Cessation of arms, or hostilities

( Mil.) An armistice; a truce. Ce 'ford, in Iowa , a post-office of Cedar co. Ce ibility, n. Quality or practice of giving way or receding. (R.) Ces's ible, a. Yielding; receding. (R.) Cesʼsio Bonoʻrum, n . [Lat.] ( Law .) A yielding on the part of an insolvent of his estate and effects to creditors, under the authority of the competent court. Such an a ignment discharged the debtor to the extent of the property ceded only, but exempted him from imprisonment. Ce ion, (ses's hun,) n. [Lat. ce io-cedo, ce us, to withdraw.] Act of ceding, yielding, or giving; surrender; resignation, as of rights, interests, property, ., to another. "Secure the best peace they can with France, by a ce ion of Flanders to that crown." Temple. (Eccl. Law.) A surrender, as of a benefice. ( Civil Law .) An a ignment; the act by which one party transfers property to another, as of a debtor to his creditor. Cesʼsionary, a . [Fr. ce ion a ire ; L. Lat. ce ionarius.) Giving up; yielding; surrendering up all effects; as, a ce ionary bankrupt. Ce 'ment, n. An a e ment; a tax. (0.) Ce 'na, in Ohio , a township of Hard in co. Ce 'pool, n. [From Lat. sedeo ce um, to sit, to settle.] A cavity, or receptacle sunk in the earth, where the sediment of water conveyed in drains may settle, and be retained. Cest, n. Same as CESTUS, q. v. Cesto'idæ, CES'TOIDS, n. pl. (Zool.) The Tape-worm family, embracing tape-like worms, narrow towards the head and widening behind, which in their mature state live only in the intestines of vertebrated animals. 200 species of cestoids have already been described, quite a number of which inhabit man. Cestra'cion, n. [Gr. kestrakios .) (Zool.) A genus of the Squalid a , or Shark family. See SQUALIDE. Cestro'tum, n. See CEROSTROTUM. Ces'trum, n. [Gr. kestron.] (Archæol.) An instrument, also called graph is by the Greeks, used by the ancient painters of Greece and Rome, in drawing and painting; it was pointed at one end and flat at the other, and was therefore applicable to both drawing and spreading the color; it was generally made of metal. There were three kinds of painting in use among the Greeks and Romans; in two ways with the C., and in a third way with the pencil. This last was used chiefly as decorative work; the color mixed with wax being burnt into the wood by applying a cauterium to the surface; most surface work was probably executed in this way. The ivory painting with the C. ( in ebore cestro) was more drawing than painting, and seems to have been executed with a hot point; and though not wax painting, was IMG:content-0118.jpg:[graphic][subsumed][subsumed][subsumed] neverthele encaustic. The second method with the C. ( cera castro ), which was that of Pausias and others, was with the wax colors, which were afterwards burnt in. The colors of the ancient painters were commonly called ceræ , as being originally, if not always, mixed with wax. Ces'tus, Cest, n. [Lat., from Gr. kestos , stitched, embroidered, from kenteo , to prick.] ( Antiq .) A fine embroidered girdle worn by the Greek and Roman women close under the breasts. It was distinct from the zone, which was worn around the loins. Homer ascribes the power of attracting and conciliating love to the cestus of Venus, which was covered with alluring representations. When Juno wished to gain the love of Jupiter, she borrowed this girdle from Venus. -A gauntlet worn by the Roman pugilists. See CESTUS. Cestui que trust, n. [O. Fr.] ( Law . ) He for whose benefit another person is seized of lands or tenements, or is po e ed of personal property. - CESTUI QUE USE. He for whose benefit land is held by another person.