In 1842 he received the degree of M

D. from the University of London, and in 1845 he was made an F. R. S. His first experiments in spectrum analysis were published in a paper before the British A ociation in 1845, in which diagrams of flame spectra were first shown. In 1862 this was followed by a paper on the "Photographic Milman at the Royal Academy with Van Lerius and De Keyser. He was correspondent for the London "Daily News" in the war between Ru ia and Turkey. Among his works are "Bay of Naples" (1875), “Bashi Bazouk" (1880), "A Window Seat" (1885), "The Handmaid" and "A Cosy Corner" (1886), "How the Go ip Grew" (1890). "Bay, Millet (me-la'), François (Frans Mille), often called Francis que. Born at Antwerp, 1642: died at Paris, 1679. A Flemish landscape painter, a pupil of Laurens Francken, and afterward a follower of Pou in. Millet, Jean François. Born at Gruchy, near Gréville, Manche, France, Oct. 4, 1814: died at Barbizon, near Fontainebleau, France, Jan. 20, 1875. A celebrated French painter, noted for his simple and pathetic representations of peasant life in France. He worked with his father a farmer, as a farm-laborer in his youth; but in 1832, having shown ability in drawing, he was placed at Cherbourg with Mouchel, who secured for him an annuity to enable him to proceed with his studies. He went to Paris in 1837, and studied with Paul Delaroche; and in 1840 his first work, a portrait, was accepted at the Salon. He struggled to maintain himself for some years, and in 1848 fought at the barricades in Paris. The next year he settled at Barbizon, where he remained for the rest of his life. Among his works are "The Sower" (1849), "Peasants Grafting" (1855), "The Gleaners" (1857), "The Angelus" (1859: which see), "Death and the Wood-cutter" (1859), "Waiting" and "The Sheep-shearers" (1860), "The Man with the Hoe" and "Wool-Carding" (1863), "Shepherde and Sheep" (1864), "Goose Girl" (1867), "Evening Prayer" (1868), "Potato Planters" (1868), etc. Millevoye (mel-vwä'), Charles Hubert. Born at Abbeville, 1782: died at Paris, 1816. A French poet. He published a volume of poems in 1801. His article on "Le danger des romans" (1804) and a series of his poems (1806-12) were crowned by the Academy. At the head of the poets of this minor band has to be mentioned Millevoye, who might, perhaps with equal or greater appropriatene , have found a place in the preceding book. He is chiefly remarkable as the author of one charming piece of sentimental verse, "La Chute des Feuilles"; and as the occasion of an immortal criticism of Sainte-Beuve's, "Il se trouve dans les trois quarts des hommes un poète qui meurt jeune tandis que l'homme survit ." Saints bury , French Lit., p. 541. Milliken's Bend (mil'i-kenz bend). A village in Madison parish, Louisiana, situated on the Mi i ippi 17 miles northwest of Vicksburg. A body of 3,000 Confederates was repulsed here by the Fed erals June 7, 1863. Mill on the Flo , The. A novel by George Eliot, published in 1860. Millot (mē-yō'), Claude François Xavier. Born at Ornans, France, March 5, 1726: died at Paris, March 21, 1785. A French historical writer, a member of the Jesuit order. Mills (milz), Charles. Born near Green wich, England, England, July Jul 29, 1788: died at Southampton, a "History of Mohammedanism" (1817), etc. 1826. An English historian, author of Mills, Clark. Born in Onondaga County, N. Y., Dec. 1, 1815: died at Washington, C., Jan. 12, 1883. An American sculptor. Among his works are equestrian statues of Jackson and Washington (at Washington), a statue of “Liberty” (Capitol, Washington), etc. Mills, Roger Quarles. Born in Todd County, Ky., March 30, 1832. An American Democratic politician. He settled in Texas in 1849, served as a Con federate officer in the Civil War, and was a member of Congre from Texas 1873-92. He was chairman of the quin. Miller (mil'er), Hugh. Born at Cromarty, Oct. 10, 1802: committed suicide near Edinburgh, Dec. 24, 1856. A Scottish geologist, editor from 1840 of "The Witne ," an Edinburgh newspaper. In his youth he worked as a stone-mason. In 1829 he published "Poems, Written in the Leisure Hours of a Journeyman Mason." In 1834 he became an accountant in the Commercial Bank of Cromarty. His "Scenes and Legends of the North of Scotland," with a chapter on geology, appeared in 1835. He corresponded