Sawyer, Mother

The "witch of Edmonton" (säks), Antoine Joseph, known as Adolphe whom he had denounced, and was in consequence excommunicated in 1497. He was arrested at Florence in April, 1498, and put to death (strangled and then burned) at the instance of the Pope. Savou, or Savu (sä-vö'). A small island and island group in the East Indies, belonging to the Dutch, situated east of Sandalwood Island and west of Timor. Also Savoe , etc. Savoy (sa-voi'), F. Savoie (sä-vwä'), It. Savoja (sä-võʻyä). A former duchy, now divided into the departments of Savoie and Haute-Savoie (which see) in France. It was occupied in ancient times by the Allobroges; pa ed to Rome about 122 B. C.; was conquered by the Burgundians in the 5th century, and by the Franks in the 6th century; and later was part of the kingdom of Arles until 1032, pa ing then under German suzerainty. The rise of the counts of Savoy dates from the middle of the 11th century, and Turin and Aosta were annexed in that century. Savoy was made a county of the empire in 1111; Valais was annexed in the 13th century; and Nice was added in the 14th century. Chablais, and Gex were lost 1533-36. Montferrat was ac Savoy was made a duchy in 1416; Vaud, Geneva, Valais, quired in part in 1631 and in part in 1708. Sicily was to in 1713, and was exchanged for the island of Sardinia in 1720. Savoy was made the kingdom of Sardinia in 1720. See Sardinia. Savoy, House of. A royal family of Europe, now the reigning house of the kingdom of Italy. Its members are descended from Humbert the White handed (died 1048?), count of Savoy. They have been dukes of Savoy since 1416, kings of Sardinia since 1720, and kings of Italy since 1861. Savoy, The. A former London palace, now a 9, 1894. A noted Belgian-French maker of musical instruments, the son of Charles Joseph Sax, also a well-known instrument-maker (17911865). Adolphe Sax patented the saxhorn, the saxotromba, and the saxophone. Saxa Rubra (sak'sä röʻbrä). [L., ‘red' stones.'] An ancient station on the Flam in i an Way, 8 miles north of Rome. Saxe. The French name for Saxony. Saxe (saks), John Godfrey. Born at High gate, Vt., June 2, 1816: died at Albany, N. Y., March 31, 1887. An American poet, journalist, and lecturer. He is best known from his humorous poems, which include "Rhyme of the Rail," "The Proud Mi McBride," etc. He published "Progre " (1846), "Hu morous and Satirical (1850), "The Money King and Other Poems" (1859), "Clever Stories of Many Na tions," "Masquerade and Other Poems" (1866), "Fables and Legends, etc." (1872), "Leisure-Day Rhymes" (1875), etc. He was the unsucce ful Democratic candidate for governor of Vermont in 1859 and 1860. Saxe, Comte Maurice de, generally called Marshal de Saxe or Marshal Saxe. Born at Goslar, Germany, Oct. 28, 1696: died at Chambord, France, Nov. 30, 1750. A French marshal, illegitimate son of August us II. of Saxony and Aurora von Königsmark. He served under Marl borough in the War of the Spanish Succe ion, and under Prince Eugene against the Turks; was made a maréchal de camp in the French service in 1720; became titular duke of Courland in 1726; served under Berwick in 1734; сарtured Prague in 1741 and Eger in 1742; was made marshal of France in 1744; gained the victory of Fontenoy in 1745; gained the victory of Raucoux in 1746; was made marshal-general in 1747, and gained the victory of Laffeld and stormed Bergen-op-Zoom in the same year; and captured Maestricht in 1748. He wrote "Rêveries" (1757) and "Lettres et mémoires" (1794). Saxe-Altenburg (saks-al'ten-berg), G Sachsen-Altenburg (zäk's en-äl'ten-börg). A Saxe-Altenburg duchy, one of the states of the German Empire, situated in the eastern part of Thu ring i a. Capital, Altenburg. It consists of two detached parts, the eastern bordering on the kingdom of Saxony, and the western separated from the other by Reu , and bordering on Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach. The eastern part is traversed by outliers of the Erzgebirge, the western by spurs of the Thu