-CESTUI QUE VIE. He whose life is the duration of an estate. Ceta'cea, CETACEANS, n. pl. [ Gr.ketos ; Lat. cete, cet us, a large sea-animal.] ( Zool . ) An order of mammiferous animals, surpa ing in size all others in existence, and inhabiting the sea. (See Fig. 462.) Like terrestrial quadrupeds, they are viviparous, suckle their young, have warm blood, and respire through lungs; for which purpose they must frequently come to the surface, to take in fresh supplies of air. But though in their anatomical details they are sufficiently distinguished from fishes , it will be seen that these animals have no hind limbs, that the first bones of their anterior extremities are shortened, and the succeeding ones flattened and enveloped in a tendinous membrane, which reduces them to the condition of true fins. The Cetacea are all carnivorous; but the largest species are supported chiefly by minute Mollusca and Medusæ. Cetaceous, ( se - ta's hus ,) a. [From Lat. cete , a whale; Gr. kētos ; root chai no , to gape.] Pertaining to the Cetacea, or fishes of the whale kind. Ce'tic Acid, n. (Chem.) The result of the action of alkalies upon cetine. Ce'tine, n. Spermaceti in a pure state. Cetological, a . Relating, or pertaining, to cetology. Cetologist, n. One skilled in cetology. Cetology, n. [From Gr. ketos , and logos , discourse.] The doctrine or study of cetaceous animals. Cetra'ria, n. (Bot.) A genus of lichens, which includes the well-known Iceland mo . This lichen, which has been named C. Islandica , is officinal, and is employed both as a nutritious food, and as a mild mucilaginous tonic in catarrh and consumption. Combined with cocoa, it forms the article known as Iceland -mo cocoa . Two kinds of starch are found in this lichen, one called lichen starch, and the other inulin ; also a peculiar bitter principle, which has been named cetrarin . When used for food only, the plant should be deprived of its bitterne , either by heating it twice in water to near the boiling-point, or by digesting it in a weak alkaline solution, formed by adding half an ounce of carbonate of potash to about a gallon of cold water, and afterwards washing it with pure water. The species C. nival is po e es somewhat similar properties. Cetra'ric Acid, Cetra'rine, n. (Chem.) A white bitter acid contained in the lichen Iceland mo . Cetra'ro, a town of S. Italy, prov. Cosenza, on the Mediterranean, 24 m. N.W. of Cosenza city: pop . 6,585. Cette, (sett,) a fortified sea-port town of France, dep. Hérault, cap. cant., on a narrow neck of land advancing into the Mediterranean, 15 m S.W. of Montpelier. The harbor is formed by two lateral moles, with a breakwater acro the entrance; on the principal mole stands a light-house having a lantern 84 feet above sea-level. The harbor is a safe one, has from 16 to 19 ft. water, and can accommodate about 400 sail of ships of all sizes. C. is the centre of a large coasting trade, has regular steam communication with Algiers, and the chief ports on the E. coast of Spain, and exports annually about 36,000 tuns of wine, and 4,000 of brandy. Manf. Gla , soap, salt, tobacco, liquors, and sardines. Ship-building, too, is extensively carried on. C. connects with the Canal du Midi on the one hand, and with the canals leading to the Rhone on the other. Ce'tus, n. [Gr. ketos .] ( Astron .) The Whale , the largest constellation in the heavens, occupying a space of 500 in length E. and W., with a mean breadth of 20° from N. to S. It is situated below Aries and the Triangles, with a mean declination of 12° S. It is represented as making its way to the E., with its body below, and its head elevated above the equinoctial, and is six weeks in pa ing the meridian. Its tail comes to the meridian on the 10th Nov., and its head leaves it on the 22d Dec. This constellation contains 97 stars: two of the 2d magnitude, ten of the 3d, and nine of the 4th. Cetyle, Cetyl, n. (Chem.) A radical found in spermaceti, homologous with ethyl. Ceuta, (su'ta,) (anc. Septum , or Septa ,) a fortified seaport town of N. Africa, belonging to Spain, on the coast of Morocco, directly opposite Gibraltar, and at the S. extremity of the Straits, on a narrow peninsula, having on its S. side a capacious bay. The E. part of the peninsula is occupied by the mountain of Almina, on the highest point of which is the castle of C., 14 m. S. by E. of Europa Point; Lat. 35° 54′ 4′′ N., Lon. 5° 17′ W. This mountain, which, towards the sea, is fenced round by inacce ible rocks, is the Abyla Proper of the ancients, and is famous as one of the Pillars of Hercules; the rock of Gibraltar ( Moms Calpe) being the other C. has many points of resemblance with Gibraltar, and, like it, if properly garrisoned, would be all but impregnable. C. was taken from the Moors by John, king of Portugal, in 1415. Since 1640 it has belonged to Spain. Pop . 