Hardish

Hard in a certain degree. Hard'isons Mills, in Tenne ee, a post-office of Maury co. Hard Labor. ( Law . ) A punishment frequently added to imprisonment in those States where the penitentiary system has been adopted. This labor is not greater than that voluntarily performed by many free men, and the quantity required to be performed is not exaggerated. In the penitentiaries of Pennsylvania it consists in be- ing employed in weaving, shoemaking, and such like employments. Hard-la'bor Creek, in S. Carolina , joins Stevens Creek in Edge field dist. Hard'-labored, Hard'-laboured, a . Diligently wrought; studied with care and labor; elaborate; as, "a hard- labored poem." - Swift. Hardy, in Ohio , a township of Holmes co.; pop . about 2,100. Hardy, in W. Virginia , a N.E. co., adjoining Virginia and Maryland; area , about 400 sq. miles. Rivers . South branch of the Potomac, North, Cacapon, and Lost rivers. Surface , broken and mountainous; soil , in the valleys fertile. Min . Iron. Cap . Moore field, Pop . (1890) 7,576. Hardyville, in Arizona , a former post-office and village of Mohave co., on the Colorado river, about 150 miles N.W. of Pre scott. Har dyville, in Kentucky , a post-office of Hart co. Hare, n. [A.S. hara ; Dan. and Swed. hare; Icel. hieri , her i; Ger. hase; 0. Ger. haso; Sansk. sas a , a hare.] (Zool.) See LEPORIDE. Hare bell, n. ( Bot .) See CAMPANULA. Hare'-brained, a . Wild; unsettled; giddy; volatile; poetizing, telling adventures and tales of all kinds - Hard-mouthed, a. Not sensible to the bit; not easily governed by the rein; as, a hard - mouthed horse. Hard'ne , n. Quality or property of being hard; firmne ; close union of the component parts; com- pactne ; solidity; the quality of bodies which resists impre ion or separation of their particles; difficulty to be understood, or to be executed or accomplish red; scarcity; penury; confirmed state of impenitence or wickedne ; coarsene of features; rigor; harshne ; roughne , as of sculpture; niggardline ; severe labor, Hare'hound, n. Same as HARRIER, q. v. trials, or sufferings; a quality in some kinds of water which unfits it for washing; insensibility of heart. 6 Feldspar (cleavable var.), 7 Rock Crystal, 3 Calc Spar (transparent), 8 Topaz (transparent), 4 Fluor Spar (crystallized), 9 Sapphire or Corundum, 5 Apatite (transparent), 10 Diamond. In testing a mineral, if, for instance, it neither scratches nor is scratched by apatite, its hardne is 5. If it scratches apatite and is itself scratched by feldspar, its hardne is between 5 and 6, and so on. The substance known as CARBORUNDUM (q. v.) is one of the hardest yet discovered, ranking next to the diamond, if not surpa ing it in hardne , Hard'wick, in Vermont , a post-village and township of Caledonia co., on Lamoille River, about 20 m. N.N.Ε. of Montpelier. Hard wick Centre, in New Jersey, a village of Warren co., abt. 3 m. N.E. of Blair stown. Hard wicke Island, an island of British N. Amer- ica in Charlotte Sound, between Queen Charlotte's Is- land and the mainland. Hard'y, a . [Fr. hard i ; Norm. hardy ; It. ardito , bold, courageous, daring. See HARD.] Bold; brave; stout; daring; resolute. "And shall not love's diviner power inspire More hardy virtue, and more gen'rous fire?"-Prior. -Confident; full of effrontery; having much a urance; impudent; stubborn to exce ; as, a hardy beggar. -Strong; firm; compact; as, a hardy constitution. always amusing, and always getting money out of his audience. The brilliancy of imagination and wit dis- played in these strange adventures, their striking changes, and dramatic situations, have hardly ever been equalled; but more wonderful still is the poet's power of language. The whole force of the proverbial fulne of expre ion, spirit, elegance, and grandeur of the Arabic idiom, H. has brought to bear on his subject. His work-of which one of the greatest Arabian author- ities has said that it deserved to be written in gold - has indeed become the armory as well as the mine of all Arabic writers since his day. Poets and historians, grammarians and lexicographers, look