Hundredweight

A weight of a hundred and twelve pounds avoirdupois, twenty of which make a ton. It is generally expre ed by the abbreviation cut. Hundsruck, ( hoons'rook, ) [Ger. Hundsrücken, dog's back, an extensive and mountainous district of Rhenish Pru ia, thickly wooded, and rising, at intervals, to a height of 3,000 feet. It lies between the Moselle and the Nahe, and joins the mountain-chain of the Vosges. Hung, imp . and pp . of HANG, q. v. Hungarian, a. ( Geog .) That relates or belongs to Hungary. n. (Grog.) A native of Hungary. Hungary. [Ger. Ungarn ; Magyar, Ország.] An extensive country in Central Europe, forming, under the title of kingdom, a considerable portion of the Austrian dominions; Lat. from 46° to 49° 34′ N., Lon. 16° to 250 3' E. It is bounded W. by part of Germany, N. by Galicia, E. by Moldavia and Wall a chia, and S. by Turkey. Area , 124,438 sq. m. Divisions. Hungary proper, Croatia and Slavonia, Transylvania, and the Town of Fiume (see AUSTRIA); and these are again subdivided into five districts, respectively named after their capital cities, Pesth, Presburg, Odenburg, Kaschau, and Gro wardein. H. , in its chief parts, forms a large basin, surrounded almost entirely by mountain-ranges. The Car path i ans, an immense mountain-chain beginning near Presburg, divide it from Galicia. They rise to the height in some peaks of nearly 10,000 feet, and form at the top immense ma es of granite, totally destitute of vegetation. (See CAR PATH I ANS.) Besides these, there are in the N. and W. several detached ranges of very considerable extent. Immense plains also exist. Rivers. The Danube, Szamos, March, Maros, Drave, and Save; the Car path i ans pour down into the plain the Thei , Waag, Gran, Poprad, and Temes, all falling into the Danube. Lakes . The Platten See, the Neusiedler See; and there is a large tract of marshes, the principal of which is Lake Palitz. Canals . The principal are the Franzens Canal and the Beja Canal, both joining the Danube and Thei . Climate. Among the mountains cold is predominant, the snow lying on the ground for many months. In the S., the climate is in general mild, in the sandy districts extremely hot; but on the banks of the rivers, and near the marshes, damp; dampne , indeed, being a prevailing characteristic of the climate of the level part of Hungary. Min . Important, consisting of silver, lead, copper, iron, zinc, cobalt, salt, alum, and coal. Gold is also occasionally found in the sand of rivers, and is principally washed by the gipsies. Precious stones of various kinds, opals being the most valuable, are discovered in the mountains. Prod. The extensive plains lying along the great rivers po e all the richne of an alluvial soil. In the N., clay, stone, and gravel predominate, and the ground there produces but a scanty return, after considerable labor. In the S., too, there are many tracts unfit for the purposes of agriculture. The large heaths of Debreczin and Kecskemet are covered either with sand or with the most scanty vegetation. Several other tracts are covered by moving sands, which are said in some cases to be increasing. In the N., barley and common rye are most frequently sown; in the S., wheat, maize, millet, and, in the marshes of the Banat, rice. Oats are cultivated throughout the kingdom. Potatoes are raised by the Slavonians and Germans, and pulse by the followers of the Greek Church. Hemp and flax are cultivated, also tobacco and saffron. Various kinds of fruit are grown in great quantities, and extensive pastures are found in many parts of the country. Next to the cultivation of corn and the breeding of cattle, the making of wine forms the most extensive branch of rural industry. The Hungarian wines vary greatly, both in taste and strength; the well-known Tokay being unrivalled in quality. Dense forests and woods abound in the mountainous districts. Domestic Animals . The Hungarian oxen are large and well shaped, and generally of a milk or gray-white color, with lofty and spreading horns. Some of the sheep are very fine, particularly a peculiar breed, with forked horns. The horses of Hungary seldom reach a great height, and are incapable of drawing heavy loads; but they surpa almost all other horses on the Continent in elegance of shape, as