8,200. Ceva, ( che'va ,) an inland town of N. Italy, prov. Cuneo, at the confluence of the Cevetta with the Tanaro, 10 m. E. by N. of Mondovi. Manf . Silk, iron, cheese. Pup . 4,972. Cevadilla, n. ( Bot . ) See SABADILLA. Cevennes, ( se - ven ',) a range of mountains in the S. of France, divided into N. and S. The district bearing this name in former times occupied a large tract of Langue doc. It was generally a wild, rugged country, and the abode of many Protestants, who here maintained themselves against the persecutions of their enemies. (See CAVALIER, JEAN.) Its highest points are Mazin, 5,794 feet, and Lozère, 4,884 feet above the level of the sea. Cey'lanite, n. (Min.) See SPINEL. Ceylon, ( se - lon ',) (anc. Tuprobana ,) a large island, belonging to Great Britain, near the S. extremity of Hindostan, and bearing the like relation to the Indian that Sicily does to the Italian peninsula. It lies between latitude 5° 56′ and 9o 50 N., and between longitude 79° 41' and 81° 54′ E.; having N.W. the Gulf of Manaar, and Palk's Straits, which separate it from Hindostan; S. and S.W. the Indian Ocean, and E. the Bay of Bengal. It tapers to a point towards the N., and is shaped like the section of a pear cut lengthwise through the middle. Length, N. to S., 266 m.; greatest breadth, E. to W., 141 m.; area , 24,700 sq. m. Desc . The coasts of this island are on the N. and N.W. low and flat, on the S. and E. bold and rocky, and present some good harbors, the best of which are Trin com a lee on the N.E., and Point de Galle on the S.; Colombo (the maritime cap.) has, since the completion of the Breakwater, at a cost of $5,000,000, an excellent harbor. A ridge of dangerous sand-banks, called Adam's Bridge , cro es from C. to the island of Ram is ser am on the main-land of Hindostan. This shoal has three channels, but is generally impracticable for navigation. An attempt is, however, in progre , to deepen the principal of these channels. The interior of C. consists of three distinct natural divisions-the low country, the hills, and the mountains. The centre of the island S. of Lat. 80° N. is occupied by an extensive table-land, 67 m. long by 50 wide, at an estimated elevation of from 2,000 to 3,000 ft. above sea-level. The interior of the N. and central divisions consists of ranges of mountains running mostly N.Ε. and S.W., and varying from 1,000 to 4,000 ft. above the sea, clothed to the summits with magnificent forests, and intersected by numerous ravines, cataracts and cascades. From these regions various conical-shaped hills rise up at intervals to an additional height of from 2,000 to 4,000 ft. The most conspicuous summit is that which is known by the name of Adam's Peak (the Samenella of the Cingalese), in Lat. 70° N., and Lon. 80° 40′ E., 46 m. E.S.E. of Colombo, rising to an altitude of 7,352 feet. Rivers, dc. C. has numerous small rivers and perennial streams, but the only navigable one is the Mahavilly Gunga, which falls into the sea a little S. of Trin com a lee after a course of about 200 m. There are no lakes of any consequence, but numerous lagoons connect with the ocean and are serviceable for traffic. Min . The rocks met with in this island are of primitive formation, with an upper soil generally sandy, and principally derived from this disintegration; the cinnamon soil, however, near Colombo, is perfectly white and consists of pure quartz. C. is rich in valuable minerals; its metallic products