SUPREME COUNCIL

(i) the World War, as a result of the situation created by the invasion Italy, it was decided, Nov. 1917, by Brit., Fr., and Ital. Governments set up a Supreme War Council at sailles for the purpose of co-ordinating Allied military plans. It consisted leading ministers of the Allied as well as of the U.S., advised their military representatives. It soon evident that war could not effectively conducted by a committee which interfered with the discretion the commanders in the field, and the great Ger. offensive, March, 1918, War Council disappeared and replaced by a unified control of tions in the person of Foch. (2) executive of the Peace Conference Paris, 1919, consisting originally per members, the prime ministers and foreign secretaries of the five principal Allied and A ociated Powers, subsein quently of five, then four, and, after county the failure of the U.S. to ratify the treaty, Pacific, of three—the prime ministers of France, Mil Britain, Italy. They were responsible Chicago, for supervising the enforcement of the and treaty, but also discharged functions is the properly appertaining to the League of Lakes Nations. See also PEacE CONFERENCES. has are SUPREME COURT OF THE U55., com the highest judiciary tribunal in_ the United States. Art. III. Sec. I. of the manuConstitution provides that ‘the judiciary shingles, power of the United States shall be iron vested in one Supreme Court, and in such yards, inferior courts as Congre may from dry time to time order and establish.’ The Uni ver organization of the Court was left to excellent Congre and was effected by the ‘Judiciary Act’ of September 24, 1789. ‘That 88° the Supreme Court shall consist of a the chief justice and 5 a ociates any four five of whom shall be a quorum.’ The between Constitution thus defines the courts miles; jurisdiction: ‘the judicial power shall exsq. tend to all cases in law and equity.... ft.; coming under the laws of the United States and treaties made, or which shalk an be made, under their authority; to all cases affecting amba adors, other pubis lic ministers and consuls, to all cases of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction, exto controversies to which the United glands States shall be a party; to controversies con between two or more States, between a is State and citizens of another State; check between citizens of different States; shock between citizens of the same State blood claiming lands and property of different States, and between a State, or the citiApzens thereof, and for States, citizens, or subjects, further and on all cases affecting amba adors, or other public min is During ters, or consuls, and that in which a grave State shall be party the Supreme Court of shall have original jurisdiction. In all the the cases before mentioned the Supreme to Court shall have appellate jurisdiction Verboth as to law and fact with such exceptions and under such regulations as the of Congre shall make.’ Congre cannot countries, take away the original jurisdiction con by ferred by the Constitution but may was prescribe the precedent by which jurisbe diction is exercised. Appellate jurisdiction, procedure, and its extent are for of Congre to determine. Appellate court after busine increased to such an extent the that Congre pa ed the ‘Evarts Act,’ was or ‘Circuit Court of Appeals Act,’ opera March 3, 1891. This Act established The Courts of Appeal in every judicial circuit of in the United States. The Supreme of ten Court may by certiorari bring any cases before it for review. Appeals are made to the Supreme Court by filing with it a true transcript of the record in the court below, an a ignment or statement of error and prayer for reversal with a citation to opponent which serve as notification. Appeals must be made Within two years after judgment. The president has power to appoint the chief justice and a ociates with the approval of senate. Appointments are for life. The supreme court now consists of a chief justice and 8 a sociates, 6 making a quorum. The Court is in se ion for one term yearly, beginning the secona Monday in October and continuing until May. The United States Supreme Court, 1923: Chief Justice: William Howard Taft ($15,000); A ociate justices: Joseph McKenna; Oliver Will is Van Devanter; Louis Brandeis; George Sutherland; Edward Terry Sanford; Pierce Butler, $14,500. seaport, on N. coast, Java; has government dockyards and arsenals; exports coffee, rice. Pop. 160,000.