Chinese frontier, without outlet. Alaman (ä-lä-män'), Lúcas. Born at Guanajuato, Oct. 18, 1792: died in Mexico, June 2, 1853. A Mexican historian and statesman. He traveled extensively in Europe, 1814-22, and was deputy in the Spanish Cortes for his native province. Returning to Mexico, he held various important offices, being secretary of the interior for the provisional government 1823-25, foreign minister under Bustamente, and again under Santa Anna until his death. Many important public works are due to him, including the Mexican museum. He is best known for his "Hist or i a de Méjico" and "Dis, ertaciones sobre la hist or i a de la República Mejicana," works published during the ten years before his death. Alamanni (al-a-man'i), le correctly Alemanni (al-e-man'i). ['All men,' that is, 'men of all nations.] A German race of Suevie origin, which occupied the region from the Main to the Danube in the first part of the 3d century A. D. Their territory extended later acro the Rhine, including Alsace and part of eastern Switzerland. They were defeated by Clovis 496. (See Swabia .) The Alamannic is the German dialect in old Alamannic territory in the region of the upper Rhine, approximately coincident with modern Alsace, the southern half of Baden and of Würtemberg, Swabia, and Switzerland. With Bavarian it forms the group specifically called High German. It is the typical form of Old High German, which exists in literature from the 8th to the end of the 11th century. Alamanni (ä-lä-män'nē), or Alemanni (ä-lemän'nē), Luigi. Born at Florence, 1495: died at Amboise, France, 1556. An Italian poet, author of eclogues, hymns, satires, elegies, legies, a didactic poem "La Coltivazione" (1546), an epic poem "Girone il cortese" (1548), etc. He conspired against Giulio de' Medici and escaped to Venice: thence he went to Genoa, and in 1523 to the court of Francis I. where, after returning to Florence for a short time (1527-30), he spent most of his after life. Through Wyatt, who imitated him, he exerted considerable influence upon English poetry. Alamannia (al-a-man'i-ä), or Alemannia (al-e-man'i-ä). A division of ancient Germany, which first appears about the end of the 3d century. It lay in the southwestern part of Germany and adjoining parts of Switzerland and Tyrol, the region settled largely by the Alamanni (ancestors of the Swabians, German Swi , etc.). For the duchy of Ala mannia, see Swabia . Alamannic (al-a-man'ik), or Alemannic (al-eman'ik), Federation. A federation of several against the government of Mexico. After withstanding a terrible siege, it was taken by a ault on March 6, and the garrison (including David Crockett and Colonel Bowie) killed. One man had previously made his escape. Alamos (ä'lä-mos), Los. A town in the state of Sonora, Mexico, about lat. 27° 25′ N., long. 109° W. Population, 8,000. Alamos de Barrientos (ä'lä-mōs de bär-re-en'tōs), Balthazar. Born at Medina del Campo, Spain, 1550: died about 1635. A Spanish philologist. Alan, William. See Allen . Aland Islands (a'land i'landz). An archipelago at the entrance of the Gulf of Bothnia, in the government of Åbo-Björneborg, Finland, conquered by Ru ia from Sweden in 1809. The chief island is Aland (population, 9,000). It was occupied by the Allies in 1854. Alani (a-la'ni). A people of Scythian origin, dwelling originally in the Caucasus. With the Huns they defeated the East Goths about 375 A. D., and they invaded Gaul with the Suevi and Vandals in 406, and Spain in 409. They were defeated by the West Goths about 418, and disappeared as a nation in the 5th century. The Alani are a puzzling race, our accounts of whom are somewhat contradictory, but who may perhaps be most safely set down as a non-Aryan, or, at any rate, a non-Teutonic people, who had been largely brought under Gothic influences. But early in the fifth century they po e ed a dominion in central Spain which stretched from sea to sea. Freeman , Hist. Geog., p. 89. Alans. See Alani . Alantika (ä-län'ti-kä). A mountain-range of Adamawa, central Africa, from 7,000 to 9,000 feet high. Alanus ab Insulis. See Alain de Lille . Alaotra (ä-lä-ō'trä), Lake. The largest lake of Madagascar, north of Tamatave, 30 miles long and 5 wide. Aleppy Alap all i, or All a pall i (ä-lä-päl'lē), or (a-lep'i). A seaport in Travancore, India, in lat. 9° 30′ N., long. 76° 20′ Ε. Alapayevsk (ä-lä-pä-vevsk'). A town in the government of Perm, Ru ia, situated on the Neiva about 70 miles northeast of Yekaterinburg. It has large iron-foundries. Population, 8,384. Al Araf (äl ä'raf). [Ar., from ' arafa (?), to distinguish.] tinguish.] In Mohammedan theology, a partition between heaven and hell (described in the Koran, Surah vii. 44) on which are those who have not yet entered into heaven but desire to do so. It is regarded by some as a limbo for the patriarchs and prophets, or other holy persons, and by others as a place of abode for those whose good and evil works are about equally balanced. Hughes , Dict. of Islam. Alarbus Alarbus (a-lär'bus). In Shakspere's (?) "Titus Andronicus," a son of Tamora, queen of the Goths. Alarcon (ä-lär-kōn'). A small town in