upon the Maha- mehs as the highest source of authority, and next only to the Koran, as far at least as language is concerned. His book has been translated, either entirely or partially, into nearly every Eastern and European tongue, and has been the prototype of innumerable imitations, the most succe ful of which is the one in Hebrew, Tachkemoni, by Jehuda Al-Charisi. The first complete edition of the text appeared in Calcutta, 1809-1814, in 3 vols.; another by Cau in de Percival, in Paris, 1818; one much more valuable, chiefly on account of its commentary, by Sil- vestre de Sacy, appeared in Paris, 1821-1822, (re-edited 1847-1853.) Hare Island, an island of Lower Canada, in the St. Lawrence River, about 95 miles N.E. of Quebec. Hare'lip, n. (Surg.) A congenital or natural de- for mity, with which children are sometimes born; the upper lip being cleft or divided, either in the centre or a little to the side of the centre, and so called from the peculiar formation of the upper lip of the hare. This malformation is sometimes attended with a cleft or fis- sure along the entire arch of the palate, and in some cases there is a double harelip, the cleft existing on each side of the lip, with a double fi ure in the palate, or the absence of nearly all the bony part of the roof of the mouth. In all cases there is much inconvenience in calking, and in severe cases, from the absence of one or two teeth, and the cleft in the mouth, articulation is extremely difficult. The treatment, which is quite simple, consists in cutting the uneven edge of each side of the split lip smooth by a pair of sci ors or a knife, till the breach presents the appearance of the letter V reversed (A); two or three fine silver pins or needles are then pa ed through each flap, and a piece of silk thread wound in the form of a figure from head to point of each pin, till the two raw edges of the flap are brought close together, where they are to be kept so for some -interj . Listen! hear! hearken! days, till a perfect union by the first intention takes place, the patient being kept on a liquid or very soft diet till the union is perfect-When that is the case, the threads are to be cut, the needles or pins withdrawn, and the part secured for some time longer by strips of the best adhesive plaster. This operation, to be suc- ce ful, should be adopted early-as soon, in fact, as the infant's or child's strength can bear it. Hark, v. n. [Contracted from hearken.] To listen; to lend the ear; to hearken. "Hark, hark / the lark at heaven's gate sings." - Shaks. Hark, in Illinois , a village of Shelby co. Harker's Corners, in Illinois , a P. O. of Peoria co. Harl, n. [O. H. Ger. harl up , rope.] The filaments of flax or hemp. Har'lan, in Indiana , a post-office of Allen co. Harlan, in Iowa , a township of Fayette co. -A township of Page co. Hare'lipped, ( -lipt ,) a . Having a harelip. Ha'rem, n. [Ar. harem , anything prohibited, muhar --A thriving town, cap. of Shelby co., about 48 miles N.E. ram , prohibited, from harram , to prohibit.] The name given to those apartments in the houses of the East, which are appropriated to the exclusive use of the females of the family. See SERAGLIO. The collective number of wives and concubines pertaining to one man. Haren'giform, a. [Fr. hareng, herring, and forme, form.) Having the shape or form of a herring. Hare-pipe, n. A trap to catch hares. Hare's-lettuce, ( -let'tis , ) n. ( Bot .) See SONCHUS. Hare's-tail-gra , n. ( Bot . ) See LAGURUS. Hare's Valley, in Pennsylvania , a post-office of Hun- tingdon co. Hare'wood, in New York , a P. O. of St. Lawrence co. Harewood, in W. Va . , a post-village of Fayette co. Har'fang, n. [A. S. hara , have, and fang an , to catch.] ( Ornith .) The great snowy owl. See OWL. Harfleur ( här flur ), a town of France, dept. Seine-In- férieure, at the confluence of the Seine with the Lé- zarde, 5 m. E.N.E. of Havre, and 1 m. from the sea. Its harbor, once good, is now nearly filled up. Pop . 