Giaveno (jä-vānō)

A town in the province of centuries. IMG:content-0460.png:[ocr errors] ern Persia, bordering on Resia, bordering robably 1 Ghirlandaj Ghirlandajo (ger-län-dä'yō), Il (originally Do Ghirlandajo (ger-lan menico Bigordi or Corradi). [Surnamed il Ghirlandajo , the garland-maker, probably garland-maker, probably from his father's being a goldsmith.] Born at Florentine painter, also noted as a mosaicist. He ence, 1449: died there, Jan. 11, 1494. A Flor was the founder of a famous school of painting, and the teacher of Michelangelo. His frescos in Florence are in the Palazzo Vecchio (1481) and the church and refectory of Ogni anti (1480), the Sa etti Chapel in Santa Trinità (1485), the choir of Santa Maria Novella (his masterpiece, about 1485-88), and the Church of the Innocent i (1488). In 1483 he was called to Rome to aid in decorating the Sistine Chapel. Among his pictures are two "Holy Families" at ences, and Petit Béguinage. Ghent became the capital Berlin, "Adoration of the Shepherds" in the academy at of Flanders in the 13th century, and was one of the most important medieval cities. It became a famous center of woolen manufacture. The citizens were noted for their independence and bravery. It revolted against the counts of Flanders in the 14th century under Jacob and Philip van Artevelde; revolted against Philip the Good of Burgundy 1448-53; was the scene of the marriage of Maximilian and Mary of Burgundy in 1477; revolted against Charles V. (who was born there 1500) in 1539, and was deprived of its liberties in 1540; was taken by the Spaniards in 1584, and by the French in 1678; and was several times taken in the 18th century. Population (1893), 153,803. Ghent, Pacification of. A union between Holland, Zealand, and the southern provinces of the Low Countries, formed against Spanish supremacy, concluded at Ghent Nov. 8, 1576. Florence (1485), "Madonna and Saints" at San Martino, Lucca, and "Madonna and Child with Saints," "St. Catharine of Siena," and "St. Lawrence" in the Pinakothek at Munich. His brothers Davide and Benedetto are also noted as a isting him. Ghirlandajo, Ridolfo. Born at Florence, Feb. 4, 1483: died there, June 6, 1561. A Florentine painter, son of Domenico Ghirlandajo. Ghirlandina Tower. See Modena . Ghislanzoni (ges-län-zōnē), Antonio. Born 1824: died July, 1893. An Italian writer and journalist. Until he lost his voice in 1854, he was a singer on the Italian stage. He founded the comic paper "L'Uomo di Pietra" in 1857. Ghiz. Same as Geez. Ghizeh. See Gizeh . Ghent, Treaty of. A treaty between the United Ghizni. See Ghazni. States and Great Britain, concluded at Ghent Ghondama (gon-dä'mä). See Khoikhoin . Dec. 24, 1814, terminating the War of 1812. It Ghoorkhas. See Ghurkas . provided for the mutual restitution of conquered territory Ghur (gör), Ghore (gor), Gaur, Gour (gour), and the appointment of three commi ions to settle the titles to the islands in Pa amaquoddy Bay, and to establish the northern boundary of the United States as far as the St. Lawrence, and thence through the Great Lakes to the Lake of the Woods. The American commi ioners were John Quincy Adams, James Bayard, Henry Clay, Jonathan Ru ell, and Albert Gall at in; the British commi ioners were Lord Gambier, Henry Goulburn, and William Adams. Gherardesca (gā-rär-des'kä), Ugolino dell a. Died 1289. An Italian partizan leader in Pisa. He conspired to obtain the supreme power, and was imprisoned in 1274, but escaped and joined the Florentines who were then at war with Pisa, and effected his return by force. He subsequently led the Pisans unsucce fully against the Genoese and the Florentines. He was forced to abandon his own party, the Ghi bel lines, and seek aid from the Guelfs. He was finally overthrown, and with his two sons, Gaddo and Uguccione, and two nephews was starved to death in prison. His story forms a celebrated episode in the "Inferno" of Dante. Gherardi del Testa (gā-rär'dē del tes' tes'tä), Count Tommaso. Born at Terriciuola, near Pisa, Italy, 1818: died near Pistoja, Italy, Oct. 13, 1881. An Italian dramatist. Several of his Chi bel lines (gib'e-linz). [Also written Gibe lines , Ghibellins; from It. Ghibellino , the Italianized form of G. Waiblingen , the name of an estate in the part of the ancient circle of Franc on i a now included in Würtemberg, belonging to the house of Hohenstaufen (to which the then reigning emperor Conrad belonged), when war broke out about 1140 between this house and the Welfs etc. A mountainous region of Afghanistan, southeast of Herat. Ghuri (göre). A Mohammedan Asiatic dynasty whose seat was in Ghur. They became prominent in the 12th century; put an end to the Ghaznevid power at Lahore in 1186; and overran a large part of India. They were reduced in power in the 13th century, and confined to the neighborhood of Herat, which was taken by Timur in 1383. Ghurkas, or Goorkhas, or Ghoorkas (gör'käz). The dominant race in the kingdom of Nepal. The Ghurkas are of Hindu descent, and speak a Sanskritic dialect. They were driven out of Rajputana by the early Mohammedan invaders, and gradually approached Nepal, which they conquered in 1768 after a long struggle. Some of the best troops in the Anglo-Indian army are recruited from the Ghurkas. Ghuzni. See Ghazni . Giafar (jä'fär). Entertainments," the grand vizir of Harun-al- Rashid, who accompanies him in his nightly In the "Arabian Nights' wanderings. Giambelli (jäm-bel'lē), or