FREUD, SIGMUND

(1856), Austrian psychiatrist; b. Freiburg, Moravia. He entered the medical profe ion and taught physiology at the University of Vienna, where he also lectured on diseases of the nerves. He studied later at Paris under Charcot, and in 1902 became a ociate profe or of neuropoole y at Vienna. He visited the nited States in 1909 and lectured before medical societies. - Freud has become a figure of international note because of his studies and writings on the subject of psychoanalysis. He seeks to unify the various proce es of willing, thinking and feeling under a single casual concept. The units of action of which the mind consists are styled by Freud ‘complexes’ or wishes. Not all of these can be realized at one time however—some can never be realized—hence life consists of alternate expre ions and repre ions. ’ The wish that is repre ed is not therefore destroyed; it simply becomes subconscious and at any time may ‘emerge with disastrous or beneficial effects upon conduct and behavior. Ultimately these complexes are reducible to the primary instincts of hunger, sex, self-preservation and the social urge. Freud has laid special emphasis on psychoanalysis in its therapeutic aspect as a method of investigation and treatment of nervous diseases, especially those connected with sex development. His theory of dreams and his treatment of hysteria and other forms of neurosis are developed at length in his voluminous writings. His publications include Zur Auffa ung der Aphasie, 1891; Studien Ueber HAysterie, 1895, translated into English 1913; Drei Abhandlungen zur Sexualtheorie, 1905; Ueber Psychoanalyse, 1910; Totem und Tabu, 1913; Jenseits des Lustprinzips, 1920; and Mas sen psycho logie und Analyse des Ichs, 1921. of love; dau. of Njorth and sister of Freyr; sometimes confused with Frigga.