are, however, comparatively unknown; ores of lead, iron, tin, and manganese occur in the interior, but are made little use of: plumbago is the only article among these that has become of any commercial importance. Mines of quicksilver were formerly worked by the Dutch; gems abound, and common-salt beds are met with. Clim . For a tropical country, C. has a comparatively salubrious climate, but the low lands of the sea-board are in parts unhealthy. This island is liable to periodical and violent rain-falls, more especially those which accompany the S. W. monsoon. Along the coast, the mean annual temp. is about 80° Fahr., while in the interior it ranges from 78° to 86°. Veget. C. is rich in vegetable productions. The most important are tea, coffee, rice, cinchona bark, cinnamon (called by the natives corundoo), which here arrives at its greatest perfection, and has always been a chief article of export. It delights in a poor sandy soil with a moist atmosphere, and is almost exclusively confined to the S.E. part of the island. The cocoa-nut tree flourishes here in perfection, and is of prime importance to the natives, almost every part of the tree being converted into articles of food or domestic use. The Palmyra and talipot palms, and the bread-fruit, are also found in their most luxuriant growth. Cotton is cultivated, but it is not equal to that of India. Indigo, betel, tobacco, gum-lac, gamboge, a... cardamoms, all of excellent quality, are produced;hile the flora is beautiful and various. Zool. C. is particularly celebrated for its breed of elephants, which are of superior strength and docility. Bears, leopards, chetahs, hyænas, baboons, a large variety of the monkey-tribe, armadillos, ., are met with an of feathered game are plentiful; and serpents, alligators, and reptiles of all sorts, are found in too great abundance. The pearl-oyster fishery is an important branch of industry. Inhab. The population of C. (exclusive of colonists) may be divided into 4 cla es: -1st, the native Cingalese (Ceylonese); 2d, the Moors; 3d, the Veddahs (a race supposed to be the true aborigines, and who inhabit the mountain fastne es in a state of utter barbarism); and 4th, the Malabar and other Hindoo tribes, who are chiefly confined to the N. and E. coasts, The Cingalesel type and character are nearly allied to those of the Bengalese; and in language, religion, and traditions, they, generally approach closely to the Indo-Chinese nations, and especially the Burmese. Com . The exportation of coffee fell from 70,000,000 lbs. in 1878 to about 7,000,000 in 1897, while that of tea increased from 3,575 lbs. in 1878 to over 100,000,000 lbs. in 1897. The cultivation of cinchona bark has also largely developed. The other principal exports are cardamons, cinnamon, cocoanut oil, cocoanuts, copra and plumbago. The Exp . are chiefly to Gt. Britian. Man . C. is almost wholly dependent upon Europe for her supplies of manufactured goods, and from the most recent information, it appears that active agriculture is diminishing, and that the country for the most part is overrun with jungles. C. is famous for precious stones, especially cat's eyes and rubies, for gold, silver, and ivory. Shell-work and woodcarving are among the industries. Relig . The religion of the Cingalese is Buddhism, but the upper cla es profe Christianity, and many have been converted to Islamism. There are numerous Buddhic temples in the island, in one of which the so-called sacred IMG:content-0119.png:[graphic][merged small] ENTRANCE OF THE BUDDHISTIC TEMPLE OF DAMBOOL. (The most celebrated in Ceylon.) tooth of Buddha is preserved. (See CANDY.) Govt., dc. The administration consists of a governor appointed by the British crown; an executive council of 5 members; and a legislative one of 15. Chief towns. Colombo (the cap.), Trin com a lee, Candy, and Point de Galle. Pop. in 1891, 3,008,500. Hist . The proper name of C. is Singhala (whence the term Cingalese ), but its true origin is