Garcia (gär-sē'ä), Aleixo or Alejo

Died in ous languages. Garcia Granados (grä-nä'dōs), Miguel. Born about 1840: died Sept. 8, 1878. A Guatemalan politician. As a deputy he opposed Cerna in 1869, and in 1870 was banished. A isted by Barrios, he invaded Guatemala from Chiapas in 1871, defeated and deposed Cerna, and ruled the country as provisional president until June 4, 1873, when he was succeeded by Barrios. Garcia More no (mō-ra'nō), Gabriel. Born at Guayaquil, 1821: a a inated at Quito, Aug. 6, 1875. An Ecuador i an politician. He was chief of the provisional government at Quito, 1859, as head of the church party, and president 1861-65, during a period of great disorder, including war with New Granada. In 1869 he was again elected president for six years, and had been reëlected in 1875 when he was killed. Garcia Oñez de Loyola, Martin. See Loyola . Garcia Pelaez (pā-lä'ath), Francisco de Paula. Born about 1800: died at Guatemala City, Jan. 25, 1867. A Guatemalan prelate and historian, archbishop of Guatemala from Feb. 11, 1844. His principal work was "Me morias para la hist or i a del antiguo rei no de Guatemala" (3 vols. 1851-53). Garcia Rovira (rō-vē'rä), Custodio. Born in Cart a gena about 1770: died at Bogotá, Aug. 8, 1816. A New Granadan patriot. He was profe or in the College of San Bartolomé, and an accomplished scholar. In 1810 he joined the patriots, had important commands in the army, and in 1814 and 1815 was a member of the executive triumvirate. When the patriots were flying before Morillo in 1816, Garcia Rovira was for a short time chief of the state. He was captured and shot. Garcias (gär-the'äs), Pedro. A licentiate, referred to in the preface to Le Sage's "Gil Blas," whose soul was buried in a leathern purse which held his ducats. Garcila o de la Vega. See Vega . Garcin de Ta y (gär-san' de tä-se'), Joseph Héliodore Sage e Vertu. Born at Marseilles, Jan. 20, 1794: died at Paris, Sept. 2, IMG:content-0446.png:[blocks in formation] Gardiner, Samuel Rawson. Born 1829. An English historian. His works include a history of the Stuart period "from the Acce ion of James I. to the Disgrace of Chief Justice Coke" (1863), "Prince Charles and the Spanish Marriage" (1869), "The Thirty Years' War" (1874), "England under the Duke of Bucking ham and Charles I." (1875), "Personal Government of Charles I." (1877), "Outlines of English History" (1881), "Fall of the Monarchy of Charles I." (1882), "History of the Great Civil War" (1886), etc. He has edited a number of hitherto unpublished documents and letters ("The Fortescue Papers," "The Hamilton Papers," etc.). Gardiner, Stephen. Born at Bury St. Edmunds between 1483 and 1490: died at London, Nov. 12, 1555. An English prelate and politician. He studied at Trinity Hall, Cambridge, of which society he elected master in 1525. In 1528 he was sent Henry VIII. on a mi ion to the Pope in reference to the proposed divorce between the king and Catharine of Ara gon. He was made secretary of state in 1529; was appointed bishop of Winchester in 1531; and was elected chancellor of the University of Cambridge about 1540. Although constantly employed on diplomatic mi ions to the courts of Rome, France, and the emperor, his chief service to Henry consisted in a learned defense of the Act of Supremacy, published in 1535 under the title "De vera obedient i a oratio." In the reign of Edward VI. he resisted the ecclesiastical policy of Cranmer, in consequence of which he was committed to the Tower and, in 1552, deprived of his bishopric. He was restored to liberty at the acce ion of Queen Mary, who appointed him lord high chancellor of the realm in 1553. In conjunction with Bonner he was the chief instrument in bringing about the persecution of the Protestants in the early part of