EDINEURGH

cap. of Scotland, near Firth of Forth, now includes Leith and the suburbs of Portobello and Grant on orios” N... 3° 12" W.), Edinburgh is famed for its natural beauty, stirring history, literary and romantic a ociations, and educational institutions. Its situation—built on and amid hills (Casford Hill, Braids, Corstorphine, etc.)— near the sea, its architecture, and its renown as a centre of learning have earned for the city the title of the ‘Modern Athens.’ The castle—containing St. Margaret’s Chapel (11th cent.), Queen Mary’s room, Scottish regalia, etc.—overlooks both Old and New Town from the Castle Rock, which, like Arthur’s Seat, marks an old lava vent. The castle is to be National War Memorial. Historic High Street runs down to ruined Holyrood Abbey (begun c. 1128 on site of earlier church) and Palace (dating from 15th cent,; Queen Mary’s and Darnley’s apartments). Other notable features of Old Town are lofty houses and quaint ‘closes,’ streets, and squares, St. Giles’ Church (15th cent.), Parliament House (law courts), Tron Kirk 1637, municipal buildings, John Moray, and Huntly houses, and Grey friars’ Church. Princes Street, in New Town, ranks amongst finest streets in world; Scott Monument, Royal Institution, National Picture Galleries, Register House and many handsome buildings. A profe ional rather than a manufacturing town, in printing, publishing, bookbinding, insurance, banking, and retail shopkeeping, Edinburgh claims to be second to London; other industries include brewing distilling, milling, baking, rubber, works, engineering, chemicals, scientific instruments, paper mak- | j ng, fisheries. Education is called Edinburgh’s ‘chief industry’; one of the greatest educational centres in world; univ. (founded 1582; great medical school), many fine secondary schools, including Royal High School (16th cent.), George Heriot’s School 1659, four Merchant Company schools, Academy, Hospital and other colleges and institutions. One explanation, by no means universally accepted, attributes the name of the city to its foundation by Edwin of town made a royal burgh by David I. (early 12th cent.); took prominent part in Anglo-Scottish and civil wars; Leith port a igned to Edinburgh by Robert Bruce 1329; charter granted by Ill. 1482; thenceforward recognized cap. of kingdom and centre of history; James VI. removed court England 1603) Union abolished Parliament and threatened city ruin 1707; Prince Charlie entered burgh 1745; New Town begun in 18th cent.; great literary outburst Scott c. 1800, followed by revivals Carlyle and Stevens on. Pop. with 400,700. Leith is continuous with the city, lies on the S. shore of the Firth of harbour works extensive, and exceeds 4 m. Industries: engineering, shipbuilding, flour milling, sugar chemical manufactures, and saw Chief imports: grain, flour, chemicals, esparto and timber. coal, iron, petrole um, whisky, and Has a long and varied history; seized and burned by Earl of 1544, 1547; held by Cromwellian 1650; Jacobites burned custom 1S. American inventor; b. Milan, Ohio. early schooling amounted to little, the age of 12 he became a train boy Grand Trunk Railway. His alert and insatiable desire for knowledge ly made amends for his lack of education, and at the age of 15 he was editing and published a small paper his own that had its clientele of 300 among the employes of the He learned telegraphy, and in 1864 vented an automatic telegraph Then he went to Boston, where vention of a commercial stock netted him $40,000. With this established a manufacturing plant Newark, N. J., which he gave up afterward in order to devote wholly to invention. His achievements were so extraordinary that his grew with his fame and enabled build great plants at Menlo Park West Orange, N. J. that have been birthplaces of some of the greatest tions the world has known. He out patents on more than 300 inventions, besides having originated hundreds minor devices and improvements he did not patent. Among the notable of his achievements are phonograp h, the incandesc ent lamp, the long distance transmi ion telephone, the megaphon e, the scope, the carbon telephone transmitter, the duplex telegraphic system, nickel-iron storage cell and the phone. He was given medals decorations by all the great nations the world. He was an omnivorous and an indefatigable worker. N James EDMONTON (51° 37’ N., 0° 3’ W.), town, Middle sex, England; burial-place its of Charles Lamb. Pop. 1921, 67,800. to Scot.