Bakehouse

[A. S. bæchus.] A house or building for baking; a place for baking bread. Bake-meat, Baked-meats, n, s. and pl. Meat Ba'ker, in low a , a post-office of Jefferson co. Baker, in Ohio , a village of Champaign co., 56 m. W. of Columbus. Ba'ker, a county of Oregon , situated E. of the Cascade Mountains, on the confines of Idaho. It is bounded partly on the E. by Snake river, and also watered by Powder river and some smaller streams. Its surface is hally, but it contains large tracts of excellent agricul- tural land, together with numerous valuable claims which are annually being developed. Pop . in 1897, about 7,000. Cap . Baker City. Baker City, in Oregon , a town, cap . of Baker co. Baker Island, in the Polar Sea, discovered by Capt. Ba'ker's Mills, in Indiana , a P. O. of Jackson co. Ba'ker's River, in New Hampshire , a stream flowing through Grafton co., and falling into the Pemigewa et, a little above Plymouth. Ba'ker's Run, in West Virginia , a P. O. of Hardy co. Ba'kerstown, in Pennsylvania , a post-office of West Deer township, Alleghany co., 16 m. N. by E. of Pittsburg. Bakersville, in Omnecticut , a post-village of Litch- field co., 32 m. W. of Hartford. Bakersville, in Maryland , a post-village of Washing- ton co., 12 m. S. of Hagerstown. Ba'kersville, in North Carolina , a village of Yancy co., 200 m. W. by N. of Raleigh. -A post-village, cap. of Mitchell co. Pop . (1898) 690. Ba/kersville, in Ohio , a post-office of Cosh oct on co. Bakersville, in Pennsylvania, a P.O. of Somerset co. Bakery, n. The trade or occupation of a baker. (R.) -A place for baking; a bake-house. Bake'well, a town and par. of England, in the county of Derby, 22 m. N.N.W. of Derby, beautifully situated on the Wye. Three m. N.E. of the town is Chats worth, a seat of the Duke of Devons hire, and one of the most magnifi- cent palaces in England. Its fountains and water-works (with the exception of those at Versailles) are consid- ered the finest in Europe. The gardens, too, have a world-wide celebrity. Haddon Hall, the property of the Duke of Rutland, now the most perfect of the ancient English baronial mansions, is also situated near this town. Pop . 82,379. Bak'huysen, or Backhuysen, LUDOLF, a famous Dutch painter of marine subjects, B. at Emden, 1631. He became the best marine painter of his time, and es- pecially delighted in the representation of storms at sea, to do which effectually, he used at the beginning of a tempest to put to sea in a small boat, often to his immi- nent peril. The peculiarity of his subjects, coupled with a certain buoyant originality of character, tended to make him highly renowned, and greatly sought after. When the Czar, Peter the Great, visited Holland, he de- sired B. to give him le ons in naval drawings. Louis XIV., who had been presented with one of B.'s best pic- tures, highly patronized him afterwards. B. was also a good engraver of sea-pieces, and a writer of spirited verses. D. 1709. B.'s pictures are held at the present day in the highest reputation, and command fancy prices. They po e , in the highest degree, the peculiar excellences of the Dutch school, - richne , transpar- ency, delicate handling, and appropriate color. No artist ever excelled him in the art of giving depth without darkne : frequently, in his pictures of an approaching storm, the very atmosphere seems to labor with gloom, yet the clearne , and even vivacity of effect, are not in the least impaired. Bak'ing, n. In a general sense, any proce of drying or hardening by heat; but usually restricted to the mode or act of cooking food, principally bread, in a heated room in oven. Applied also to the quantity cooked at once, as "a baking of bread." See BREAD. Bako'ny Wald, ("Forest of Bakony,") a densely wooded mountain-range of Hungary, south of the Dan- ube, dividing the great and little Hungarian plains. Im- mense herds of swine are annually driven hither to feed upon the mast of the forest. The keepers of these swine furnish those notorious robbers who play so important a part in the ballads of the Hungarian people, and in the imagination of travellers. The saintly King Stephen founded a cloister in the forest, 1030 A. D. Only in recent times has this dangerous territory been thoroughly ex- plored. The hills have an average height of 2000 feet, with quarries of valuable marble, in which a consider a- ble export trade is done. Ba'kou, Ba'ku, or BAD'KU, ( ba'ku ,) a fortified seaport of European Ru ia, in the prov. of Daghestan, on the S. shore of the peninsula of Apsheron, on the W. coast of the Caspian Sea, of which it is the principal port. Lat. 40° 22′ N.; Lon. 50o 10o E. Its excellent harbor, and central and advanced position, give it great advantages. Since the discovery of petroleum near B. it has rapidly increased in population, and the production of oil has become enormous. B. has railroad connections with the port of Batoum, on the Black Sea, which forms its point of output to Europe. (Continued in Section II.) Baktchiserai, or BAKHTCHISSARAI, ( bak - she -sa'rai,) ["Palace of