Mary's reign. IMG:content-0447.png:[blocks in formation] Gardiner's Island. A small island lying off the northeast of Long Island, New York, in lat. 41° 8' N., long. 72° 8' W. It belongs to the township of East hampton. Gardner (gärd'ner). A town in Worcester County, Ma achusetts, about 23 miles northwest of Worcester. Population (1890), 8,424. Gardner, George. Born at Glasgow, Scotland, May, 1812: died at Neura Ellia, Ceylon, March 10, 1849. A botanist and traveler. From 1836 to 1841 he traveled in Brazil, collecting and studying plants. In 1844 he was appointed superintendent of the botanical garden of Ceylon, and he afterward traveled extensively in India. Besides numerous botanical monographs, he published "Travels in the Interior of Brazil" (1846: 2d ed. 1849). Gardoni (gär-dō'nē), Italo. Born at Parma, Italy, 1821: died March 30, 1882. An Italian tenor singer. He made his début at Viadana in 1840. His repertoire was large, and he sang much in Paris and London. He retired from the stage in 1874. Gareloch (gar'loch). An inlet of the Firth of Clyde, in the southwest of Dumb art on shire, Scotland. Garenganze (gä-reng-gän'ze), also Katanga (kä-täng'gä). The kingdom of the late Mushidi or Msidi, situated between the head streams of the Luapula River, west of Lakes Bangweolo and Moero. The natives are mostly Baluba (also called Ba - rub a and Ba - rua ). Garenganze is the English pronunciation of Ngaranganja, the name of a Nyamwezi tribe to which Msidi, the founder of the kingdom, belonged. The Nyamwezi are the great traders of East Africa. The famous copper-mines attracted them to Katanga, where guns and powder enabled Msidi to establish his great kingdom, based on rapine. In 1892 Msidi was shot by a Kongo State officer, and his country handed over to the Katanga Company. See Luba . Gare io (gä-res'sē-ō). A small town in the province province of of Cuneo, Cuneo, Pie Piedmont, Italy, situated on the Tanaro 28 miles southeast of Cuneo. Gareth (ga'reth). In Arthur i an romance, the nephew of King Arthur. He was introduced to Arthur's court as a scullion, and concealed his name for a year at his mother's request. He was nicknamed "Beaumains" by Sir Kay on account of the size of his hands. Tennyson has used his story, with some alterations, in "Gareth and Lynette." vols. 1883). Garfield (gär'fēld), James Abram. Born at Orange, Cuyahoga County, Ohio, Nov. 19, 1831: died at Elberon, N. J., Sept. 19, 1881. The twentieth President of the United States. He was an instructor in and later president of Hiram College, Ohio, 1856-61, and a member of the Ohio senate 1859-61. He joined the Union army as a lieutenant-colonel of volunteers at the beginning of the Civil War; defeated General Humphrey Marshall at the battle of Middle Creek, Jan. 10, 1862; was promoted brigadier-general in the same year; was chief of Rose crans's staff (serving at Chick am aug a) in 1863; was promoted major-general in 1863; was member of Congre from Ohio 1863-80; was a member of the Electoral Commi ion in 1877; was elected United States senator in 1880; was elected as Republican candidate for President in 1880; was inaugurated March 4, 1881; and was shot at Washington by Guiteau, July 2, 1881. His works have been edited by B. A. Hinsdale (2 Gargamelle (gär-ga-mel'). The mother of Gargantua, in Rabelais's romance of that name. Gargano (gär-gä'nō). A mountainous peninsula in the province of Foggia, Italy, projecting into the Adriatic Sea: the ancient Garganus. Highest point, Monte Calvo (3,460 feet). Gargantua (gär-gan tū-ä; F. pron. gär-gon-tüä') and Pant a gruel (pan-tag'rö-el; F. pron. pon-tä-grü-el'), The Life of. A satirical work in prose and verse by Rabelais. Gargantua is a giant with an enormous appetite, and his name has become proverbial for an