unknown. Toijeya (perhaps of the royal house of Sakya Singh , of Magadha, the native country of Buddha, but evidently the same as the Sanskrit Vijaya ) is the first king of C. mentioned in history. The numerous ruins of cities, tanks, aqueducts, extensive canals, temples, bridges, ., prove that this island had been, at a remote period, a rich, populous, and comparatively civilized country. It was first settled by Europe ans in 1505 by the Portuguese, who established colonies in the W. and S., but which were wrested from them early in the next cent. by the Dutch. In 1795-6 the latter were expelled by the English, and, in 1815, the whole of the island fell under their rule. Ceylonese', a. and n. (Geog.) See CINGALESE. Cezimbra, a town of Portugal, prov. Estremadura, on the Atlantic, 18 m. S. of Lisbon. It is actively engaged in the fisheries, and has a pop. of 5,000. Alfonso Henriques defeated the Moors here in 1165. Chab'asic, Chab'asite, Chab'azite, n. [Gr. kabasios , the name of a stone, mentioned in a poem inscribed to Orpheus.] ( Min .) A zoölitic mineral. It is a hydrated silicate of alumina and lime, with small quantities of soda and magnesia, and occurs crystallized in transparent and colorle or grayish obtuse rhombohedrons, in certain basaltic and amygdaloidal rocks. Chablis, a town of France, dep. Yonne, cap. cant. on the Sergy, 10 m. E. of Auxerre. This place is celebrated for its fine growth of Burgundy wine, called generally by its name, and which is much esteemed by epicures as an accompaniment to oysters. The best qualities are those of Clos Vougeot, Valmur, Vaudesir, Bouguereau, and Mont du Milieu. Pop . 2,668. Chab'rias, the last of the great A then i an generals, who, in 378, commanded the army sent by the A then i ans to the aid of Thebes, and defeated the Lacedæmonians under Agesilaus. Two years afterwards he gained a great victory off Naxos over the Lacedæmonian fleet, and, later, defended Corinth against Epa min on das. Afterwards C. proceeded to Egypt, where he commanded the fleet of Tachos, and after his return to Athens he a isted in the expedition against Thrace. He was killed at the siege of Chios, B. c. 357. Chacahoula, in Louisiana , a P. O. of Terre Bonne. Chachapo'yas, a dist. of Peru, prov. Truxillo, dep. Libertad, on the border of Ecuador, near the W. declivity of the E. Andes. It is penetrated by the central ramifications of the Andes, and watered by the river Chachapoyas, which has its embouchure in the Maranon. Clim . Hot and cold, in extremes. Prod . Wheat, maize, sugar, cotton, tobacco, fruits. - CHACHAPOYAS, OF SAN JUAN DE LA FRONTER A, cap. of above dist., 185 m. N.E. of Truxillo, and 70 E.N.E. of Caxamarca. It has a large trade in tobacco. Chack, v.i. (Manege.) To to up the head frequently to jerk the bridle; -spoken of a horse. Cha'co, (El Gran,) in S. America. See GRAN CHACO. Cha'cone, Ciacone, n. [Sp.] (Music.) A kind of dance-music resembling a saraband, of Moorish origin. The ba of it consists of four notes, which proceed in conjoint degrees, whereon the harmonies are made with the same burden. Chad, n. ( Zool .) See SHAD. Chad'da, a river of Africa. See TCHADDA. Chadd's Ford, in Pennsylvania, a post-village of Delaware co., on Brandy wine Creek, 30 m. W. by. S. of Philadelphia. Chædophyllum, n. ( Bot .) A genus of plants, ord. Apiacea . Chærone'a, a city of Bœotia, in ancient Greece, near the Cephi us, on the borders of Phocis. Philip II., king of Macedon, defeated the united Bœotian and A then i an forces near this place, B. c. 338; and here, also, Sylla defeated the generals of Mithridates VI. в. с. 86. Plutarch was B. here, A. D. 46. A few ruins of C. are still existing. Chæto'don, n ., Chæto'dinæ, n . pl . ( Zool .) A gen. and fam. of Acanthopterygious fishes, abounding in the seas of hot climates, and remarkable for the singularity of their figure and the beauty of their colors. They are, in a general view, distinguished by the great depth and highly compre ed form of the