the Gardens," a town of Ru ia, in Crimea, of which, while under Tartar rule, it was the cap. and the residence of the Khan, lies 7 m. S.W. of Simpheropol. It is seated in a spot of romantic beauty. It is entirely oс- cupied by Tartars. The ancient palace of the Khans has been repaired and is preserved in all its former magnifi- cence. Pop . estimated at 10,000. Bak'teg an, or BAKTEGHIAN, a salt lake of Persia, in the province of Fars, about 50 m. from Shiraz, 60 m. long, with an average breadth of 8 m. Ba'ku, a Ru ian seaport. See BAKOU. Bal, Ballin, Bally. [Ir.] A prefix attached to some 150 places in Ireland. It signifies a township or village, as Balbriggan, Ball in as toe , Bally bunn i on. Bal'a, a township of England in N. Wales, co Merio- neth, 37 m. N.W. by W. of Shrews bury, at the W. end of the largest of the Welsh lakes, in a wild and mountainous country; pop . 6,987. In the neighborhood occur the Bala Beds , a local deposit, which form a group in the Lower Silurian of Murchison. They consist of a few beds, rarely more than 20 feet in thickne . The beds are chiefly composed of hard crystalline limestone, al- ternating with softer argillaceous bands, which decom- pose more freely, and leave the limestone like a cornice moulding, affording a characteristic by which, at a con- sider able distance, the Bala Beds can be distinguished from the rocks of hard gritty slate above and below. Trilobites and Cystideæ are the predominant fo ils of the group. Bal'a Lake, or LLYN TEGID, a lake of Meri on eths hire in N. Wales, situated amid magnificent scenery. It is about 4 m. long by 1 broad, and abounds with salmon. Balaam, ( bai'lam , ) was the son of Beor, and seems to have lived at Pethor, a city of Me so pot am i a. B. is one of those instances, in Scripture, of persons dwelling among heathens, but po e ing a certain knowledge of the one true God. He was a poet and a prophet, apparently celebrated for wisdom and sanctity. In his time the Israeli tes were encamped in the plains of Moab. Balak, the king of Moab, having witne ed the discomfiture of his neighbors, the Amorites, by this people, entered into a league with the Midi a nites against them, and dis- patched me engers to Balaam with the rewards of dir i- nation in their hands. When the elders of Moab and Balaghaut, an inland prov. of S. Hindostan, in the British pres. of Madras, between 13° 15′ and 10o 20 N. Lat.; and 75° 40' and 79° 20' E. Lon., consisting of part of the region called Balaghaut, or "above the Ghauts," having N. Kurnool and the Nizam's territories; E. Gun- to or, Nellore, and Arcot; S. Mysore; and W. Dharwar. Length about 200 m.; breadth, various. Area , 25,456 sq. m. Surface, irregular, and soil fertile. Plantations of indigo, betel, sugar-cane, red-pepper, tobacco, ., are extensively scattered over the country. This prov. once formed part of the Hindoo kingdom of Bijyangur, and on its fall was divided into several independent states, until conquered in rapid succe ion by Hyder Ali, between 1766 and 1780. On the dismemberment of Tippoo Saib's empire in 1799, a considerable portion came into the po e ion of the East India Company, and the remainder was taken by the British in 1841. Pop . about 2,500,000. B. is almost equally divided into the districts of Bellary and Cuddapah , q. v. Balaguer, ( ba'la - god'air ,) a town of Spain, in Catalonia, 14 m. N.E. of Lerida; pop . 5,532. Ba'lak, an idolatrous king of Moab, during the time when the Israeli tes were drawing near the Promised Land. He was filled with terror lest they should attack and destroy him, and implored the soothsayer Balaam (q.v.) to come and curse them. His fears and his devices were alike in vain. ( Deut . ii. 9.) Balaklava, or BALACLA'VA, a small seaport of Euro- pean Ru ia, at the S.W. extremity of the Crimea; Lat. 44° 29′ N.; Lon. 33° 34′ 40′′ E. It has a small but excel- lent harbor, land-locked, and with water sufficient to float the largest ships. Pop , about 3,000.- A great bat- tle was fought here, Oct. 26, 1854, between the Ru ians and the allied Anglo-French troops. Bal am bang an, ( ba'lam - ban'gan ,) an island of the E. Archipelago, lying off the N. extremity of Borneo; Lat. 7° 15′ N.; Lon. 117° 5' E.; 15 m. long, and 3 broad. It has a rich soil, and two harbors abounding in fish, but it is uninhabited. Balance, ( balans ,) n. [Fr. and Du.; from Lat. bis , double, and lanz , lancis , a plate, platter, or dish, scale of a balance.] ( Phys .) An instrument by means of which the relative weight of substances is determined. As an the result. -For other varieties of the balance, seel STEELYARD, SPRING-BALANCE, WEIGHING-MACHINE, . Instrumnent of common use, the term scales is more fre- quently applied, the term B. being commonly given only to a superior sort of scales, executed with all the pre--Metaphorically, the action of the mind employed in IMG:content-0499.png:[blocks in formation] What wrong our arms may do, what wrongs we suffer: Griefs heavier than our offences."