ringer wald. Agriculture and manufactures are flourishing. The government is a hereditary constitutional monarchy. The duchy sends one member each to the Bundesrat and Reichstag. The religion is Protestant. The Altenburg branch of the Ernestine line, founded in 1603, became extinct in 1672, and was followed by the line of Gotha-Altenburg, which became extinct in 1825. Alten burg was a igned in 1826 to the Duke of Saxe-Hild burg hausen, who took the title of duke of Saxe-Altenburg. A constitution was granted in 1831: it was made more liberal in 1848, and has been since modified. Area, 511 square miles. Population (1900), 194,914. Saxe-Coburg-Gotha (saks-kōʼbėrg-gō'tä), G. Sachsen-Coburg-Gotha (zäk's en-kō'börggō'tä). A duchy in Thu ring i a, one of the states of the German Empire. Capitals, Gotha and Coburg. It consists principally of two detached portions: the duchy of Gotha in the north, surrounded by Pru ia, Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach, etc., and the duchy Coburg in the south, surrounded by Bavaria and Saxe Me in in gen. Coburg is hilly and Gotha mountainous, containing the highest summits of the Thüringer wald. The leading occupation agriculture. The manufactures varied and flourishing. The government is a hereditary constitutional monarchy. The duchy has 1 member in the Bundesrat and and 2 in Reichstag. The religion is Protestant. The line of Saxe-Coburg was founded in 1680, but became extinct in 1699. The title of duke of Saxe Coburg-Saalfeld was a umed in 1735. Its duke was de posed by Napoleon in 1807, but was restored and entered the Confederation of the Rhine. A constitution was granted in 1821. The duchy ceded Saalfeld in 1826, and received Gotha and other po e ions and took the title of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha. Lich ten berg (acquired in 1816) as sold in 1834 to Pru ia. Area, 755 square miles. Popu was lati on (1900), 229,550. Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg (saks-gō'tä-al'tenbèrg). A former duchy of Germany. The Gotha line was founded in 1640, and acquired part of Eisenach in 1645 and Altenburg in 1672. The line of Gotha-Altenburg became extinct in 1825. The line of Hild burg hausen succeeded in 1826. See Saxe - Altenburg . Saxe-Hild burg hausen (saks-hild' börg-houf or on duchy, founded in 1680, the ruler of which became in 1826 the Duke of Saxe-Altenburg. Saxe-Lauenburg. See Lauenburg . Saxe-Me in in gen (saks-mi'ning-en), G. Sachsen-Me in in gen sen-Meini duchy in Thu ring i a, one of the states of the German Empire. Capital, Me in in gen. It consists of a main division bounded by Bavaria, Coburg, Pru ia, Saxe Weimar-Eisenach etc., and several small exclaves. The surface is generally mountainous. It has active manufactures of iron, gla , porcelain, toys, cloth, etc. The government is a hereditary constitutional monarchy. It has 1 vote in the Bundesrat and 2 in the Reichstag. The religion is Protestant. The duchy was founded in 1680; joined the Confederation of the Rhine; and annexed in 1826 Hild. burg hausen, Saalfeld, etc. It sided with Austria in 1866. Area, 953 square miles. Population (1900), 250,731. Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach (saks-vi'mär-i'zenäch), G. Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach (zäk's en-vi'mär-i'ze-näch). A grand duchy of Thu ring i a, one of the states of the German Empire. Capital, Weimar. It is composed of three main detached portions: Weimar, bounded by Pru ia, Saxe-Altenburg, Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt, etc.; Eisenach, lying west of Saxe-Me in in gen and Gotha; and Neustadt, sepаrated from Weimar by Saxe-Altenburg. It also contains several exclaves, as Ilmenau, Allstedt, etc. It is partly occupied by the Thüringer wald and spurs of the Rhöngebirge. The leading occupation is agriculture. The chief manufactures are cotton and woolen. The government is a hereditary constitutional monarchy. It has 1 vote in the Bundesrat and 3 members in the Reichstag. The religion is