Gianibelli (jä-nē- bel'le), Federigo. Born at Mantua, Italy: lived in the second half of the 16th century: died at London. An Italian military engineer in the service of Queen Elizabeth at Antwerp 1584-85, and later in England. Giannone (jän-no'ne), Pietro. Born at Ischi- tell a, Foggia, Italy, May 7, 1676: died in prison at Turin, March 7, 1748. An Italian historian, He published "Storia civile del reg no di Na- pol i" (1723), etc. Giannuzzi, Giulio Pippi de'. See Giulio Ro- or Guelfs. It is said to have been first employed as the rallying-cry of the emperor's party at mano . battle of Weinsberg.] The imperial and aris- tocratic party of Italy in the middle ages: op posed to the Guelfs, the papal and popular Giant-Killer, Jack the. See Jack . party. Ghiberti(ge-ber'tē), Lorenzo. Born at Florence about 1378: died at Florence, 1455. An Italian sculptor. He learned the goldsmith's craft from his steptoli. He first made himself known as a painter by his work on the frescos of the palace of Carlo Mala test a at Rimini. father Bartolo Michele, who called himself Lorenzo de' Bar He was recalled from Rimini in 1401 to compete for the doors of the baptistery at Florence. The trial of skill lay between Ghiberti and Brunelleschi of Florence, Quercia and Valdambrini of Siena, and Niccolo d'Arezzo and Simone from Colli in the Val d'Elsa. Ghiberti won, and the first Gibbet (jib'et). In Farquhar's comedy "The Beaux' Stratagem," a highwayman and convict. He remarks that it is "for the good of my country that I should be abroad," and prides himself on being the "best behaved man on the road." Gibbie (gib'i), Goose. A half-witted lad in "Old Mortality," by Sir Walter Scott. Gibbon (gib'on), Edward. Born at Putney, Surrey, April 27, 1737: died at London, Jan. 15, 1794. A famous English historian. He was a grandson of Edward Gibbon, who was one of the most prominent of the directors of the South Sea Company, and who, when the bubble burst, lost the greater part of his fortune, which, however, he later repaired. His health in childhood was poor, and his instruction irregular. He entered Oxford (Magdalen College) in April, 1752, but left the university after a residence of fourteen months. At this afterward renounced. In June, 1753, he was placed under the care and instruction of Pavilliard, a Calvin ist minister, at Lausanne, where he remained with great profit until Aug., 1758, when he returned to England. At Lausanne he fell in love with Susanne Curchod (afterward Madame Necker and mother of Madame de Staël), but on his return to England the affair was broken off by his father. He served in the militia 1759-70, attaining the rank of colonel. From Jan., 1763, to June, 1765, he traveled in France, became a Roman Catholic, a creed which he soon Switzerland, and Italy. In 1774 he was elected to Parliament. In Sept., 1783, he established himself at Lausanne, where he resided for the remainder of his life. His great work is "The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire," still the chief authority for the period which it covers, and one of the greatest histories ever written. The first volume appeared in 1776 and the iast in 1788. He also wrote "Memoirs of my Life and Writings." Gibbon, John. Born near Holmes burg, Pa., April 20, 1827: died Feb. 6, 1896. An American general. He was graduated at West Point in 1847; was promoted captain in 1859; commanded a brigade at Antietam (1862) and Gettysburg (1863); was made major-general of volunteers, June 7, 1864; and took part in the battles of the Wilderne , Spottsylvania Court House, and Cold Harbor (1864). He commanded a column in the Yellow stone expedition against Sitting Bull in 1876, and was made brigadier-general in the regular army July 10, 1885. He published "The Artillerist's Manual" (1859). Gibbons (gib'onz), Christopher. Born at Westminster, 1615: died Oct. 20, 1676. An English musical composer. He was organist of Winchester cathedral 1638-61, and at the Restoration became an organist of the Chapel Royal, organist of Westminster Abbey, and organist to the king. He was buried in Westminster Abbey. Gibbons, Grinling. Born at Rotter dam, April 4,1648: died at London, Aug. 3, 1720. A noted English wood-carver and sculptor. Among his notable works in wood were a copy of Tin to ret to's "Crucifixion" (Venice), containing over one hundred figures, "The Stoning of Stephen," etc. He excelled especially in carving flowers, fruit, and game, and in decorative work. Gibbons, James. Born at Baltimore, Md., July 23, 1834. An American Roman Catholic prelate. He was ordained priest at St. Mary's Seminary, Baltimore, in 1861, and became archbishop of Baltimore in 1877, cardinal in 1886. He has published "The Faith of Our Fathers" (1876) and "Our Christian Heritage" (1889). Gibbons, James Sloane. Born at Wilmington, Del., July 1, 1810: died at New York, Oct. 17, 1892. An American banker and author. He was identified with the abolition movement, and in 1863 his house was sacked by the New York mob during the draft riots, on account of its being illuminated in honor of Lin coln's emancipation proclamation. He wrote the war song "We are coming, Father Abraham, three hundred you sand more." Gibbons, Orlando. Born at Cambridge, Eng land, 1583: died at Canterbury, England, June Giant's Causeway. A group of basaltic columns, situated on the coast of Antrim, northern Ireland, west of Bengore Head, about 11 miles northeast of Cole raine.