GOVERNMENT

ruling authority in state; may also mean the person or persons to whom administration is entrusted and whose duty it is to deal with public affairs at home and to control foreign policy of state. Governments have been cla ified since the days of Aristotle as put in view of modern developments a truer delineation would be autocratic, constitutional, and popular. The first of these, under which the monarch directs the lives of his subjects by the fiat of his word, finds no place in modern politics. Constitutional government arises where a community, which has formerly been ruled by a bureaucracy, has succeeded, ' without destroying the bureaucracy, in placing legal limitations upon the executive authority. Governments of this type are those of Spain and Italy, and that of Germany and the various Ger. states under the old regime. Under this - system it invariably happens that the federal executive acts contrarily to the - wishes of the government as a whole. The executive authority is bound by legal limitations, and by legal limitations only. Under the third type, the popular form of government, of which Great Britain, Belgium, and the Brit. Dominions are good examples, the executive exercises its undoubted legal _ functions according to the wishes of a body which may fairly be said to represent popular or public opinion. These countries are ruled by a nominal head under the title of king. The republic - which is both theoretically and actually governed by the people has the United _ States for its chief example. All repub- - lies, including those established after the - World War, are modeled after the principles upon which the United States was founded, and which are established in the Constitution. The machinery by which this harmony is achieved is usually that of a cabinet of ministers amenable to a popular chamber, which is itself amenable to a popular electorate. Into ‘one of these three types of government all civilized systems will, it is believed, be found to fall. Government may also be cla ified according to the solidification or dispersion of ruling power, as centralized, dual, federal, and confederate; in a centralized government -* entire power is in the hands of the central administrative body, but in the other forms a considerable amount of pearly is exercised by local governing odies, ant