Protestant. The present Weimar line was founded in 1640; Jena was reunited to Weimar in 1690, and Eisenach in 1741. The state was a famous center of learning and lit erature under Charles August us (1775-1828). It entered the Confederation of the Rhine and was changed from a prin cipality to a duchy in 1806. It received additional territory in 1814-15, and was made a grand duchy. A constitution was granted in 1816. It sided with Pru ia in 1866. Area, 1,388 square miles. Population (1900), 362,873. (zäk's en- 'sen-mi'ning-en). A Saxe-Wittenberg (saks-vit'ten-berg). A medieval duchy, part of the old Saxon duchy which was broken up on the deposition of Henry the Lion in 1180. Its capital was Wittenberg. It was merged in the later electorate of Saxony. Saxnot (säks'not). [AS. Saxneát , OS. Saxnót .] In Germanic mythology, a name of the god of war. He is known only from Saxon sources: in Anglo-Saxon he appears as a son of Wodan (Odin). Saxo Grammatic us (sak'sō gra-mat'i-kus). A Danish historian of the 13th century. Little is known with certainty of his personal history, except that he was a clerk, that his father and grandfather fought under Waldemar the Great. He had the surname Longus, but is commonly known as Grammatic us from his fluent style as a writer. His history, called "Gesta Danorum" or "Hist or i a Danica," is written in Latin, and was undertaken at the instance of Archbishop Absalom, whose secretary he probably was. Parts of the work, from internal evidence, were written before 1202; he is supposed to have died shortly after the year 1208. The history consists of 16 books: the first 9 are purely legendary; the 2 following partly; authentic history begins with the twelfth book. The whole ends with the year 1186. The material for the earliest part was oral traditions, myths, legends, and poems, most of which have else been lost, although a few have been preserved in the original Old Norse form. Among others of the kind it contains the Hamlet ("Amleth") legend, of which it is the single extant source. The oldest edition is that of Kristiern Pedersen, Paris, 1514, according to which all subsequent editions have been printed. The cla ical Danish translation is by Anders Sörensen Vedel (1542-1616), published first at Copenhagen in 1575. Saxon Duchies. A collective designation for the duchies of Saxe-Altenburg, Saxe-Coburg Goth a, and Saxe-Me in in gen, and the grand duchy of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach. Saxon Dynasty. A line of German kings and emperors of the Holy Roman Empire. It commenced with Henry the Fowler in 919, and ended with Henry II. in 1024. Sax on land (saksn-land), G. Sachsenland (zäk's en-länt). That part of Transylvania which was settled principally by descendants of the Saxons, who immigrated in the 12th century and later. It lies mostly in the south of Transylvania, the county of Hermannstadt forming the main part of it. Saxon Mark. See the extract. In Saxony beyond the Elbe, the modern Holstein, the Slaves held the western coast, and the narrow Saxon Mark fenced off the German land. Freeman , Hist. Geog., p. 198. Saxons (sak's nz). [Usually explained as lit. 'sword-men, from OHG. sahs , a short sword.] 1. The nation or people that formerly dwelt in the northern part of Germany, and invaded and conquered England in the 5th and 6th centuries; also, their descendants.-2. The English race or English-speaking races. The name is sometimes used for the Lowlanders of Scotland as distinguished from the Highlanders or Gaels, and in Ireland for English men as distinguished from Irish men. 3. The inhabitants of Saxony in its later German sense, including Saxony and the Saxon duchies (which see). Saxon Shore. That portion of the eastern and southern British coast which was exposed to forays of Saxon pirates at the time of the Roman occupation. The Saxon Shore was guarded by a force of Roman soldiers, whose commander enjoyed the title of Comes Litoris Saxonici, or Count of the Saxon Shore, and whose jurisdiction extended from