insatiable eater. The mi pelling Garagantua, originated by Pope in his edition of Shakspere's plays ("As you Like it," iii. 2), has been followed by some other editors. ( Furne . There was a chape book, popular in England in the 16th century, giving history of the giant Gargantua, who accidentally swallows five pilgrims, staves and all, in his salad. See Pant a gruel and Panurge . He [Rabelais] edited too, and perhaps in part rewrote, a prose romance, "Les Grandes et Inestimables Chronicques du Grant et Enorme Géant Gargantua." This work, the author of which is unknown, and no earlier copies of which exist, gave him no doubt at least the idea of his own famous book. The next year (1532) followed the first instalment of this - "Pant a gruel Roi des Dipsodes Restitué en been suspected of spuriousne . Such a question cannot be debated here at length. But there is no external testimony of sufficient value to discredit Rabelais's author ship, while the internal testimony in its favour is overwhelming. Saints bury , Short Hist. of French Lit., p. 185. Gargaphia (gär-ga'fi-ä), The Vale of. The vale where the mythical Actœon was torn to pieces by his own hounds. It was used by Jonson as the scene of "Cynthia's Revels." Gargaron (gär'ga-ron), the modern Kaz-Dagh (käz-däg'). [Gr. Γάργαρον .] In ancient geogGargery (gar'jer-i), Joe. In Dickens's "Great raphy, the highest summit of Mount Ida, Mysia. Expectations," a good-natured blacksmith with a shrewish wife: Pip's brother-in-law. Garhwal, or Gurhwal (gur-wäl'). 1. A district in the Kumaon division, Northwest Provinces, British India, intersected by lat. 30° 30′ N., long. 79° E. Area, 5,629 square miles. Population (1891), 407,818.-2. A protected state in India, situated west of British Garhwal. Area, 4,164 square miles. Population (1891), 241,242. Garibaldi (gä-rē-bäl'dē), Giuseppe. Born at Nice, July 4, 1807: died on the island of Caprera, near Sardinia, June 2, 1882. A celebrated Italian patriot. Exiled from Italy for political reasons in 1834, he went to South America, where he was employed in the service first of the republic of Rio Grande do Sul and afterward in that of Uruguay, 1836-48. In 1849 he entered the service of the Roman Republic, which was abolished in the same year. In 1850 he went as an exile to the United States, where he was naturalized as a citizen, and where for a time he followed the occupation of a candle-maker on Staten Island. He returned to Italy in 1854, and settled as a farmer on the island of Caprera. He commanded an independent corps, known as the "Hunters of the Alps," in the Sard in i an service during the war of Sardinia and France against Austria in 1859. Secretly encouraged by the Sard in i an government, he organized, after the conclusion of peace, an expedition against the Two Sicilies for the purpose of bringing about the union of Italy. He descended upon Sicily with 1,000 volunteers in May, 1860, and after having made himself dictator of Sicily cro ed to the mainland, where he expelled Francis II. from Naples and entered the capital Sept. 7, 1860. He retired to Caprera on the union of the Two Sicilies with Sardinia and the proclamation, March 17, 1861, of Victor Emmanuel of Sardinia as king of Italy. Striving for the complete unification of Italy, organized an expedition against Rome in 1862, but was defeated and captured by the Sardinians at As pro monte in Aug. He was again in arms against the Pope in 1867, and was defeated by the French and papal forces at Mentana in Nov. In 1870-71 he commanded a French force in the war against the Germans. Gariep (gä-rep'). The Orange River. Garigliano (gä-rēl-yä'nō). A river in western Italy, flow in flowing into the Gulf of Gaeta 10 miles east of Gaeta: the ancient Liris. Near it, Dec. 27, 