Jefferson, Thomas

(April 2, 1743—July 4, 1826), third President of the United States, was born at Shad well, Albemarle County, Va. He ‘was graduated at William and Mary College, studied law, and entered upon its practice and the care of his estate. In 1769 he entered the House of Burge es, and became active in the Revolutionary agitation; but his activity then and later was as a writer rather than as a speaker, He drafted the instructions to the Virginia delegates to the first Continental Congre , and was in consequence proscribed in Great Britain. As a delegate to the second Continental Congre he is of course chiefly; remembered for his draft of the Declaration of Independence. Soon after signing that document he left Congre to re-enter the Virginia Legislature, where he labored strenuously for democratic reforms in the laws respecting the church and the descent of landed property. While Governor of Virginia, 1779-1781, he was called upon to resist the British {nvasion of the State. He was again in the Legislature, and for a short time in Congre , In 1784 he went to France as Plenipotentiary, and there wrote his ‘' Notes on Virginia,” and observed the outbreak of the Revolution. At the end of 1789 Jefferson returned to America, and entered upon his duties as Secretary of State in Washington’s first Cabinet. In the ensuing years he became the central figure in the Democratic- Republican party which was forming in opposition to the Federalists. Hamilton, ablest of the Federalist leaders, was also in the Cabinet, and between the two divergence of views developed into continual disputes. Jefferson finally resigned in 1794. The great party of which he was the head gave him, in 1796, almost as many electoral votes as were given to Adams. He became accordingly Vice-President. At this epoch he prepared a ‘‘ Manual of Parliamentary Practice,”’ was president of the Philosophical Society, and drafted the Kentucky Resolutions of 1798. ' In the election of 1800-1801 Jefferson’s party defeated Adams and the Federalists, but the defective provisions of the Constitution gave to Jefferson and Burr seventy-three electoral votes each, and there was no election; the House of Representatives accordingly took up the matter, and a bitter struggle ended in the choice of Jefferson for first place. In his Cabinet Madison was Secretary of State, Gall at in of the Treasury, Dear born of War, Robert Smith of the Navy, and Lincoln Attorney- General. His administration was marked by the abolition of some usages of an aristocratic nature, by the Tripoli tan War, the Louisiana Purchase, the Lewis and Clark expedition, the ‘‘ Chesapeake ”’ incident, and the Embargo. President Jefferson was re-elected in 1804, and retired from office in 1809, but continued to be regarded as the adviser of the party. He was interested in later life in plans for education in Virginia, and superintended the planting of the University of Virginia. He died at Monticello in his native State. His political theories have had more influence upon the public life of America than those of any other one man. Jenkins Ferry, Ark. Here, April 30, 1864, while Steele, with a small Federal force, was attempting to cro the Saline River, Kirby Smith fell upon him, Steele turned and, ordering a counter-charge, succeeded in dispersing the Confederates. Jenkins, Thornton A., born in 1811, served during the Mexican War. He commanded in Farragut’s fleet from 1862 to 1865. He was chief of the Bureau of Navigation from 1865 to 1869. | Jersey Prison Ship, an unseaworthy sixty-four-gun ship, lying uff. the Brooklyn shore of New York harbor from 1776 to 1783, and used by i the British as a prison for captured American sailors. Their treatment was most inhuman, Eleven you sand are said to have died of cold and starvation. | Jesuits. The efforts of the Jesuits to convert the Indians belong in general rather to the history of New France and Canada than to that of the United States. But their expeditions extended into the West, where they had mi ionary establishments at Green Bay, Wisconsin, and elsewhere. In the two English colonies in which Catholics were tolerated, Pennsylvania and Maryland, all the priests seem to have been Jesuits down to the suppre ion of that order by the Pope in 1773. Jewell, Marshal! (1825-1883), was elected Governor of Connecticut in 1869, 1871 and 1872. He was Minister to Pru ia from 1873 to 1874. In 1874 he was appointed Postmaster-General; after introducing numerous reforms, he resigned in 1876. He was a member of the Republican National Convention in 1880, and was elected chairman of the National Republican Committee. 368