SURFACE

different interests OF Greece and habits. employed political importance. Both the coast and the surface Sweating are remarkable. The coast is at least twice as long, vestigations in proportion to the size of the country, as that of SWEDENBORG. Great Britain. The surface is covered with ma es Jerusalem bold peninsulas. The sea round is comparatively so became small that the climate is thoroughly continental, i.e. of the The air sea is surroundings dry and the developed sky is generally a race of sailors cloudle . and lished (} colonists. It is easiest to conduct even the ‘domestic ’ resigned trade by sea and the winding bays and wooded islands afforded; every chance to those whom their trade tempted into piracy. The belt of mountains along the north so isolated the people that they naturally expanded into Asia—by the bridge of islands acro the y£gean. The surface and climate made them independent and patriotic. The valleys are so small that they could easily be governed from a single centre, which strongly developed ' clan ’ spirit. They are so near to one another that intercourse could not be avoided, which encouraged commerce. They are so numerous that the rivalry between valley and valley was very strong. The climate encouraged an open-air athletic fife, in which this rivalry found scope for itself. Common sports aided by common religion, a common language, and a common isolation from the rest of Europe—developed very strong patriotism. royal College of, descended from the Company of Barber-Surgeons, was incorporated by royal charter in 1461. A separate a ociation of surgeons was formed later, but Henry VIII. united the two companies in 1540, under the title of Masters or Governors of the Mystery and Commonalty of Barbers and Surgeons in London. In 1745 the latter were raised to a separate corporation and in 1800 the title of the company became the Royal; College of Surgeons of London, which was changed in 1843 to that of the Royal College of Surgeons of England. The College is governed by twenty-four members (including president and vice-president), who must be fellows of fourteen years’ standing. The buildings are on the south side of Lincoln’s Inn Fields, and contain a museum, library, and theatre for lectures. was early separated from medicine, and caine to embrace the science pertaining to surgical operations and the art required for conducting them; but the progre of science has both extended the domain of surgery and made its relations with medicine more intimate. The Greeks made considerable progre in it, and Celsus (called the Latin Hippo crates), who lived about the beginning of the Christian was a famous surgeon. In 1163 the Council of prohibited the clergy from performing any and surgery then was incorporated with trade of barber, and reduced to the operation of blood. In the nth century, Salerno (Italy) famous for its school of medicine. Guy cle who lived in the 14th century, was the great French surgeon, while Vesalius, a Belgian is regarded as the father of modern and Ambrose Pare did for surgery what he done for anatomy. Para cels us, Guilleineau, Demarque (who first wrote on bandages), Fabric i us of Hilden (in Germany), were all on the continent, and Harvey in England, Wiseman, who founded a school of surgery. Cooper, Brodie, Simpson, Ann andale, MacH or sley, Dupuytren, Dubois, Griife, and Lanmay be mentioned as eminent surgeons of 19th century in England, France, and Germany. was the term applied by the English to the of Indian widows on the funeral pile their dead husbands. The origin of the practice ancient, but not based on the “Vedas.” It was in 1829 by Lord Bentinck, but cases are heard of. SYSTEM, by which sub-contractors under to do work in their own premises, and employ to do it, is a selfish and scandalous way of profit between the price of a contract and the paid to the unfortunate person who actually is to fulfil it. A report was made to the of Trade in 1887 by Mr. John Burnett on the System in East London, which led to in in all large towns. EMMANUEL, founder of the New sect, was bom in 1688 at Stockholm. In* he went on scientific travels, and in 1716 he a e or extraordinary in the Royal College Mines. His “Opera Philosophic a ct Miner lia ” 73A) attracted much attention, and in 1740 he pub“ Economy of the Soul Kingdom." In 1747 he his office in the College, and gave himself