-Shaks. -Equipoise; equality of weight, power, or advantage. "Love, hope, and joy, fair pleasure's smiling train; Hate, fear, and grief, the family of pain; These, mix'd with art, and to due bounds conf in'd, (Com.) The amount which remains due by one or two persons, who have been dealing together, to the other, after the settlement of their accounts. - The term gen- eral balance is sometimes used to signify the difference which is due to a party claiming a lien on goods in his hands for work or labor done, or money expended in relation to those and other goods of the debtor.- See -In commercial language, what remains of anything; as, the balance of a stock, of an account, . Balance, v. a. [Fr. balancer.] To weigh in a balance; to bring to an equilibrium or equipoise. - To weigh reasons. To regulate and adjust; to counterpoise; to make equal; to settle, as an account. -v. n. To be in equilibrium or on a poise; to have equal weight, power, influence, . - To hesitate; to fluctuate. (Dancing.) To move towards a person opposite, and then back. Balance-fish, n. (Zool.) A remarkable fish of the gen. Zygæna , native of the Mediterranean Sea. The shape of its monstrous head has been likened to a blacksmith's large hammer. Bal'ance of Trade. (Polit. Econ.) See COMMERCE, in SECTION II. Balancer, n. One who balances. Bal'ance-reef, n. ( Naut .) A reef-band that cro es a sail diagonally, used to contract it in a storm. Bal'ancers, n. ( Zool .) Two slender membraneous ap- pendages, called also halteres , inserted on either side of the metathorax of insects belonging to the sub-order Diptera , ( Fig . 269.) They are always small and movable, and vary much in size and form, according to the cla of insects by which they are po e ed. They usually consist, however, of an elongated style with a small rounded head.- Entomologists differ great- ly as to the use of these organs. It is generally believed now, that they are the representatives of the posterior pair of wings, and are attached to the true metathorax. This, however, is disputed by some entomologists, who say that they are attached to the segment, which bears a pair of spiracles, and that they are con- nected with the function Bal'an cement, n. [Fr., compensation.] (Physiol.) A law of teratogeny, as maintained by Geoffroy St. Hil- aire, by which exuberance of nutrition in one organ is supposed to involve, to a greater or le extent, the total or partial atrophy of some other, or conversely. Balance of Power. ( Polit .) The first combined at- tempt to preserve the balance of power in European affairs was made during the invasion of Italy by Charles VIII. of France, 1494-1496. Incited by the Emperor Maximilian I., the Italian States and some other Euro- pean powers held secret conferences by night at Venice, and the celebrated League was signed at that city, March 31, 1495, between Austria, Milan, Rome, Spain, and the Venetian republic. Its effect was to defeat the ambitious projects of the French king. Robertson remarks, that princes and statesmen "had discovered the method of preventing any monarch from rising to such a degree of power as was inconsistent with the general liberty; and had manifested the importance of attending to that great secret in modern policy, the preservation of a proper dis- tri but i on of power among all the members of the system into which the States of Europe are formed." After showing that the attention of Italian statesmen was from that period directed to the maintenance of the principle, he adds: "Nor was the idea confined to them. Self-pre- servation taught other powers to adopt it. It grew to be fashionable and universal. From this æra we can trace the progre of that intercourse between nations which has linked the powers of Europe so closely together; and can discern the operation of that provident policy which, during peace, guards against remote and contin- gent dangers; and, in war, has prevented rapid and de- structive conquests." The principle was first publicly acknowledged at the peace of Westphalia, Oct. 24, 1648. The attempt to maintain the balance of power among the different States of Europe has doubtle caused some wars, but it has unquestionably prevented more. It is this that has led to that great confederacy that exists among all the States of Europe, and keeps in awe the ambitious designs of any one of them that might desire to encroach upon the rights of its neighbors. At present the balance of power in Europe is principally maintained by the six great powers, France, England, Ru ia, Prus- sia, Austria, and Italy-the wise policy of America hav- ing been, till now, not to interfere in European contests. "The grand and distinguishing feature of the balancing system is the perpetual attention to foreign affairs which it inculcates; the constant watchfulne over every nation which it prescribes; the subjection in which it places all national pa ions and antipathies to the fine and delicate view of remote expediency; the unceasing care which it closely allied to the genus Balanus . Many species are described, chiefly from the upper beds of the crag for mation.