with Murchison and Aga iz, and published "The Old Red Sandstone" (1841), "The Footprints of the Creator, or the A ste role pis of Stromne " (1847), "My Schools and Schoolmasters" (1852), etc. "The Testimony of the Rocks," explaining the six days of creation as six periods, was published in 1857. His death occurred in a fit of insanity caused by exce ive brain-work. Miller, James. Born at Peter borough, N. H., pril 25, 1776: died at Temple, N. H., July 7, 1851. An American general and politician, distinguished at Lundy's Lane in 1814. Miller, Joaquin (originally Cincinnatus Heine Miller). Born in Wabash district, Indiana, Nov. 10,1841. An American poet. He removed to Oregon in 1854; was afterward a miner in California; studied law; edited the "Democratic Register" in Eugene, Oregon; and was judge of Grant County, Oregon, 1866-70. He was led to adopt his pseudonym from having written in defense of Joaquin Murietta, a Mexican brigand. He was a journalist at Washington, District of Columbia, and in 1887 returned to California. He is the author of "Songs of the Sierras" (1871), "Songs of the Sun Lands" (1872), "The Ships in the Desert" (1875), "The First Families of the Sierras" (1875), "Songs of Italy " (1878), "Shadows of Shasta" (1891), "The Destruction of Gotham" (1886), "Songs of the graphs of the spectra of twenty-five metals. With the a istance of Dr. Huggins he began in 1862 experiments on the spectra of the heavenly bodies, procuring the first trustworthy results in solar chemistry. They were awarded the gold medal of the Royal Astronomical Society for their results. In 1851 he published a "Report on the Metropolitan Water Supply." He invented a self-registering thermometer for deep-sea soundings. Miller's Tale of the Carpenter, The. One of Chaucer's "Canterbury Tales." Its source is unknown, but it is probably from some rough jest of the day. Millesimo (mil-lā'sē-mō). A village in the province of Genoa, Italy, situated on the Bormida 36 miles west of Genoa. Here, April 13 and 14, 1796, the French under Bonaparte defeated the Austrian and Sardintan forces. Millet (me-la'), Aimé. Born at Paris, Sept. 27, 1819: died there, Jan. 13, 1891. A French sculptor. He studied both painting and sculpture, and was for a time in the studio of David d'Angers. He first exhibited drawings at the Salon of 1842, and until 1852 his exhibits were both paintings and statues. After that he confined himself entirely to sculpture. Among his works are "Une Bacchante" (1845); "Ariane" (1857), now at the Luxembourg; "Vercingétorix," a colo al statue in copper set up at Alise-Sainte-Reine, Côte-d'Or (1865); a number of portrait busts, including George Sand and Edmond Adam; "Tombeau de la Prince e Christine de Montpensier," for the city of Seville (1881); "La Physique," for the Nice Observatory (1881); various colo al figures for public buildings in Paris (1882); a bronze statue of Edgar Quinet (1885); "Phidias," for the Luxembourg Gardens (1887); etc. Millet (mil'let), Francis Davis. Born at Matt a poi sett, Ma ., Nov. 3, 1846. An American figure-and portrait-painter. He studied at Antwerp duced the Mills Bill (which see) in 1888. He represented Texas in the United States Senate 1892-98. Mills Bill. A tariff bill, named from the chairman (R. Q. Mills) of the Ways and Means Committee, pa ed by the Democratic House in 1888, and rejected by the Republican Senate. It placed wool, lumber, hemp, and flax on the free list, and reduced duties on pig-iron, woolen goods, etc. Mill Springs (mil springz). A village in Wayne County, southern Kentucky, situated on the Cumber land 89 miles south of Frankfort. Near it, Jan. 19, 1862, the Federals under Thomas defeated the Confederates under Crittenden and Zollicoffer. The Federal and Confederate lo es were respectively about 250 and 350. Millville (mil'vil). A city in Cumber land County, New Jersey, situated on Maurice River 40 miles south of Philadelphia. It manufactures gla , cotton, etc. Population (1900), 10,583. Milman (mil'man), Henry Hart. Born at London, Feb. 10, 1791: died near Ascot, Sept. 24, 1868. An English clergyman, the third son of Sir Francis Milman, physician of George III. He was educated at Eton and Brasenose College, Oxford, where he graduated in 1814. In 1812 he won the Newdigate prize with an English poem on the "Apollo