HANDSPIKE

is a strong wooden bar, used as a lever to move the windla and capstan in heaving up the anchor, or raising any heavy weights on board a ship. The handle is smooth, round, and somewhat taper; the other end is squared to fit the holes in the head of the capstan or barrel of the windla . HARDNESS ( Dureté , Fr.; Härte , Festigkeit , Germ.); is that modification of cohesive attraction which enables bodies to resist any effort made to abrade their surfaces. Its relative intensity is measured by the power they po e of cutting or scratching other substances. The following table exhibits pretty nearly the succe ive hardne es of the several bodies in the list :— | Substances. | Hardne . | Sp. Grav. | | Diamond from Ormus | 20 | 3·7 | | Pink diamond | 19 | 3·4 | | Bluish diamond | 19 | 3·3 | | Yellowish diamond | 19 | 3·3 | | Cubic diamond | 18 | 3·2 | | Ruby | 17 | 4·2 | | Pale ruby from Brazil | 16 | 3·5 | | Deep blue sapphire | 16 | 3·8 | | Ditto, paler | 17 | 3·8 | | Topaz | 15 | 4·2 | | Whitish topaz | 14 | 3·5 | | Ruby spinell | 13 | 3·4 | | Bohemian topaz | 11 | 2·8 | | Emerald | 12 | 2·8 | | Garnet | 12 | 4·4 | | Agate | 12 | 2·6 | | Onyx | 12 | 2·6 | | Sardonyx | 12 | 2·6 | | Occidental amethyst | 11 | 2·7 | | Crystal | 11 | 2·6 | | Cornelian | 11 | 2·7 | | Green jasper | 11 | 2·7 | | Reddish yellow do. | 9 | 2·6 | | Schoerl | 10 | 3·6 | | Tourmaline | 10 | 3·0 | | Quartz | 10 | 2·7 | | Opal | 10 | 2·6 | | Chrysolite | 10 | 3·7 | | Zeolite | 8 | 2·1 | | Fluor | 7 | 3·5 | | Calcareous spar | 6 | 2·7 | | Gypsum | 5 | 2·3 | | Chalk | 3 | 2·7 |