Su ex to Norfolk. Compare the extract. There is some question whether Frisian or Saxon tribes were not settled on the eastern coasts of Britain before the landing of Cæsar. This theory rests chiefly on the supposed Germanic names of two tribes, the Coritavi and the Catieuchlani; on a remark of Tacitus that the Caledonians were large-limbed and red-haired like the Germans; on the title "Comes Litoris Saxonici," given to the Roman officer who governed the littoral from the Wash to the Adur; and on the fact that the Saxons in the fifth century seem to have found a kindred people already established in East Anglia, since no conquest of that district is on record. Pearson, Hist. Eng., I. 6. Saxon Siberia (si-bē'ri-ä). A portion of the kingdom of Saxony in the Erzgebirge, noted for its severe climate (whence the name). Saxon Switzerland (swit'zėr-land). [G. Säch sische Schweiz , Elbsandsteingebirge , Mei ner Hochland , or Sächsisch - Böhmische Schweiz .] A mountainous region in the southern part of the kingdom of Saxony. It lies on both sides of the Elbe, from Pirna above Dresden to Tetschen, Bohemia. It is noted for its rock-formations and its picturesque beauty. Highest mountains, 2,000-2,300 feet. Saxony (sak'sn-i). [ ML.Saxonia , It. Sa onia , F. Saxe , from G. Sachsen (AS. Seaxan ), prop. a tribe name, 'Saxons.'] The land of the Saxons: a geographical name the use of which has greatly varied in medieval and modern times. The ancient duchy of Saxony was one of the four great duchies of the old German kingdom. It was in northern Germany, comprised (roughly) between the Ems, North Sea, Eider, and Elbe, and extending to the south of the Harz, touching Franc on i a, but not the Rhine. Saxons appear first about 150 A. D., dwelling north of the Elbe estuary. Later they absorbed the Chauci, Cherusci, and Angrivarii; spread westward to the Rhine; and became noted as pirates, plun dering the coasts of Gaul and Britain. They aided Car a us i us in 287; were defeated by Val ent in i an; founded E ex, Su ex, and We ex in Britain in the 5th and 6th centuries; and settled at the mouth of the Loire and on the coast of Normandy. Their four divisions in northern Germany were the Westfalia, Ostfalia, Engern, and Nordalbingia. They were reduced by Charles the Great in a series of wars 772-804, and obliged to accept Christianity. About 800, bishoprics were established at Osnabrück, Verden, Brem en, Paderborn, Minden, Münster, Hildesheim, and Halber stadt. The duchy of Saxony arose under the Liudolfinger in the middle of the 9th century. It furnished the Sax online of German kings and emperors from Henry the Fowler (919) to Henry II. (1024). "The modern kingdom of Saxony has nothing but its name in common with the Saxony which was brought under Frankish dominion by Charles the Great." (Freeman , Hist. Geog., p. 196.) It was governed later by the house of Billing, and opposed Henry IV. Its duke Lothaire became king of Germany in 1125. Henry the Lion of Saxony and Bavaria (duke from 1139) extended Saxton the territory, but was overthrown by Frederick Barb a ro a in 1180. "The duchy of Saxony consisted of three main divisions, Westfalia, Engern or Angria, and Eastfalia.... The duchy was capable of any amount of extension towards the east, and the lands gradually won from the Wends on this side were all looked on as additions made to the Saxon territory. But the great Saxon duchy was broken up at the fall of Henry the Lion. The name of Saxony, as a geographical expre ion, now clave to the Eastfalian remnant of the old duchy, and to Thu ring i a and the Sla vonicconquests to the east." ( Freeman , Hist. Geog., p. 212.) Westphalia fell, as a duchy, to Cologne; the eastern part of Saxony fell to Bernard of As can i a; Bavaria pa ed to the Wittelsbach family. "The duchy of Saxony... was granted to Bernard of Ballensted (Duke of Saxony 11801212], the founder of the As can i an house. Of the older Saxon land his house kept only for a while the small dis trict north of the Elbe which kept the