1503, Gonsalvo de Cordova defeated the French under the Marquis of Saluzzo. Length, about 90 miles. Garland (gär'land), August us Hill. Born near Coving ton, Tenn., June 11, 1832. An American politician. He was a member of the Confederate congre ; governor of Arkansas 1875-77; United States senator from Arkansas 1877-85; and attorney-general 1885 1889. Garm (gärm). [ON. Garmr.] In Old Norse mythology, the demon watch-dog of Hel. At Ragnarök he and the god Tyr slew each other. Garmail (ger-mâ-il') and Armail (er-ma-il'). In Firdausi, two noble Persians who became cooks to King Tohak in order to save each day one of the two men whose brains were daily devoured by the serpents that grew on Tohak's back. Substituting the brains of a sheep for those of one, they saved him. From the men thus saved Firdausi derives the Kurds. Garneau (gär-no'), François Xavier. Born at Quebec, June 15, 1809: died Feb. 3, 1866. A Canadian historian. He was city clerk of Quebec 1845-66. He wrote "His to ire du Canada" (1845-46). Garnet (gär'net), Henry Highland. Born in Kent County, Md., 1815: died at Monrovia, Liberia, Feb., 1882. An American clergyman and orator, of African birth. Garnett (gär'net), Henry. Born at Heanor, Derby shire, 1555: executed at St. Paul's Churchyard, May 3, 1606. A leading English Jesuit, arrested and put to death for alleged connection with the Gunpowder Plot. Garnett, Richard. Born at Otley, Yorkshire, July 25, 1789: died Sept. 27, 1850. An English clergyman and philologist, a istant keeper of printed books at the British Museum from 1838. His philological e ays were collected and pub Son naturel avec ses Faicts et Proueses Espouvantables." Three years afterwards came "Gargantua" proper, the first book of the entire work as we now have it. Eleven years, however, pa ed before the work was continued, the second book of "Pant a gruel" not being published till 1546, and the third six years later, just before the author's death, in 1552. The fourth or last did not appear as a until 1564, though the first sixteen chapters had been given to the world two years before. This fourth book, the fifth of the entire work, has, from the length of time which elapsed before its publication and from certain variations which exist in the MS. and the first printed editions, lished in 1859. Garnett, Richard. Born at Lich field, England, Feb. 27, 1835. An English scholar and author, son of Richard Garnett (1789-1850). He was made a istant keeper of printed books and superintendent of the reading-room of the British Museum in 1875. He retired in 1884, and has since been appointed keeper of printed books. Garrick Garnier (gär-nyā'), Adolphe. Born at Paris, March 27, 1801: died at Jouy-en-Josas, May 4, 1864. A French philosopher. He was profe or of philosophy in the University of Paris from 1845 until his death. He wrote "Traité des facultés de l'âme" (1852). Garnier, Charles Georges Thomas. Born at Auxerre, France, Sept. 21, 1746: died there, Jan. 24, 1795. A French littérateur. He was Revolutionary commi ioner at Auxerre 1793-95. His chief work is "Nouveaux proverbes dramatiques, etc." (1874). Garnier, Germain. Born at Auxerre, France, Nov. 8, 1754: died at Paris, Oct. 4, 1821. A French political economist, brother of C. G. T. Garnier. He emigrated with the royalists in 1793, returned in 1795, and became prefect of the department of Seine-et-Oise in 1800, a senator in 1804, and president of the Senate in 1809. At the restoration of 1814 he became a member of the Chamber of Peers, and was appointed minister of state by Louis XVIII. after the Hundred Days. He translated Adam Smith's "Wealth of Nations" (1805), and wrote a number of politico-economic treatises, including "His to ire de la monnaie" (1819). Garnier, Jean Louis Charles. Born at