well as in vivacity and swiftne . Bacon being a favorite food, vast herds of swine, amounting to more than 5,000,000, are reared. A few buffaloes are found in certain parts of the country. Game of all kinds and fowls are plentiful; bees are largely kept; and the rivers, especially the waters of the Thei , yield large quantities of fish. Towns. The principal towns are Buda-pesth (the cap.), Debreczin, Presburg, Szegedin, Kecskemet, Theresienstadt, Erlau, Schamitz, and Raab. Manuf. Unimportant, being generally confined to not large quantities of woollens, silks, linens, paper, leather, oil, beer, and tobacco. СомMERCE. Exp . The chief are corn, tobacco, wine, particularly that of Tokay, and wool; also wax, tallow, potash, alum, antimony, gall-nuts, . A little leather, linen, and iron are also sent out of the country. Imp . Chiefly manufactured goods and colonial produce. Nearly 1,000 ve els, some of which are steamboats, ascend and descend the Danube, engaged in carrying on the trade between the principal towns of Hungary and Vienna. The roads are generally not good, but railway communication is progre ing. Religion . Roman Catholic, Greek Church, and Protestant, the former in the ascendant. Education is not, on the whole, well diffused, but the higher cla es are well-cultured and highly intelligent. Gort. See AUSTRIA.- Pop . (1897) abt. 18,105,400, of which 13,220,700 are in Hungary proper.- History . In the time of the Romans, the coun try now called Hungary formed the western portion of Dacia and the south of Pannonia. In the 3d century the Goths occupied all this portion of Europe, and these were driven out in 376 by the Huns, whose name, it is said joined to that of the Avari, gave its title to the country. After the death of Attila, in 453, the Ostrogoths, Gepidæ, and Lombards disputed the po e ion of the territory. Subsequently, in the 7th century, the Avari made themselves mas Fig . 1331. - A COUNTRYWOMAN. ters of the land, but had to defend it against the incursions of the Slaves and Bulgarians. Charlemagne having conquered the Avari in 799, the Magyars, a people of Asiatic origin, who, a century before, had established themselves on the Don and Dnieper, entered Hungary in 894. Arpad, the son of Almus, was their leader, and allying himself with the emperor of Germany, he defeated most of the tribes who then occupied the country. His succe or embraced Christianity; and Stephen I., called the Saint, who had been the chief of the Magyars since 997, took the title of king in the year 1000. This prince completed the subjugation of the Slaves and Bulgarians, and to him Hungary owed the greater portion of her social institutions. After his death, in 1038, the land was a prey to internal di ensions until the acce ion of Ladislaus I., who brought peace to his people, he conquered Croatia and Slavonia, to which his succe or Coloman added Dalmatia. Under Geysa II., 1143, Transylvania received a number of Flemish immigrants. Bela III., who had been bred at Constantinople, introduced into the state civilization and the manners of the Greek empire. He married Margaret, sister of Philip August us, of France, and widow of Henry, son of Henry II., of England; and under him Hungary was divided into comitats. Andrew II. led the fifth crusade to the Holy Land, in 1222, and by his weakne allowed the privileges of the nobles to increase. Under Bela IV., his son, the Mongols ravaged the land; and after him the royal power, weakened by intestine discord and foreign wars, was reduced to the lowest condition, till the end of the reign of Andrew III., with whom closed the Arpad dynasty. The Hungarians then elected Wenceslaus of Bohemia, and after his abdication, Otho of Bavaria; but Pope Boniface VIII. imposed on them Charles Robert, called Cha robert, count of Anjou, and who was recognized as king in 1338. In his reign Hungary attained a high degree of prosperity; it comprised, besides Hungary proper, Dalmatia, Croatia, Bosnia, Servia, Wall a chia, Transylvania, Moldavia, and Bulgaria. Charles having married a sister of Casimir, king of Poland. Louis I., his son, succeeded to that kingdom in 1370. After him Maria, his daughter, came to the throne, sharing the government with her husband, Sigismund, elector of Brandenburg. In their