name of SachsenLauenburg, and which in the end became part of the Han over electorate. But in Thu ring i a and the conquered Slavonic lands to the east of Thu ring i a a new Saxony arose." ( Freeman , Hist. Geog., p. 213.) This was the later duchy of Saxony, the capital of which was Wittenberg. The strife for the electorate between the two branches of Saxe-Wittenberg and Saxe-Lauenburg was decided in favor of the former by the Golden Bull of 1356. On the extinc tion of the As can i an house of Saxe-Wittenberg, the elector ate and duchy were conferred on Frederick, margrave of Mei en. Thu ring i a was separated in 1445, and reunited in 1482. Frederick's grandsons, Ernest and Albert, ruled jointly from 1482 to 1485, when there was a partition of the territories, Ernest receiving the electorate, Thu ring i a, etc., and Albert Mei en, etc., while Osterland was divided. This was the origin of the Ernestine and Albertine lines. The elector Frederick the Wise (the son of Ernest) became a champion of the Reformation. By the capitulation of Wittenberg (1547) the electorate and various territories were transferred to Maurice of the Albertine line. Saxony flourished under Maurice and his brother August us; suf fered greatly in the Thirty Years' War, and vacillated be tween the parties; and acquired in 1635 and 1648 Lusatia, the bishopric of Merseburg, etc. Its electors were kings of Poland from 1697 to 1763: suffered severely in the Silesian and Seven Years' wars, in which it generally opposed Pru ia; sided with Pru ia in the War of the Bavarian Succes sion; joined the Fürstenbund in 1785; joined in the first coalition against France, and sided with Pru ia in 1806, but went over to Napoleon; and entered the Confederation of the Rhine, and became a kingdom. (See Mei en , Thurin gia , and Saxony , Kingdom of . ) The portion of Saxony left to the Ernestine line in 1547 soon became divided into the Thu ring i an petty states of Weimar, Gotha, Altenburg, Me in in gen, etc. See Saxe - Weimar - Eisenach , etc. Sachsen.] Saxony, Kingdom of. [G. Königreich Sach A kingdom of Germany, the fifth in area and third in population of the states of the German Empire. Capital, Dresden. It is bounded by Pru ia on the north, northeast, and east, Bohemia on the south. east and south, Bavaria on the southwest, and Pru ia, Saxe-Altenburg, Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach, and Reu on the west. The surface is level in the north, elsewhere hilly, and in the south mountainous, with outliers of the Ert gebirge, and the Saxon Switzerland. It lies mostly in the basin of the Elbe, which traverses it from south to north. It is noted for its mineral wealth, manufacturing activity, and agricultural progre ; produces cereals, fruit, etc.; and has mines of coal, silver, tin, lead, iron, zinc, porcelain-earth, etc. It is especially famous for its textiles (cottons, woolens, half-woolens, yarns, hosiery, etc.). Other leading manufactures are machinery, tools, porcelain, paper, gla , tobacco, musical instruments, china, and con fectionery. It has extensive trade, which is largely con cent rated in Leipsic, and exports manufactured articles. It has 4 administrative districts: Zwickau, Leipsic, Dresden, and Bautzen. The government is a hereditary con stitutional monarchy, administered by a king, an upper chamber, and a lower chamber of 80 deputies. Saxony sends 4 representatives to the Bundesrat and 23 to the Reichstag. Over 96 per cent. of the population is Prot estant. About 50,000 are Wends. The electorate of Saxony (see above) became a kingdom In 1806 under Fred. erick August us I. The duchy of Warsaw was created for him by Napoleon in 1807. In 1809 its extent was greatly increased. The king sided with the Allies after the bat tle of Leipsic in 1813; and in consequence had to cede half of Saxony to Pru ia in 1815 (besides losing the duchy of Warsaw); Saxony was the scene of riots in 1830, and received a new constitution in 1831. A revolutionary out break in 1849 was suppre ed by Pru