2,100. Har'ford, in Maryland , a N.E. co., adjoining Penn- sylvan i a; area , about 422 sq. miles. Rivers . Susque- hanna river, Deer Creek, and smaller streams. Surface , diversified; soil , fertile. Min . Iron, limestone, and granite. Cap . Belair. Pop . (1890) 28,993, -A village of Harford co., abt. 25 m. E.N.E. of Baltimore. Harford, in New York , a post-township of Cortland co., about 140 miles W. by S. of Albany. Harford, in Pennsylvania, a post-township of Susque- hanna co., about 10 m. S.E. of Montrose. Harford Furnace, in Maryland, a post-office of Hargreaves, JAMES, ( har'graives ,) a celebrated Eng- lish mechanician, who, while working as a poor weaver at Stanhill, in Lancashire, conceived the idea of imitat- ing, by machinery, the action of the spinner seated at her wool-wheel; by means of which the "roving" of wool could be extended indefinitely; and, after having been twisted, wound on the cope or spindle. This was the origin of the celebrated "spinning jenny;" and even at the period of its first construction (1767) it pro- duced more work than the combined efforts of thirty spinners with the old wheel. Ark wright and others have since completed the invention; the machinery of cotton-spinning being, at the present day, among the very best and simplest of all mechanical contrivances. The cotton-spinners, who had hitherto worked by hand, imagining that their trade would be ruined by the new machine, besieged the house of the inventor, and en- deavored to destroy his "jennies." H. removed to Not- tingham, and very shortly after, his invention superseded by the improvements effected by Sir Richard of Council Bluffs. Pop . (1897) about 2,500. Harlan, in Kansas , a post-village of Smith co. Harlan, in Kentucky , a S.E. co., adjoining Virginia; area, about 410 sq. m. Rivers . Cumber land river, and numerous smaller streams. Surface , rugged and moun- tainous, the Cumber land mountain forming the S.E. boundary; soil , in some places fertile. Min. Iron and coal. Cap . Harlan. Pop . (1890) 6,197. -A post-village, cap. of the above co. Har'lansburg, in Pennsylvania, a post-village of Lawrence co., on Slippery creek. Harleesville, in South Carolina, a township of Marion co., on the Little Pedee, about 100 miles E.N.Ε. of Columbia. Har'lem, in Holland. See HAARLEM. Harlem, in Illinois , a township of Stephen son co. -A post-village and township of Winnebago co., about 6 miles N.E, of Rock ford. Harlem, in Mi ouri , a post-village of Clay co. Harlem (old spelling HAARLEM), in New York , was a settlement on Manhattan Island, at the junction of East and Harlem rivers, about 7 miles from the Battery. It has been for many years a part of the city of New York, although the region named is still known as H. IMG:content-0523.png:[blocks in formation] deep slate; some of the scapulars white; greater wing- coverts tipped with white; legs and feet deep ash; vent and pointed tail black. It swims and dives well; flies swift and to a great height; and has a whistling note. The female lays ten white eggs on the gra ; the young are prettily speckled. At Hudson's Bay, where it breeds, and is said to frequent the small rivulets inland, it is called the Painted Duck ; at Newfoundland and along the coast of New England, the Lord . It is an admirable diver, and is often seen in deep water considerably out at sea. Harleysville, in Pennsylvania, a post-office of Montgomery co. Harlingen. [Fris. Harus .] A fortified town of W. Fries land, in Holland, on the Zuyder-Zee, 65 m. N.N.E. of Amsterdam. It has an active trade with the Baltic. Pop . 9,085. Harlingen, in New Jersey , a post-village of Somerset co., abt. 9 m. S.S.W. of Somerville. Har'lot, n. [Corrupted from A. S. horelet , from hyrian , to hire. See WHORE.] A woman who prostitutes her body for hire; a strumpet; a prostitute; a whore; an aban- doned woman; a nymph of the pave; a courtesan; a bona rob a; a doxy. -a. Lascivious; lewd; wanton; base; low. Harlotry, n. Trade or practice of prostitution; li- censed fornication; habitual or customary lewdne . Harm, n. [A.S. hearm or harm ; Dan., Swed., and Ger. harm , grief, offence; Icel. harmr , probably akin to O. Ger. gram , angry, gramiz , sad.] Injury; hurt; detri- ment; damage; misfortune; moral wrong; evil; mis- chief; wickedne . -v. a. [A. S. hearmian.] To hurt, injure, or damage; to impair, as soundne of body. Har'maline, n . (Chem.) A yellow crystallizable substance obtained from the seeds of Peganum harmala . It is soluble in dilute acid and alcohol. The plant is found in Southern Ru ia, and the seeds are used in dye- ing. Har'mar, in Ohio , a village of Washington co., on the Muskingum river, opposite Marietta. Pop . (1890) 1,684. Harmarville, in Pennsylvania, a post-village of Allegheny co. Harmat'tan, n. [Fr.; Sp. harm at an ; It. armatano.] (Meteorol.) The dry parching wind prevailing on the coast of Africa, between Cape Nord and Cape Lopez, in the months of December, January, and February. It much resembles the sirocco in its character. inoffensive; innocent; unoffending.-Not receiving dam- age or injury; unharmed; uninjured; not guilty of crime or wrong; as, to hold a person harmle with respect to consequences. Harm'le ly, adv . Innocently; without fault or crime; without hurt or damage. Harm'le ne , n. Quality of being harmle or in- noxious; freedom from a tendency to injure; innocence. "When in dough-baked men some harmle ne we see, 'Tis but his phlegm that's virtuous, and not he."-Donne. Harmo'dius and Aristogʻit on, two A then i ans, strongly attached to each other, who murdered (514 B. c.) Hipparch us, the younger brother of the tyrant Hippias, on account of an insult offered by him to the sister of Harmodius. They meant to kill Hippias also, with a view to the overthrow of the Pisistratidæ, but in this they did not succeed. H. was cut down by the body- guard immediately after the murder of Hipparch us; A. fled, but was afterwards taken and executed. As Hip- pias was banished from Athens a few years later, H. and A. naturally came to be regarded as patriotic martyrs; and in this light they appear in all subsequent Greek history. They received divine honors from the Athen- ians, and had statues raised to their memory. A very beautiful drinking-song on this subject has been handed down to us in the Greek Scholia . Harmoʼnia. [Gr. Armonia .] (Myth.) According to some versions, a daughter of Ares and Aphrodité. She became the wife of Cadmus, the founder of Thebes, from whom she received the fatal necklace which brought about the deaths of Amphiraos and Eriphylê. Harmon'ic, Harmon'ical, a . [Fr. harm on i que ; Gr. harm on i kos .] Having harmony; concordant; con- sonant; musical; as, harmonical sounds, an harmonic society. ( Mus .) Relating to harmony, as distinguished from melody; relating to harmonics, or the doctrine of chords, . -Whatever appertains to harmony; as, the har- monic divisions of the monochord, the harmonic pro- portions, . H. Mean. ( Arith . and Algeb .) The second term of the harmonic progre ion, whose first and third terms are given quantities, is termed the harmonic mean of the latter; hence, since the reciprocals of quantities in harmonic progre ion form an arithmetical series, the harmonic mean is the reciprocal of one half the sum of the reciprocals of the given quantities. Generalizing this definition, the harmonic mean of any number of quantities is the reciprocal of the nth part of the sum of their reciprocals. - H. Triad . (Mus.) The chord of a note consisting of a third and perfect fifth, or, in other words, the common chord.- H . Progre ion or Series. ( Arith .) A series of numbers such that any three con- secutive terms are in harmonic proportion. The prin- cipal property of this progre ion is, that the reciprocals of the terms form an arithmetical progre ion, and, con- versely, the reciprocals of an arithmetic form an harmonic progre ion.- H . , or Musical , Proportion . Three num- bers are said to be in harmonical proportion when the first is to the third as the difference of the first and second is to the difference of the second and third; - thus, 2, 3, and 6 are in harmonical proportion, because 2:6::1:3.