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A small rack of metal or earthen ware, to hold dry toast. toast-water, s. Water in which toasted bread has been soaked, used as beverage by invalids; toast and water. tōast-er, s. [Eng. toast, v.; -er.] 1. One who toasts bread, . 4111 *tô-bắc-ca-nā-li-an, subst . (Formed from Eng. tobacco, in imitation of bacchanalian .] One who indulges in tobacco; a smoker. "We get very good cigars for a bajoccho and a half that is, very cheap for us tobaccanalians." Thackeray : New comes, ch. xxxv. *tổ-bắc-chi-an, s . [Eng. tobacco; -ian.] One who smokes tobacco; a smoker. "You may observe how idle and foolish they are, that cannot travel without a tobacco pipe at their mouth; but such (I must tell you) are no base tobacchians; for this manner of taking the fume, they suppose to be generous."-Venner: Treatise of Tobacco , p. 411. tổ-bắc-cô, *ta-băc-cō, s . [ Sp.tabaco =tobacco, from West Indian tabaco the tube or pipe in which Indians smoked the plant.] I. Ordinary Language : 1. In the same sense as II. 1. 2. The dried leaves of the plant described under II. 1., used for smoking, chewing, or as snuff. Its use in America is of unknown antiquity. Columbus noticed that the natives of the West India Islands used the leaves in rolls-cigars. The Aztecs had cigar tubes, and also used nostril tubes of tortoiseshell for inhaling the smoke. The Mexicans and North American Indians used pipes. Oviedospeaks in 1526 of the inhaling of the smoke through the forked nostril tube by the Indians of Hispaniola. Lobel, in his History of Plants (1576), gives an engraving of a rolled tube of tobacco (a cigar) as seen by Colon in the mouths of the natives of San Salvador. He describes it as a funnel of palm-leaf with a filling of tobacco leaves. Cortez found smoking (by means of a pipe) an established custom in Mexico. Tobacco was introduced into Europe by Hermandez de Toledo, in 1559, and into England by Sir John Hawkins, in 1565. Harrison (Descript. of England ) fixes on 1573 as the date when the smoking of tobacco became general in England. Its use was extended by Sir Walter Raleigh and Sir Francis Drake in 1586. The prac tice was made the butt of the wits, the object of denunciation by the clergy, and the subject of a pamphlet, the Counterblaste to Tobacco , by King James I. Its use was condemned by kings, popes, and sultans, and smokers were condemned to various cruel punishments. In the canton of Berne the prohibition of the use of tobacco was put among the ten commandments, after the one against adultery. In Turkey smoking was made a capital offense. Spite of all these denunciations and prohibitions, tobacco is the most extensively used luxury in the world. The method of manufacture depends upon the kind of tobacco and the article required. Cigars are made of the best, which is grown on soils peculiarly adapted to produce the delicate flavor; a portion of the northwest of the island of Cuba is the best of all. The Connecticut Valley, some parts of Virginia, a few counties in Ohio and Kentucky, near Cincinnati and Maysville, respectively, are noted regions. There is no definite evidence that the use of tobacco in moderation is injurious, but in exce its effects are harmful both to the mental and bodily func tions. "Every thing that is superfluous is very adverse to nature, and nothing more than tobacco ."-Venner: Treat ise on Tobacco , p. 409. II. Technically : 1. Bot .: The genus Nicotiana (q. v.), the species of which are natives of tropical America and east ern Asia. American tobacco is Nicotiana tabacum and its varieties. It is called more fully the Common Virgin i an or Sweet-scented Tobacco. It is a herbaceous plant, three to six feet high, with large, oblong-lanceolate leaves, some of them decurrent. 2. A fork or cage to hold bread or meat while All are covered with minute hairs, glandular and toasting. *3. One who drinks a toast. "We simple toasters take delight To see our women's teeth look white." Prior Alma, ii. 428. toast'-ing, pr . par . or a. [TOAST, v.] toasting-fork, s. A three or four-pronged fork to hold a slice of bread while toasting. *toasting-gla , s. A drinking-gla on which was inscribed the name of a reigning beauty, often accompanied with verses in her honor. Garth (1672-1719) wrote several sets of verses for the toast ing-gla es of the Kit-Cat Club. *toasting-iron, s. A toasting-fork. Applied in derision to a sword. "Put up thy sword betime; Or I'll so maul you and your toasting -iron, That you shall think the devil has come from hell." Shakesp. King John, iv. 3. tōat, s . [TOTE.] The handle of a bench plane. *tōat'-er, s . [TOOTER.] A trumpeter. "Hark! hark! these toaters tell us the king's coming." -Beaum. & Flet. viscid at the tip. The flowers are terminal in panicles; the funnel-shaped corolla, which is roseate or pink, is more than an inch long. It is largely cultivated in Virginia and the Southern States, from which it has been introduced into Europe, China, . N. rep and a , a native of Cuba, has white flowers with a slender tube, and is used for making some of the best cigars. Other American species are N. quad rival vis , which grows near the Mi ouri river;. N. multi val vis , from the Colombia river; N. nana , from the Rocky Mountains, and N. macro phylla or lati ima , which yields the Orinoco tobacco. Of Old World species, N. rustic a , Syrian or English tobacco, is a native of all continents, though first sent to England from America. It has a square stem, with ovate, entire leaves on petioles, and a greenish corolla with a cylindrical tube. It is cultivated in many countries, and furnishes the Turkish tobacco. The Persian or Shiraz tobacco, N. persica , is covered with clammy down; the radial leaves oblong, the cauline ones acuminate; the corolla salver-shaped. It yields Persian tobacco. 2. Chemistry: The leaves of a plant of the genus Nicotiana, obtained chiefly for trade purposes from two species, Nicotiana tabacum and N. rustic a . The chemical composition of the leaves has been IMG:content-1183.png:[blocks in formation] IMG:content-1184.png:[blocks in formation] Commercially, the term tobacco applies to a variety of kinds of manufacture known under the names of Plug, Roll, Cut, Shag, Cavendish, Cigars, Flake, . 3. Pharm .: Externally tobacco is a powerful irritant. In the form of snuff it is sometimes prescribed as an errhine in affections of the head, or smoked as a sedative and expectorant in asthma. Internally it is a powerful sedative to the heart; it sometimes cures diuresis and has been given in dropsy. (Garrod.) tobacco-booking machine, subst. A machine which arranges the smoothed leaves of tobacco into symmetrical piles.