the province of Cuenca, Spain, situated on a rock in the Júcar, 43 miles south of Cuenca. It was an important medieval fortre , and was the scene of a Moorish victory over the Castilians in 1195. Alarcon (ä-lär'kon). In Ta o's “Jerusalem Delivered," the King of Barca who fought against the Crusaders with the Egyptians. Alarcon (ä-lär-kōn'), Hernando de. Lived about 1540. A Spanish navigator, sent by the viceroy of New Spain to support by sea the expedition of Francisco Vasquez de Corona do to the mythical Seven Cities in the interior of Mexico. He set sail May 9, 1540, and by penetrating the Gulf of California proved that California was not an island. He made two attempts to ascend the Colorado in boats, and planted a cro at the highest point he reached, bury ing a writing its foot, which was subsequently found by Melchor Diaz. His report of this expedition is printed in Hakluyt's "Voyages." Alarcon, Pedro Antonio de. Born at Guadix, Spain, March 10, 1833: died at Madrid, July 20, 1891. A Spanish poet, novelist, journalist, and politician. He accompanied the Spanish army Morocco as a newspaper correspondent in 1859, and in 1864 was elected a member of the Cortes from Cadiz. In 1868 he on the side of the revolutionists the to 16 fought toonists indela guerra de Africa" (1859), "Poesías serias y humorísticas" (1870), "El sombrero de tres picos" (1874), "El Hijo Pródigo" (1857), etc. Alarcon y Mendoza (ä-lär-kōn ē mān-do'thä), Juan Ruiz de. Born in Tasco, Mexico, about 1588: died in Cordova, Spain, Aug. 4, 1639. A Spanish dramatic poet. He was graduated doctor of laws in Mexico in 1606. Afterward he went to Spain, had a subordinate position under the Council of the Indies, and began to publish his comedies in 1628. They are regarded by some judges as the finest in the Spanish lan Perhaps the best-known is "La Verdad chosa," which was imitated by Corneille in "Le Menteur." Alarcos. See Alarcon . Alardo (a-lär'dō). The younger brother of Bradamant in Ariosto's "Orlando Furioso." Alaric (al'a-rik). [Goth. * Alareiks , from al , all, and reiks , ruler. Cf. Genseric, Theodoric, etc.] Born on the island of Peuce, in the Danube, 376 (1) A. D.: died at Cosentia, Italy, 410. A celebrated king of the West Goths, 395(?)-410, a member of the princely family of Baltha. He served under Theodosius as commander of the Gothic auxiliaries in the war against Eugenius and Arbogastes in 394; left the Roman service on the death of Theodosius, being elected king of the West Goths about the same time; invaded Greece in 396, and was compelled by Stilicho to retire to Epirus in 397; was appointed prefect of eastern Illyricum by Arcadius; invaded Italy in 400, and fought a drawn battle at Pol lenti a in or 403 with Stilicho, who allowed him to escape to Illyricum; was made prefect of western Illyricum by Honor i us; invaded Italy a second time in 408; and after twice besieging Rome captured and sacked it Aug. 24, 410. He died while preparing to invade Sicily and Africa, and was buried, with a vast treasure, in the bed of the river Busento. Alaric II. Died near Poitiers, France, 507 A. D. A king of the West Goths, 484-507, defeated and slain by Clovis. He ordered the compilation of the code "Breviarum Alaricianum" or "Corpus Theodosii" (so named from the six books of the Theodosian code which it contains). Alaric Cottin. See Cottin . Alarodians (al-a-rō'di-anz). See the extract. In Tubal and Meshech we must see representatives of the so-called Alarodian race, to which the modern Georgians belong. This race was once in exclusive po e ion of the highlands of Armenia, and the cuneiform inscriptions found there were the work of Alarodian princes who established a kingdom on the shores of Lake Van. About B. C. 600 Aryans from Phrygia entered Armenia, overthrew the old monarchy, and imposed their rule upon the indigenous population. The bulk of the Armenians, however, still belong to the older race, though the language they have adopted was that of their invaders. The Alarodian is a family of inflectional languages, of which the Georgian in the Caucasus is the chief living representative. Sayce , Races of the O. T., p. 50. Alarum for London, or The Siege of Antwerp. An anonymous play acted about 1599 (published in 1600), attributed to Lodge. Alascans (a-las'kanz). A name given to the foreign Protestants in London during the reign of Edward VI., from the superintendent of the foreign (German, French, etc.) churches in London, John Laski, a Polish refugee and follower of Zwingli. See Laski . Alasco (a-las'kō). An old astrologer in Scott's novel "Kenilworth," secretly in the employ of Richard Varney. Also called Dr. Demetrius Do boobie . Alasco, John. See Laski . Alashehr (ä-lä-sher'). A town in Asiatic Turkey, the Philadelphia of Scripture, situated on the slope of Tmolus about 80 miles east of Smyrna, on the railway from Smyrna. It has considerable trade, and is the seat of a Greek archbishopric. Population (estimated), 8,000. Albanian America and the East Indies, and added largely to geographical knowledge. He commanded a squadron at Tra falgar, and 1816 was made grand admiral and chief of