- H . Interval. ( Mus .) Any interval which has definite harmonic relations between the numbers of vibrations of its constituent notes. Harmon'ic, n. (Mus.) See HARMONICS. Harmon'ica, n . [Lat. harmonic us .] (Mus.) An in- strument invented by Dr. Franklin, now seldom or never used, and which derived its origin from the musical gla es. Its sounds are produced from gla es blown as nearly hemispherical as po ible, each having an open neck or socket in the middle, into which a perforated cork is fitted. Near the brim the gla is about one tenth of an inch thick, but increases towards the neck, which is in the largest about one inch deep and half an inch wide within, the dimensions le ening in proportion as the gla es diminish in size, all excepting the smallest, which ought not to be le than half an inch in length. The largest gla is nine inches in diameter, and the smallest three; between these there are twenty-three different sizes. They are distinguished by painting the apparent parts of the gla es on the inside-every semi- tone white, and the other notes of the octave with the seven prismatic colors, so that gla es of the same color, white ones excepted, are always octaves to each other. The gla es are placed on a round iron spindle (fixed horizontally in the middle of a box, and made to turn on bra gudgeons at each end), one within the other, each leaving about an inch of its brim above that of the other. The spindle is turned by means of a foot-wheel, and the gla es with the ends of the fingers, damped and rubbed with chalk to bring out the tone more readily. The gla es also should be occasionally wetted with a sponge and clean water. The production of the sound by means of the naked finger is said to have such an effect upon the nervous system as in some cases to have caused fainting-fits. Many attempts were made to play it by keys, but none have succeeded, no dead substance hav- ing been yet found capable of giving the same expre ion to the sound as the human fingers. Harmon'ically, adv . With harmony; musically. -Treating of harmony, as distinguished from melody . Harmon'ics, n. pl. ( Mus .) A term applied to those concomitant, acce ory sounds which accompany the predominant and apparently simple tone of any chord or string, as well as to the mathematical mensuration of musical sounds. The doctrine of the ancients was divided into seven parts, viz., sounds, intervals, systems, genera, tones, mutations, and melopœia. "Thoughts, that voluntary move Harmonious numbers." - Milton . -Agreeing in action or sentiment; living in peace and friendship; as, an harmonious couple. Harmoniously, adv . With just adaptation and proportion of parts to each other; with accordance of sound; musically; in concord; in agreement; in peace or friendship. Harmonom'eter, n. [Gr. armonia, and metron, measure.] An instrument for measuring the harmonic relations of sounds. Harʼmonsburg, in Pennsylvania , a post-office of Crawford co. Harmony, n. [Lat. harm on i a; Gr. armonia , from harmozō , to fit or adjust together, to join, from obs. arō , to fit, to adapt.] The just and fit adaptation of parts to each other, in any system, plan, or composition of things, IMG:content-0524.jpg:[graphic] IMG:content-0525.png:[graphic] shape, the harmony of the universe, . - Concord; agreement; accordance in facts; agreement in opinions, interests, manners, .; good correspondence; peace and friendship; as, the two families live in harmony together. "My heart... by a secret harmony still moves with thine." Milton . -The agreement or consistency of different histories of the same events; a literary work which brings together parallel excerpts respecting the same events, and shows their agreement; - used chiefly with application to the correspondence of the several writers of different parts of the Scriptures in their respective narratives, or statements of doctrine. The earliest Harmony of the Gospels was composed by Tatian, in the 2d century, with the title Diate aron. Among other works of this kind may be mentioned, Osiander's Harm on i a Evan gelica ; Cartwright's Harm on i a Evangelic a Comment aria Ill us trat a (1647); Le Clerc's Harmonie Evangel i que (Amsterdam, fol., 