Paris, Nov. 6, 1825. A French architect. He entered the École des Beaux Arts in 1842, and became a pupil of Lebas and Leveil. He subsequently traveled in Italy and Greece, and began busine as an architect at Paris in 1854. He designed the Grand Opéra at Paris, which was erected under his supervision 1863-74. Garnier, Joseph Clément. Born at Breuil, Alpes-Mar i times, France, Oct. 3, 1813: died at Paris, Sept. 25, 1881. A French political economist. He was made senator in 1867. His works include "Traité d'économie politique" (9th ed. 1889), "Traité de finance" (1882), etc. Garnier, Marie Joseph François. Born at St.Etienne, France, July 25, 1839: died in Tongking, Dec. 21, 1873. A French explorer. He accompanied the expedition of Admiral Charner to China and Cochin China as ensign 1860-62; was placed in charge of the exploration of the river Mekong in 1866; partici pated in the defense of Paris 1870-71; and commanded a military expedition to Tongking, whose capital, Hanoi, he took Nov. 20, 1873. He was killed in an engagement with Chinese pirates. Author of "Voyage d'exploration en Indo-Chine" (1873). Garnier, Robert. Born at Ferté Bernard, 1534: died at Le Mans, Aug. 15, 1590. The most important French writer of tragedy before Corneille. He was a member of the Paris bar, became lieutenant criminel at Le Mans, and was finally appointed councilor of state. He was a disciple of Ronsard. His works, which were composed between the years 1568 and 1580, consist of 8 plays: "Porcié," "Cornélie," "MarcAntoine," "Hippolyte," "La Troade," "Anti gone," "Les Juives," and "Brad am ante." Garnier-Pagès (gär-nyā'pä-zhās'), Louis Antoine. Born at Marseilles, Feb. 16, 1803: died at Paris, Oct. 31, 1878. A French lawyer and politician. He became minister of finance, March 5, 1848, in the provisional government established by the February revolution. Subsequently, on Sept. 4, 1870, he was elected a member of the provisional government which succeeded the second empire. He wrote "His to ire de la révolution de 1848" (1861-72), etc. Garo (gä'ro) (also Garro or Garrow) Hills. A territory in India, situated about lat. 25°-26° N., long. 90°-91° E., nominally under British rule. It is a mountainous district with an area of 3,270 square miles. Garonne (gä-ron'). [L. Garumna , Garunna .] A river in southwestern France. It rises in the Spanish Pyrenees, has a generally northerly and northwesterly course, and falls into the Bay of Biscay about lat. 45° 38′ N., long. 1° 4' W. It is called the Gironde after its union with the Dordogne. Length, about 350 miles. It is navigable about 250 miles (for ocean ve els to Bordeaux). At Toulouse it is connected by the Canal du Midi with the Mediterranean. Garonne, Haute-. See Haute -Garonne. Garrard (ga-rärd'), George. Born May 31,1760: died at London, Oct. 8, 1827. An English animal-painter and sculptor. Garratt (gar'at). A village situated between Tooting and Wands worth, Surrey. The practice of electing a mayor (really a chairman appointed for the defense of rights of common) at every general election, adopted by the inhabitants about 1780, gave rise to a series satirical "Addre es by the Mayors of Garratt." Foote wrote a play on the subject, "The Mayor of Garratt." Garraud (gä-rō'), Gabriel Joseph. Born at Dijon, March 25, 1807: died there, in 1880. A French sculptor. Garraway's Coffee House. A noted London coffee-house standing for two centuries in Exchange Alley, Corn hill. Tea was first sold here; the promoters of the South Sea Bubble met here; and sales of drugs, mahogany, and timber were held here period i cally. It was frequented by people of quality, and "as a place of sale, exchange, auction, and lottery it was never excelled" ( Thornbury ). The original proprietor, Thomas Garway, was a tobacconist