Belvedere," and in 1821 was elected profe or of poetry at Oxford. "Fazio," a drama, composed at Oxford, was published in 1815, and performed at Covent Garden Feb. 5, 1818, with Mi O'Neill in the cast. It was also used by Madame Ristori in 1856. "Samor," an epic, appeared in 1818; "The Fall of Jerusalem " in 1820; and the "Martyr of Antioch" in 1822. In 1835 he published translations from Sanskrit poems. In 1827 he delivered the Bampton Lectures. His "History of the Jews," which appeared in 1830, Milner, Joseph. Born at Leeds, England, Jan. 2, 1744: died at Hull, England, Nov. 15, 1797. An English church historian. Milner, Mi . The principal character in Mrs. Inchbald's "Simple Story." Miltiades (mil-ti'a-dez). [Gr. Μιλτιάδης.] Died about 489 в. с. A celebrated A then i an general. He defeated the Persians under Datis and Artaphernes at Marathon Sept. 12, 490. Having failed in an expedition against Paros, he was fined fifty talents, which he was un- able to pay, and died in prison. Milton (milton), John. Born about 1563: died in March, 1647. The father of John Milton the poet, and son of Richard Milton of Stanton St. John, near Oxford. Hewas educated at Christ Church, Oxford, where he became a Protestant. He was admitted to the Company of Scriveners in London Feb. 27, 1600. He married Sarah, daughter of Paul Jeffrey, a merchant tailor. He was a man of high character, a good scholar, Milton, John. Born at London, Dec. 9, 1608: died there, Nov. 8, 1674. A celebrated English poet. He was the son of John Milton, a scrivener. His tutor was Thomas Young, graduate of St. Andrews University, after- ward well known as a Presbyterian clergyman and master of Jesus College, Cambridge. He also attended St. Paul's School until 1624. At 16 he entered Christ's College, Cam- bridge, in the grade of pensioner, and graduated in 1629. To this period belong most of his Latin poems, the "Ode on the Nativity" (1629), the sonnet to Shakspere (1630), and the sonnet to the nightingale, etc. For the next six years he devoted himself to literature at Horton, near Windsor, where he wrote "Ad Patrem," "L'Allegro," "Il Pensero- so," "Comus" (1634), and "Lycidas" (Nov., 1637). In 1638 he went to Italy, meeting Grotius in Paris and Galileo in Florence. The Scottish war called him back in 1639. The first suggestion of "Paradise Lost," in the form of a tra- Parliament (Nov., 1640), Milton joined in the attacks on gedy, dates from 1640. After the meeting of the Long the Episcopacy, and began his political writings with. "Of Reformation touching Church Discipline in England" (1641), "The Reason of Church Government urged against Prelacy" (1642), and others. In 1643 he married as his first wife Mary Powell, of Forest Hill, Oxfords hire. She was the daughter of a Royalist, and was only 17 years old; she found life dull with him, and abandoned him a month later. This desertion was the occasion of his pamphlets on divorce, and the persecution which followed suggested the "Areo- pagitica," a plea for a free pre (the most popular of his prose works). She returned to him after a few years, and he forgave her. She died in 1652. Of this marriage three children, daughters, lived to maturity. After the execu- tion of Charles I., Milton was made Latin secretary to the new Commonwealth (March, 1649). Of his political writ ings during this period the most important are the "Ei. konoklastes" (1649), in answer to the "Eikon Basilike" of John Gauden, and the famous "Defensio prima" or "Pro Populo Anglicano Defensio" (1650), an answer to the "Defensio Regia pro Carolo I." by Claude de Saumaise of Leyden. The" Defensio secund a" appeared in May, 1654. By May, 1652, he had become totally blind. In 1656 he married Catharine Woodcock, who died in 1658; and in 1663 he married Elizabeth Minshull, who survived him. Up to the period of his third marriage his domestic life had been rendered unhappy by the undutifulne of his daugh- ters, who were impatient of the restraints and employ- ments his blindne imposed upon them. At the Rest or a- tion he was freed from all legal consequences of his actions by the Indemnity Act (Oct., 1660). "Paradise Lost" was actually begun in the epic form in 1658, finished before July, 1665, and published in 1667. He sold his rights in the poem to Samuel Simmons, printer, for £5 down, and the promise