1699); Mac Knight's Harmony of the Four Gospels (1756); Greswell's Harmony and Di er tation , (Oxford, 1830.) (Painting.) The general accordance of the objects in a picture with one another, and their subordination to the principal object; so that all unite to constitute a pleasing whole. It is effected by a due combination of lights and shades, by the union and color, or by such contrasts as are sufficient to relieve the distant groups. Harmony, in Illinois, a township of Hancock co.A post-village of McHenry co., about 55 m. N.W. of Chicago. Harmony, in Indiana, a post-town of Clay co., about 19 m. E.N.E. of Terre Haute. Pop. (1890) 1,020. -A township of Union co. Harmony, in low a , a village of Taylor co. Harmony, in Kansas , a post-office of Pawnee co. Harmony, in Kentucky , a post-village of Owen co. Harmony, in Maine , a post-town and township of Somerset co. Pop . 704. Harmony, in Minnesota , a township of Fill more co. -A post-village of Fill more co., on Chic., Mil. & St. Paul R.R. Pop . (1895) 325. Harmony, in Mi ouri, a village of Washington co., about 80 m. S.W. of St. Louis. -A township of Washington co. Harmony, in New Jersey, a village of Mon mouth co., about 14 m. N.E. of Freehold. -A village of Morris co. -A post-town of Warren co. Harmony, in New York , a village of Chautauqua co. Harmony, in Ohio , a village and township of Clarke co., about 7 m. E. by S. of Springfield. -A township of Morrow co. Harmony, in Pennsylvania , a post-borough of Butler co., on on Cone que ne ing creek, about 220 m. W. by N. of Harris burg. -A township of Forest co. -A township of Susquehanna co. Harmony, in Rhode Island, a post-village of Providence co. Pop. (1890) 379. Harmony, in South Carolina, a post-village of York co., about 100 m. N. of Columbia. Harmony, iu South Dakota, a township of Jerauld co. -A township of Spink co. Harmony, in Tenne ee, a post-village of Washington co. Harmony, in Virginia, a post-village of Halifax co., about 110 m. S.W. of Richmond. Harmony, in Wisconsin, a township of Rock co. river, about 10 m. W. by N. of Viroqua. Harmony, in West Virginia, a village of Roane co., about 5 m. N. W. of Spencer. Harmony Grove, in Georgia, a post-village of Jackson co., abt. 100 m. N. of Milledgeville. Harmony of the Spheres. ( Phil . ) Many of the ancient philosophers held that the regular movements of the various heavenly bodies through space produced a kind of H. , which they called " H. of the Spheres." They attributed this music to the various proportionate impre ions of the heavenly bodies on one another acting at proper intervals. Kepler wrote a work on the harmonies of the world, and particularly of the celestial bodies. Harmony, (Pre-established.) ( Phil .) An hypothesis invented by Leibnitz, to explain the connection that subsists between spiritual and material substances. He holds that God, before creating the soul and body of man, had a perfect knowledge of all po ible souls and all po ible bodies. Among this infinite variety of souls and bodies it would be impo ible but that there should be souls whose series of perceptions and determinations would correspond to the series of movements which some of these po ible bodies would execute. Now supposing that of such a soul and such a body God should make man, it is evident that between the two substances which constitute this man there would subsist the most perfect harmony. These would have no communication, no mutual influence, the one upon the other; each would act by virtue of its own nature, like two clocks accurately regulated, which point to the same hour and minute, although the spring which gives motion to the one is not the spring which gives motion to the other. This harmony being established before the creation of man, is hence called the pre-established or pre-determined harmony. This doctrine is frequently alluded to in philosophical works; but it is needle to attempt any refutation of it, as it is at best merely an hypothesis, and was probably regarded even by the author himself more as a specimen of ingenuity than as a serious doctrine.