and coffee dealer. Garrick (gar'ik), David. Born at Here ford, England, Feb. 19, 1717: died at London, Jan. 20, 1779. A celebrated English actor. He was educated at Lich field Grammar School; went to London in 1737, traveling with Dr. Samuel Johnson, one of whose pupils he had been at Edial; and was entered at Lincoln's Inn. He went into the wine busine , however, with his Parliament, travelled and fought abroad, and took part in the famous festival at Kenilworth. His work is, as has been said, considerable, and is remarkable for the number of first attempts in English which it contains. It has at least been claimed for him (though careful students of lit- erary history know that these attributions are always rather hazardous) that he wrote the first English prose comedy ("The Supposes," a version of Ariosto), the first regular verse satire ("The Steel Gla "), the first prose tale (a version from Bandello), the first translation from Greek tragedy ("Jocasta"), and the first critical e ay (the above mentioned "Notes of Instruction"). Most of these things, it will be seen, were merely adaptations of foreign origi- nals; but they certainly make up a remarkable budget for one man. Saints bury , Hist. of Elizabeth an Lit., p. 16. Gas coigne, Sir William. Died in 1419. An Eng- lish judge. He was made chief justice of the King's Bench by Henry IV. about 1400. According to a tradition, followed by Shakspere in "Henry IV.," he committed Prince Henry to prison when the latter struck him for venturing to punish one of the prince's riotous com- panions. Gas coigne, William. Born about 1612: died in the battle of Marston Moor, July 2, 1644. An English astronomer, inventor of the microm- IMG:content-0448.png:[blocks in formation] Gastein, Convention of. A treaty concluded between Austria and Pru ia at Wildbad Gas- tein, Aug. 14, 1865, by which the duchies re- cently conquered from Denmark were disposed of as follows: Lauenburg was definitely sur- rendered to the King of Pru ia for two and a half million rix-dollars, while the sovereignty of Holstein and Schleswig was to be held by Austria and Pru ia in common, Austria ad- ministering Holstein and Pru ia Schleswig. Gasterental (gäs'ter-en-täl). A wild valley in the Bernese Alps, Switzerland, south of Kan- dersteg. Gaston (gäs-tôn'), Marie. A pseudonym of Alphonse Daudet. Gaston (gas'ton). William. Born at New Berne, N. C., Sept. 19, 1778: died at Raleigh, N. C., Jan. 23, 1844. An American jurist and politician. He was a Federalist member of Congre from North Carolina 1813-17; was judge of the Supreme Court of North Carolina 1834-44; and was a prominent member of the constitutional convention of 1835. Gasconade (gas-kō-nād'). A river in Mi ouri which runs north and joins the Mi ouri below Jefferson City. Length, about 200 miles. See Nemours , Duc de . Gascony (gas kō-ni), F. Gascogne (gäs-kōny'). Gatchina. See Gatshina . [ME. Gasconie , Gascon , from OF. and F. Gas- Gate City. A name given to Atlanta, Georgia, cogne, Sp. Vasconia , from LL. Vasconia , from and also to Keokuk, Iowa. Vascones , the inhabitants. See Basques .] An Gate House Prison. A London prison at West- ancient duchy of France, capital Auch, form minster, memorable as that from which Sir ing part of the old government of Guienne and Walter Raleigh was taken to execution. Gascony. It was bounded by Guienne on the north, Gate of Italy. A gorge in the valley of the Garston (gär's ton). A town in Lancashire, England, situated on the Mersey 5 miles south- east of Liverpool. Population (1891), 13,444. Garter, Order of the. See Order . Garth (gärth), Caleb. A character in George Eliot's novel "Middle march." Garth, Sir Samuel. Born in Bowl and Forest, Yorkshire, 1661: died at London, Jan. 18, 1719. An English physician