BALKAN WARS

(1912-13). In February, 1912, Bulgaria, Serbia, Greece, and Monte negro formed alliance against — Turkey to force her to give local self government to the Bulgar-Serb communities in Macedonia. On Oct. 8 Monte negro declared war and moved on Scutari, which was besieged; on Oct. 14 Serbia took the field, and on Oct. 24 completely routed the Turks at Kumanovo. On Oct. 29 the Serbs entered Monastir. Meanwhile, the Bulgars had advanced down the Maritza, and had forced back the Turks to a fortified zone with two strongholds, Adrianople and Kirk Kili eh, at the extremities. Kirk Kili eh fell on Oct. 24, and the bombardment of Adrianople began Nov. 1. The Turks now fell back on Little Burgas. Leaving forces to invest Adrianople, the Bulgars sent their first army forward and captured Lule Burgas on Oct. 29. Next day (Oct. 30) the Turks were forced to retreat in great disorder to the Chatalja lines defending Constantinople. The Greeks joined in on Oct. 17 under Crown Prince Const an tine and made Salonica their main objective. The port capitulated on Nov. 8. Meanwhile the Bulgars and Serbs before Adrianople had only captured four of the thirty permanent works. Scutari was holding out and winter was rapidly setting in. Thanks to a remarkable march through the snow by the Serbians, Ale io fell (Nov. 18). Operations against the Chatalja position began on the 17th, but the Bulgars found themselves outranged in artillery. In middle of Nov. cholera broke out in Turkish camps, and on Dec. 3 an armistice was concluded—the armies to remain where they were, pending a peace conference. Greece refused to sign the armistice and continued the war. The Peace Conference met in London on Dec. 16; but it came to nothing, and the envoys were recalled. On the night of Feb. 3, 1913, hostilities were resumed; first real victory fell to the lot of the Greeks, who forced Janina to surrender (March 6); on March 24, 15,000 men surrendered to the Serbs, and on March 26 Adrianople fell, Meanwhile the powers had determined frontiers of Albania, but Mon tene grins refused to withdraw; joint naval demonstration made on coast; Austria prepared to exert military pre ure. Scutari was finally surrendered on April 25, but not until May 4 would the Mon tene grins relinquish the place to the powers. Elsewhere the war was over, and on May 16 representatives of the five states met in London, and under Brit. pre ure signed Treaty of London (May 30), by which Turkey lost all her European po e ions W. of a line between Enos on the Sea of Marmora and Media on the Euxine. The victors now began to quarrel amongst themselves. Serbia and Bulgaria had made secret treaty regarding disposal of captured territory, but Serbia now wished for modification, since Albania was not to be hers. The price of Rumania’s neutrality was the ce ion of Silistria and territory S. of Dobrudja; Ferdinand was loath to yield any of the predetermined spoils, and the consequence was that Serbia and Greece formed an anti-Bulgar. alliance, and in June 1913 war blazed out again. By July 2 Bulgaria’s position was critical, and the Porte seized the opportunity to recover Adrianople (July 22). Rumania now invaded Bulgaria, and on the following day, when the Greeks were in touch with the Serbian right wing, peace negotiations began. Treaty signed Aug. 10, giving Serbia whole of Macedonia then occupied by her, together with other territory (15,000 sq. m.), which nearly doubled her area. Greece obtained parts of Macedonia, Rumania 7,000 sq. m., while Turkey regained a considerable area. Bulgaria’s bitter resentment against Serbia continued, and was a considerable factor in bringing about her alliance with the Central Powers during the World War. 75° 30’ E.), salt water lake, Asiatic Turkey; about 300 miles long and 50 miles wide.