ian arms. Saxony formed an alliance with Pru ia and Hannover in 1849; sided with Austria in 1866; was occupied by Pru ian troops, and forced to pay an indemnity; entered the North German Confederation in 1866; and entered the German Empire in 1871. (See Saxony .) Area, 5,787 square miles Population (1900), 4,202,216. Saxony, Lower. See Lower Saxon Circle. Saxony, Province of, or Pru ian Saxony. [G. Provinz Sachsen .] A province of Pru ia It is bounded by Hannover and Brandenburg on the north, Brandenburg and Silesia on the east, Saxony and Thurin gia on the south, and Brunswick, Hannover, and He e Na au on the west. It has also several exclaves, and surrounds portions of other states. It produces sugar beets, wheat, barley, rye, etc.; has large and varied mand factures; and has mines of salt, coal, copper, silver, etc. It is divided into the government districts of Magdeburg, Merseburg, and Erfurt. It was formed from various ter ritories, including parts of Saxony ceded to Pru ia in 1815, the Altmark, Magdeburg, Mansfeld, Halberstadt, Quedlin burg, Erfurt, etc. Area, 9,746 square miles. Population (1900), 2,832.616. Saxony, Upper. See Upper Saxon Circle. Saxton (saks'ton), Joseph. Born at Hunting. don, Pa., March 22, 1799: died at Washington, D. C., Oct. 26, 1873. An American inventor. He accepted a position in the United States mint at Philadelphia in 1837, and in 1843 became connected with the United States Coast Survey, having in charge the construc tion of standard weights, balances, and measures. Among Saxton his inventions were a locomotive differential pulley, a deep-sea thermometer, and an immersed hydrometer. Say (sā), Jean Baptiste. Born at Lyons, Jan. 5, 1767: died at Paris, Nov. 15, 1832. A noted French political economist, a member of the tribunate 1799-1804. His chief works are "Traité d'économie politique" (1803), "Catéchis me d'économie politique" (1815), "Cours complet d'économie politique pratique" (1828-30), "De l'Angleterre et des Anglais" (1815). Say, Jean Baptiste Léon. Born at Paris, June 6, 1826: died there, April 21, 1896. A French financier and politician, grandson of J. B. Say. He was minister of finance 1872-73, 1875--76, 1876-79, and 1882; and was elected a member of the Academy in 1874. He published, conjointly with Foyot and Lanjalley, "Dic tionnaire des finances" (1889). Say, Thomas. Born at Philadelphia, July 27, 1787: died at New Harmony, Ind., Oct. 10, 1834. An American naturalist. He accompanied Long's expedition to the Rocky Mountains 1819-20, and that to the sources of St. Peter's River in 1823. He was a member of Robert Owen's short-lived communistic settlement at New Harmony (1825-27). His "American Entomology" was first published 1824-28, and this title is given to a col. lected edition of his entomological writings, with notes by Leconte (2 vols. 1869). Say also published papers on the Mollusca , etc. Sayana (sä'ya-na). A great Hindu scholar of the 14th century A. D., brother of Madhavacarya and minister of Vira Bukka, raja of Vijayanagara. (For Burnell's identification of Sayana and Madhava, see Madhava ). Sayana is especially famous as the reputed author of a great commentary on the Rigveda, the value of which in Vedic been the subject of a sometimes heated discu ion, in which all the most eminent Vedic scholars have taken part, the conclusion of which is that the commentary, whatever may be its value in suggestion, does not represent a genuine tradition and is not authoritative. On this discu ion, see Whitney's "Oriental and Linguistic Studies," I. 100. Say brook (sā'brük). A town in Middle sex County, Connecticut, situated at the mouth of the Connecticut River 28 miles east of New Haven. Population (1900), 1,634. Say brook Platform. A declaration of principles adopted by a Congregational synod at Say brook in 1708, substantially the same as the Cambridge platform (which see). Sayce (sas), Archibald Henry. Born at Shire hampton, near Bristol, England, Sept. 25, 1846. An English philologist, deputy profe or of comparative philology at Oxford 1876-90, and profe or of A yriology from 1891. He is especially noted as an Orientalist. His works include an Akkadian and an A yrian grammar, "Principles of Comparative Philology" (1874), "The Monuments of the Hittites" (1881), "Ancient Empires of the East" (1884), "Hero dot us i.