of three subsequent payments of £5 each. It was entered on the "Stationers' Register" Aug. 20, 1667. Suggestions for "Paradise Lost" may have come from the Anglo-Saxon poem attributed to Cædmon (published in 1655), the "Adamo" of And rein i, and the "Lucifer" of Joost van Vondel (1654). In 1669 appeared his history of Britain to the Norman Conquest, and in 1671 "Paradise Regained" and "Samson Agonistes." His numerous other works in Latin and English were mostly polemical. His last political pamphlet, “ Of True Religion, Heresy, Schism, Milton, The Anglo-Saxon. Cædmon. Milts in (melt-sen'). A peak of the Atlas Moun- tains, Morocco, S.E. of the city of Morocco, once considered the culminating point of the chain. Milvian Bridge. See Pons Milvius . Milwaukee (mil-wake). The capital of Mil- waukee County, Wisconsin, situated on Lake Michigan and on the Milwaukee and Menomi- nee rivers, in lat. 43° 3′ N., long. 87° 56′ W. It was settled in 1835; is the largest city of Wisconsin; exports grain and flour; and is an important railway, manu- facturing, and commercial center. Pork-packing and the manufacture of flour and beer are among the leading in- dustries. It is sometimes called "the Cream City," from the cream-colored bricks. It has a very large German Milyas (mil'i-as). [Gr. Μιλυάς.] In ancient geography, a region in Asia Minor, of varying boundaries, usually including parts of Lycia and Pisidia. Mimas (mi'mas). The first satellite of Saturn, discovered by Herschel, Sept. 17, 1789. Mimbreño (mim-brān'yō). A subtribe of the Cileño tribe of North American Indians, inhab- iting the Mimbres Mountains. See Gileño . Mimbres (mēm'bres), Rio. [Sp.] A stream in southern New Mexico which empties into the in- land basin occupied by the lagoons of northern Mimbres, Sierra. ern New Mexico. A mountain-range in south- Also called the Black Range. [ON. Mimir .] In Old Norse Mimir (mē'mir). mythology, a water-demon in the form of a giant. He dwelt under the root of the ash Yggdrasil at the so-called well of Mimir (ON. Mimisbrunnr ), the source of all wisdom, from which he drank with the Gjallarhorn, Odin, to obtain a drink from the well, was obliged to leave one of his eyes in pawn. tematically to make it the vehicle for plaintive, mournful, and erotic strains. "His name has pa ed into a proverb for luxurious verse, saddened by reflexions on the fleeting joys of youth and on the sure and steady progre of old age and death." Symonds. Min (men). See Khem . Mina (me'nä), Francisco Javier. Born at Otan, near Monreal, Navarre, Dec. 3, 1789: died in the province of Guanajuato, Mexico, Nov.11, 1817. A Spanish soldier. He was a noted guerrilla leader against the French (1808-10), and against Ferdinand VII. (1814); organized in England and the United States an expedition in aid of the patriots of Mexico; landed in Tamaulipas, April, 1817; marched into the interior and re- peatedly defeated the Spanish forces; but was eventually captured by surprise and shot. Minas (mē'nas) Basin. The easternmost arm of the Bay of Fundy, Nova Scotia: noted for its high tides. Length, about 60 miles. Minas Channel. A branch of the Bay of Fundy, connecting it with Minas Basin. Minas Geraes (mē'näs zhe-ris'). An interior state of Brazil, between São Paulo and Bahia. Capital, Ouro Preto. It is cro ed by several moun- tain-chains, and is rich in metals and precious stones, but most of the mines are now abandoned and agriculture is the principal industry. Area, 222,160 square miles. Popu- lati on (estimated, 1894), 3,604,622. Minch (minch). Asea pa age separating Lewis and Harris from the mainland of Scotland. Width, about 25 to 40 miles. Minch, Little. A sea pa age separating the Outer He brides from Skye. Mincing (min's ing). A character in Congreve's comedy "The Way of the World," Millamant's waiting-maid, a good specimen of her cla . Mincing Lane. A street in London connecting Fen church street with Great Tower street: the center of colonial (wholesale) trade. It received its name from the "minchens" (nuns) of St. Helen's, a part Mincio (min'chō). A river in northern Italy: the ancient Mincius. It rises in Tyrol as the Sarca, traverses the Lake of Garda, and falls into the Po 11 miles southeast of Mantua. Near it, Dec. 25 and 26, 1800, the French under Brune defeated the Austrians under Belle- garde; and