and poet. He studied at Cambridge (Peter house) and Leyden, and established him self in London in the practice of medicine. Among his works is "The Dispensary" (1699), a poem which ridicules apothecaries, and records the first attempt to establish dispensaries for outdoor patients. It pa ed through many IMG:content-0449.png:[blocks in formation] Garumna (ga-rum'nä). The Latin name of the Garonne. Garve (gär've), Christian. Born at Breslau, Pru ia, Jan. 7, 1742: died at Breslau, Dec. 1, 1798. A German philosopher, moralist, and translator. He was profe or (extraordinary) of philosophy at Leipsic 1770-72. prised the departments of Landes, Gers, and Hautes-Pyré- nées, and parts of Haute-Garonne, Lot-et-Garonne, and Tarn-et-Garonne. It formed the Roman province of A quit an i a Tertia or Novempopulania; was a duchy in the middle ages; and was united in 1052 to Guienne, the for- tunes of which it generally followed. Gaskell (gas'kel), Mrs. (Elizabeth Cleghorn Stevens on). Born at Chelsea, London, Sept. 29, 1810: died at Alton, Hampshire, England, Nov. 12, 1865. An English novelist. She removed on her marriage in 1832 to Manchester, where she obtained material for those of her novels which describe the life and trials of the manufacturing cla es. Her best novels have been translated into French. Among them are "Mary Barton" (1848), "Ruth" and "Cranford" (1853), "North and South" (1855), "Cousin Phillis" (1865), "Wives and Daugh- ters" (1866), etc. She published in 1857 a "Life of Char- Gasparin (gäs-pä-ran'), Comte Adrien Étienne Pierre de. Born at Orange, France, June 29, 1783: died there, Sept. 7, 1862. A French pol i- tician and agriculturist. Gasparin, Comte Agénor Étienne de. Born at Orange, France, July 10, 1810: died at Ge- neva, May 4, 1871. A French political writer and politician, son of A. É. P. de Gasparin. His works include "Les États-Unis en 1861" (1861), "L'Amé- rique devant l'Europe" (1862), "La France, nos fautes, nos périls, notre avenir" (1872), etc. Gasparin, Comte e de (Valérie Boi ier). Born at Geneva, 1813: died there, June 29, 1894. The wife of A. É. de Gasparin: a writer of travels and of religious works. Gaspé (gäs-pā'). A district in Quebec, Canada, forming a peninsula, situated between the es- tuary of the St. Lawrence on the north and the Bay of Chaleur on the south. It comprises the counties Gaspé and Bona venture. Gaspé Bay. An arm of the Gulf of St. Law- rence, east of Gaspé. Ga (gäs), Wilhelm. Born at Breslau, Prus- sia, Nov. 28, 1813: died at Heidelberg, Feb. 21, 1889. A German Protestant theologian. He was profe or succe ively at Breslau, Greifswald, Gie en, and (1868) Heidelberg. His works include "Geschichte der protestant is chen Dogmatik in ihrem Zusammenhange Gas send i (gäs-sen'de; F. pron. gä-san-dē), or Ga end (F. pron. gä-son'), Pierre. Born at Champtercier, Ba es-Alpes, Jan. 22, 1592: died at Paris, Oct. 24, 24, 1655. A celebrated French philosopher, physicist, and astronomer. He certain, but it is po ibly the modern Tell es Safi. studied theology, and became profe or of theology at Digne in 1613, and of philosophy at Aix in 1616. In 1645 he became profe or of mathematics at the Collège Royal at Paris. He sought to connect the philosophy of Epi- cur us with Christian theology and modern science. Among his works are "Dis qui sit i ones antic artesianæ" (1643), "De vita, moribus, et placit is Epicuri" (1647), "Syntagma phi. losophiæ Epicuri" (1649), "Syntagma philosophicum. Ga er (gäs's er), Hans. Born at Eisentratten, Carinthia, Oct. 2, 1817: died at Pest, April 24, 1868. An Austrian sculptor. Ga er von Valhorn (gäs's er fon väl'horn), Joseph. Born at Prägraten, Tyrol, Nov. 22, 1816. An Austrian sculptor. Gatineau Gatineau (gä-te-no'). A river in Canada which, flowing