-iii." (1883), "Records of the Past" (2d series, 1888-91), etc. Saye (sa) (or Say) and Sele (sel), First Viscount (William Fiennes). Born May 28, 1582: died April 14,1662. An English politician, son of Richard Fiennes, Baron Saye and Sele. He took his seat in the House of Lords on the death of his father in 1613, and became one of the most prominent opponents of the court. He was created viscount in 1624 at the instance of Bucking seeking to popular leaders with ham, who was king con cilia to reaking off of the Spanish match. In a ociation with Lord Brooke and ten others he obtained, March 19, 1632, a patent for a large tract of land on the Connecticut River from Lord Warwick and the New England Company. John Winthrop was appointed governor, and a fort was established at the mouth of the river, which received the name of Say brook. Lord Saye and Sele was appointed a privy councilor, master of the court of wards, and a commi ioner of the treasury in 1641. At the beginning of the civil war he raised a regiment for the Parliament, but did not favor the abolition of the monarchy, and retired to private life after the execution of the king. He was appointed to the council of the colonies in 1660, after the Restoration. Sayes Court (sāz kort). The estate of John Evelyn at Deptford, England. It came to him with his wife, who held it on a lease from the crown. On his removal to Wotton, Sayes Court and its gardens were let. Peter the Great occupied it in 1698; in 1759 it was used as a workhouse. In 1881 the owner, a descendant of Evelyn, converted it into the Evelyn Almshouses, and in 1886 a public garden was endowed. The Sayes Court Museum and cricket-ground are quite near it. Saypan. One of the Ladrone Islands. Sayre (sar), Lewis Albert. Born Feb. 29, 1820: died Sept. 21, 1900. An American sur geon, profe or (from 1861) at Bellevue Medical College, New York city. He invented many surgical instruments and appliances, and was the first to use plaster of Paris "jackets" in spinal diseases and curvature. He published "Practical Manual of the Treatment of Club-Foot" (1869), "Lectures on Orthopedic Surgery and Diseases of the Joints" (1876), etc. Sayri Tupac (sä-e're töʻpäk). Born about 1530: died near Cuzco, 1560. A Peruvian chief, son of Inca Manco and, by the Inca succe ion, legitimate sovereign of Peru. After the death of his father (1544) he kept up an independent rule in the mountains until 1558, when was induced to resign his rights, re ceiving the Spanish title of adelantado, with a pension; but he quickly sank into melancholy and died. S. C. An abbreviation of South Carolina . Scævola (sev'ō-lä) (‘Left-handed'), C. Mucius. A Roman hero. According to legend, when Lars Por sena was besieging Rome in 509 B. C., Mucius, concealing a dagger about his person, went out to the king's camp with the intention of putting him to death, but killed instead a royal secretary whom he mistook for Porsena. He was threatened with death by fire unle he revealed the details of a conspiracy which he said had been formed at Rome for the purpose of a a inating Porsena, whereupon he thrust his right hand into a sacrificial fire burning on an altar hard by. This firmne excited the admira tion of Porsena, who ordered him to be released. Scævola, Q. Mucius. Died 82 в. C. A Roman jurist. He was a tribune of the people in 106, curule edile in 104, and consul in 95. He was subsequently proconsul of the province of Asia, and ultimately became pontifex maximus. He was proscribed by the Marian party during the Social War, and was killed in sanctuary. Excerpts from his writings are preserved in the Digest. Scafell, or Scawfell (ska-fel'). A mountain in the Lake District of England, adjoining Scafell