reign John Hu proclaimed his opinions, and the Turks invaded the kingdom. Under Ladislaus V. - 1438 to 1457-the Turks were defeated by the brave John Huniades, the regent, whose son Matthias I. was elected king in 1458. This monarch was po e ed of great administrative as well as military abilities; his reign was flourishing, and he was the founder of a university at Presburg, and a celebrated library at Buda. His succe ors, however, were unable to keep out the Turks, and in 1526 Louis II. was killed at the fatal battle of Mohacs, which gave a great portion of the kingdom for many years to the Ottomans. Ferdinand of Austria and John Zapolsky now disputed the po e ion of the country, and the latter was defeated and obliged to fly. The nation, however, did not recognize the Austrian domination until 1570, under Maximilian II.; and it was not until many years later, in 1687, that the crown of Hungary was declared hereditary in the house of Austria. After that, indeed, the emperor had to suppre the succe ive revolutions headed by Tekeli and Ragotszy, which were not finally put down till 1711. During these di ensions the Turks had seized on a large portion of Hungary, but were definitively driven out in 1699 by the peace of Carlowitz. From that time to 1848 the nation remained faithful to the house of Austria, especially in the cause of Maria The res a, and in the wars with France from 1793 to 1815, when it contributed largely to the finances and military forces of the country. - Constitution. The constitution of Hungary, including Hungary proper, Croatia, Slavonia, and Transylvania, is of very ancient date, and based mainly upon unwritten 'aws that grew up in the course of centuries. There exists no charter or constitutional code; but in place of it are fundamental statutes, published at long intervals a time. The principal of them, the Aurea Bulla of King Andrew II., was granted in 1222, and changed the form of government, which until then had been completely autocratic, into an aristocratic monarchy. Almost all subsequent rulers endeavored, though with little or no succe , to extend the royal prerogatives, the struggle lasting, with more or le interruption, till the year 1867, when Francis I., having failed in his attempt to weld H. to the rest of his dominions, acknowledged and took oath upon the ancient constitution. The form of government established by it is oligarchical in e ence, leaving the whole legislation and internal admin i str a tion of the country in the hands of the native nobility, comprising about a quarter of a million individuals, and giving to the king little more than the chief command of the army, and the right and duty to protect the realm against foreign enemies. See AUSTRIA, FRANCIS I., KOSSUTH, . IMG:content-0652.png:[graphic] SOVEREIGNS OF HUNGARY. 1000. Stephen I. (the Saint). 1308. Cha robert or Charles A. D. Robert (of Anjou). 1382. Mary. 1342. Louis I. (the Great). 1385. Charles. 1386. Sigismund. 1437. Albert (of Austria). 1439. Elizabeth. 1440. Ladislaus IV. 1095. Coloman (the Learn- 1444. Ladislaus V. 1141. Geysa II. 1161. Stephen III. 1162. Ladislaus and Stephen, (usurpers.) 1173. Bela III. 1196. Emeric. 1204. Ladislaus II. 1205. Andrew II. 1235. Bela IV. 1270. Stephen IV. 1272. Ladislaus III. 1290. Andrew III. 1301. Wenceslaus. 1302. Otho. 1458. Matthias I., (Corvi nus.) 1490. Ladislaus VI. 1516. Louis II. 1526. John Zapolsky and Ferdinand I. IMG:content-0653.png:[blocks in formation] (The succe ion was identical with that of the emperors of Germany and Austria.) Hungary-wa/ter, n. An old-fashioned but delicious perfume, for the preparation of which various recipes have been given. The following is one of the best:Take of fresh rosemary in blo om 4 lbs., fresh sage in blo om 6 oz., ginger in slices 2 oz., cut them in small pieces, mix, and add rectified spirit 12 lbs., and common water 2 pints. Let 11 pints distil by a gentle heat. A hermit is said to have given the original recipe to a queen of Hungary; and hence it was called the Queen of Hungary's Water , which has been abbreviated to H.W. It is employed principally as a perfume for the toilet; but it is sometimes taken internally as a restorative and stimulant; and it may be used externally as a gently stimulating liniment.