in 1814 Eugène de Beau harn a is defeated the Austrians. The battle of Solferino is sometimes called the battle of the Mincio. The river formed the boundary be- tween the dominions of Victor Emmanuel and Austria from 1859 to 1866. Total length, about 120 miles. Mind (mind), Gottfried, called "The Bernese Friedli" and "The Raphael of Cats." Born at Bern, Switzerland, 1768: died at Bern, Nov. 7, 1814. A Swi painter, especially remarkable for his pictures of cats. Mindanao (men-da-nä'ō), or Maguindanao (mä-gen-dä-nä'ō). One of the southern islands of the Philippines. Next to Luzon, it is the largest of the group. The surface is mountainous. It came into the po e ion of the United States in 1898. Area, 37,256 square miles. Population, 600,000. Ferdinand of Brunswick defeated the French under Con- tades. Population (1890), 19,345. Mindoro (mēn-do'rō). An island in the Philip- pines, south of Luzon, from which it is sep a- rated by San Bernard i no Strait. Area, 3,934 square miles. Mineo (mē-nā'ō). A town in the province of Catania, Sicily, 25 miles southwest of Catania. Population (1881), 9,519. Mineptah (mi-nep'tä) II., or Menephthes (me- nef'thez). An Egyptian king of the 19th dy- nasty, the thirteenth (or fourteenth [Sayce]) son of Rameses II., and his succe or (about 1300 в.с.). It is supposed that the Exodus took place during his reign. Also Menephtah , Am- menephthes . IMG:content-0779.png:[merged small][ocr errors] The Century Cyclopedia of Names IMG:content-0781.png:[blocks in formation] A cascade in the Minnehaha River, near Minne he Minerva (mi-nėrʼvä). In Roman mythology, Minnehaha (min-e-hä hä), Falls of. [Amer. one of the three chief divinities, the other two Ind. Minnehaha , said to mean 'laughing water.] being Jupiter and Juno. The chief seat of the cult of all three was the great temple on the Capitoline Hill. Mi-apolis, Minnesota. Height, 60 feet. Long fellow nerva was a virgin, the daughter of Jupiter, the supreme god, and hence was identified, as the Romans came more and more under the of Hellenic culture, with the Greek Athene (or Athena) or Pallas, the godde of wisdom, of war, and of the liberal arts. Like Athene, Minerva was represented in art with a grave and majestic | countenance, armed with helmet, shield, and spear, and wearing long full drapery, and on her breast the ægis. Minerva. An antique statue in marble, in the Glyptothekat Munich. The godde wears the scaled ægis, with tunic and himation. The helmeted head, though antique, does not belong to this statue, and the right arm is incorrectly restored as raised to hold a spear it was probably extended, supporting a Victory. See Farnese . Minerva Medica. [So called from the contorted serpent at the godde 's feet.] An impre ive ■ antique statue in Parian marble, in the Vatican, Rome. It is a copy from a fine Greek original, and is A believed to have been the cult-statue of the temple re -placed by Santa Maria sopra Minerva. The godde stands erect as guardian, holding her spear. She is clad in a long diploïdion-tunic, with the ægis and himation, and wears a Corinthian helmet. Minerva Pacifera. ['The peace-bringer.'] A fine statue found at Velletri, now in the Capitoline Museum, Rome. The godde holds her spear, and wears diploïdion and himation and Corinthian helmet, but no sægis, and is attended by no serpent. The type is closely similar to that of the Minerva Medica. Minerva Pre . A printing-house in Leaden hall street, London, which was noted in the eighteenth century for the publication of trashy sentimental novels. Minervino Murge (me-ner-vēnō mörje). A town in the province of Bari, Apulia, Italy, 43 miles west of Bari. Population (1881), 15,163. Minetta (mi-net'ä). A flippant waiting-maid in Mrs. Cowley's comedy "A Bold Stroke for a Husband." Ming (mēng). The ruling dynasty in China from 1368 to the acce ion of the present Manchu dynasty in 1644. Minghetti (mēn-get'tē), Marco. Born at Bologna, Italy, Sept. 8, 1818: died at Rome, Dec. 10, 1886. An Italian statesman, political economist, and publicist. He became minister of the interior under Cavour in 1860, and retained the position, after Cavour's death, in the cabinet of Ricasoli; was minister of finance under Farini in 1862; and was premier 1863-64 and 1873-76. Among his works is "Dell' economia pub. blica" ("On Public Economy," 1859).