CONSTANTINOPLE

cap. of Empire (41° 2’ N., 28° 57’ H..); built several hills; uniquely situated, and of most beautiful cities in Kurope; rounded on three sides by water; Marmora and Bosporus on S. E.; W. side is walled; and on the N. the inlet called the Golden separates the city proper (called Turks Istambol or Stambui) from Christian town, forming a safe, and deep harbor, about five miles and half a mile broad, bridged at points. Christian Constantinople prises: (1) Galata, the merchants’ quarter (in which is the Genoese of Galata, used for giving fire-alarms) (2) Pera, the aristocratic quarter, taining emba ies and consulates—the ill-paved Grande Rue with its reached by tunnelled railway; (3) hane (with cannon factory), inhabited by Turks, embraces the tiful Palace of Dolma-bagche on of Bosporus. Stambul lies to the and contains most of the finest (532-58) in Byzantine style and intended for a Christian church, but verted into mosque by Mohammed outside it is plain, but the interior, its dome, marbles, and mosaics, marvelous beauty. There are 800 mosques, a magnificent one that of Sultan Soliman, the Magnificent; and the Hippodrome, with remains Gr. arch. In extreme S. H. stands Greece old Serai, within whose high walls were open the divan and harem of former sultans, and whose famous gate (Sublime Porte) 1916. has given its name to the sultan’s govthe ernment; a new seraglio was built by Greece, Abdul Medjid N. of the old one. The his streets are mostly ill-paved and crooked; Oct. the houses are low and small, and bus i elections ne is transacted in bazaars. defeated Constantinople was founded, as Byin zantium, in 7th cent. B. C.; rebuilt and Greek made cap. of Roman Empire by Con obliged stantine the Great in A. D. 330; cap. of 9, Byzantine or Eastern Empire for over 1,100 years; captured by crusaders (12034); taken and made cap. of Ottoman Rom. Empire by Mohammed If. in 1453. purHere many treaties have been concluded; after abortive conference to settle Eastern question, 1876-7; ma acres of Ar33’ menians, 1895-6; sultan accepted con on stitution of Young Turks, 1908; Abdul it Hamid exiled and Mohammed V. set citadel, up; Ger. influence dates from visit of William II., 1898; in Balkan War, remains; 1912-13, as in World War, city saved by sacked, natural strength of its position; Brit. submarines torpedoed ve els even in Golden Horn, airmen bombed the city; armistice arranged, Oct. 30, 1918, and Turk. on Nov. 13 Allied fleet arrived; Fr. on troops occupied the\city. one By the terms of the Treaty Sévres in sur1920, Constantinople was to remain as Sea of the capital of Turkey, with the reservaand tion that if Turkey failed to observe the side, provisions of the treaty, it might be Horn modified by the Powers. As a matter of by fact, the conditions of the Treaty of the Sévres were never carried out. Con spacious, stantinople was administered by a comlong mi ion of the Allied Powers in which two Great Britain was predominant. Late com in 1922 Constantinople was threatened by Mustapha Kemal and actual _host i liT ower ties hetween the Turks and the British,; who alone had military force there, was con averted only by timely negotiations. By the terms of the Treaty of Lausanne, fine 1922-23, Constantinople was to remain is in the absolute control of the Turks, who Top are to guarantee freedom of the Straits mostly to ve els of commerce and to ve els of beauwar, except under certain specified con banks ditions. See LAUSANNE, CONFERENCE S., or; TURKEY. buildings built CONSTANTINOPLE, COUNCILS originally OF.—The chief are: (1) the second cecuconmenical council, 381, confirming articles I1.; of Nicene Creed and granting metro with politan status to bishoprics of <Alexis of andria, Antioch, Thrace, Pontus, and in all Ephesus.—(2) The fifth cecumenical c., being 553, condemning the ‘Three Chapters.’ —(3) The sixth cecumenical c., 680-81, the of 869, considered by Latin Church as eighth cecumenical c.; declared in favor of Ignatius against Photius for bishopric of Constantinople.—(5) Synod of 879 regarded by Gk. Church as eighth cecumenical c.; declared for Photius. emperor. abel aval PROPORTIONS, LAW. See CHEMISTRY. 12’ N., 28° 41’ E.), seaport, on Black Sea, Rumania; near ruins of Tomi; Ovid’s place of exile; large transit trade in grain and petroleum through railway to Bucharest.