southward, joins the Ottawa nearly opposite Ottawa. Estimated length, 400 miles. Gatley (gat'li), Alfred. Born at Kerridge, Cheshire, 1816: died at Rome, June 28, 1863. An English sculptor. Gatling (gat'ling), Richard Jordan. Born in Hertford County, N. C., Sept. 12, 1818. An American inventor. He took the degree of M. D. about 1849, but never practised his profe ion. He is chiefly known as the inventor of the Gatling gun, the first specimen of which was constructed in 1862. Gatshina (gäʻche-nä). A town, the private property of the czar, situated in the government of St. Petersburg, Ru ia, 28 miles south-southwest of St. Petersburg. The palace, a favorite residence of Alexander III., built in 1779, is of great size, in a simple Renai ance style. The main building, of three stories, is connected colonnaded galleries with one story buildings surrounding a court. There are about 600 rooms, including ample state apartments, and a theater. Population (1892), 12,000. Gatty (gat'i), Mrs. (Margaret Scott). Born at Burnham, E ex, June 3, 1809: died at Ecclesfield, Yorkshire, Oct. 4, 1873. An English writer, wife of Rev. Alfred Gatty, vicar of Ecclesfield. Her best-known works are stories for children ("Aunt Judy's Tales," 1859, etc.). She edited "Aunt Judy's Magazine" 1866-73. Gauchos (gouʻchōz). Peasantry and herdsmen of mixed Indian and white blood, in the Platine states of South America. They are skilful horsemen, accustomed to a roving life, and readily lend themselves to lawle enterprises. They have thus become prominent in the civil wars of that region, following any leader who gives them excitement and plunder. In war their bands move with great celerity, easily avoiding regular forces. Gauden (ga'den), John. Born at May land, E ex, 1605: died Sept. 20, 1662. An English prelate, appointed bishop of Exeter in 1660, and translated to the see of Worcester in May, 1662. He graduated at Oxford; became vicar of Chippenham in 1610; was chaplain to the Earl of Warwick; was appointed dean of Bocking, E ex, in 1641; and was chosen a member of the A embly of Divines in 1643, but was not allowed to take his seat. He wrote "Cromwell's Bloody Slaughter House, etc." (1660), "Tears of the Church" (1659), “Ἱερὰ Δάκρυα. Ecclesiæ Anglicanæ Suspiria, or the Tears, Sighs, Complaints, and Prayers of the Church of England," etc. See Eikon Basilike. Gaudichaud-Beaupré (gō-de-shō boprā ́), Charles. Born at Angoulême, Angoulême, France, Sept. 4, 1780: died at Paris, Jan. 16, 1854. A French botanist and traveler in South America. He wrote "Flore des îles Malouines" (1824), "Botanique du voyage autour du monde, exécuté pendant les années 1836-1837, etc.," etc. Gauermann (gouʼer-män), Fried rich. Born at Miesenbach, near Gut ten stein, Lower Austria, Sept. 20, 1807: died at Vienna, July 7, 1862. An Austrian painter of animals. Gaugamela (ga-ga-me'là). [Gr. Γαυγαμήλα.] In ancient geography, a place in As syria, near the modern Mosul: the scene of Alexander's victory over Darius (battle of Arbela). Gauhati (gou-hä'tē). A town in A am, British India, situated on the Brahmaputra about lat. 26° 11′ N., long. 91° 40′ E. Population, 12,000. Gaul (gal). [F. Gaule , Sp. Galia, Pg. It. Gal lia , G. Gallien , from L. Gallia , from Gallus , a Gaul]. 1. In ancient geography, the country of the Gauls; in an inexact use, France. It was divided into Cisalpine Gaul and Transalpine Gaul, and is often taken as equivalent to Transalpine Gaul. Neither is France even yet coextensive with Gaul. Gawain, Sir and body-curer," exclaims the host in the "Merry Wives Gautama (gou'ta-ma). [Skt.] The family name of Windsor" (act iii. scene i.) while addre ing the French doctor and the Welsh parson. of Buddha. (See Buddha .) The Pali form is Gauti (ga'ti). [L. (Jordanes) Gautigoth , Gr.