Pike. Height, 3,162 feet. Sca Fell Pikes. The highest mountain in England, in the Lake District, Cumber land, 10 miles west of Amble side. Height, 3,210 feet. Scala (skälä), Cane Grande dell a (usually known as Can Grande). Born at Verona in 1291: died at Treviso, July 22, 1329. A sovereign prince of Verona. He was the most illustrious of his line, and conquered Vicenza, Padua, and Treviso. He is famous as the patron of Dante. Scala (skälä), La. A theater in Milan, one of the largest in the world: inaugurated 1778. Scala Nova, Gulf of. An arm of the Ægean Scarpa Scand in avians (skan-di-nā'vi-anz). Natives of the region loosely called Scand in a via. The [ancient] Scand in avians, a tall Northern dolichocephalic race, represented by the Row Grave and Staengenaes skeletons, and the people of the kitchen-middens. The stature averaged 5 feet 10 inches. They were dolicho cephalic, with an index of from 70 to 73, and somewhat prognathous, with fair hair and blue eyes, and a white skin. They are represented by the Swedes, the Frisians, and the fair North Germans. Taylor , Aryans, p. 213. Scapa Flow (skäpä flō). An inclosed sheet of water in the Orkney Islands, Scotland, south of Mainland. Scapin (skä-pan'; E. skā pin). [F., from It. Scapino .] A wily intriguing valet in Molière's comedy "Les fourberies de Scapin." He is fertile in expedients, and a consummate deceiver. He conducts the affairs of four lovers, against the wishes of their respective fathers, to the desired end. In order to escape the consequences of his insolence in having severely beaten Géronte, the father of Hyacinthe, he has himself brought in in an apparently dying condition, and obtains his pardon. The nickname of Jupiter Scapin was given to the first Napoleon by the Abbé de Pradt, in allusion to his disposition to employ trickery. Scapino (skä-pē'nō). [It.] A typical character in Italian masked comedy, the cunning and knavish servant of Gratiano, originally speaking the dialect of Bergamo. Molière introduced him to French comedy (see Scapin ) in such a manner as to turn his name into a proverb. Scaramouche (skar'a-mouch; F. skä-rä-mösh'). Sea, west of Asia Minor, partly inclosed by [F.] The Italian Scaramuccia (which see). It Samos. Scala Santa (skälä sän'tä), or Pilate's Staircase. [It., 'holy stairway.'] A stairway on the north side of St. John Later an, at Rome. It consists of 28 marble steps, said to have come from the house of Pilate in Jerusalem, and leads to the medieval papal chapel in the Later an Palace. The stairs can be ascended only by penitents on their knees. The treasure of the chapel is the painting of the Saviour as a boy, said to have been drawn by St. Luke and finished by an angel. The painting appears to be Greek. Scaldis (skal'dis). The Roman, name of the Schelde. Scaletta (skä-let'tä). An Alpine pa in the canton of Grisons, Switzerland, leading from Davos (east of Coire) to Capella in the Upper Engadine. Scaliger (skal'i-jer), Joseph Justus. Born at Agen, France, Aug. 5, 1540: died at Leyden, Jan. 21, 1609. A celebrated Protestant scholar, son of J. C. Scaliger. He studied at Bordeaux and Paris; traveled in Italy, England, and Scotland; lectured in Geneva 1572-74; lived with his patron La Roche Pozay; and became profe or at Leyden in 1593. By his "De emend at i one temporum" (1583) and "Thesaurus tempo. rum" (1606) he became the founder of modern chronology. He edited Catullus, Pro pert i us, Tibullus, etc. His "Opu- scul a varia" were edited by J. Casaubon in 1610. Scaliger, Julius Cæsar (originally Della Scala, a nickname of his father, Benedetto Bor- done). Born near Lago di Garda, Italy, April 23, 1484: died at Agen, France, Oct. 21, 1558. A noted Italian humanist, philosopher, and sci- entist. He lived until 1526 at Venice or Padua, and then at Agen, where he practised as a physician. His chief philosophical work is "Exercitationes" on the "De subtil it ate" of Cardan (1557). He wrote also Latin verse, "Poetices" (1561), commentaries on Aristotle, Hippo crates, and