PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH OF IRELAND, Foreign Missions

[s. 612] : Headquarters, 12 May Street, In 1840 the “Synod of Ulster” Belfast, Ireland. and the “Sece ion Synod” became united under the name of the “General A embly of the PresLed by Dr. Duff’s byterian Church in Ireland.” eloquence and a mi ionary survey which Dr. John Wilson, of Bombay (both of the Free Church of Scotland), had made of the states of Kathiawar, they chose India for their first field and sent out as their first mi ionaries the Revs. A. Kerr and J. Glai3gow. These men had not offered themselves for the service, but had been chosen and called upon by the A embly’s Committee to undertake it. As this mode of obtaining mi ionaries was deemed by them preferable to the ordinary practise of receiving voluntary offers of service, they recorded it, “that it may serve to be a precedent in all time to come.” The mi ionaries proceeded to Kathiawar in Gujarat, and located in Rajkot, one of the principal towns. As reen for cements arrived other places were occupied, including Gogo (1844), Surat (1846), Borsad (1860), Ahmadabad In 1900 (1861), Anand (1877), Broach (1887). there were 43 mi ionaries, 251 naJive workers in 13 stations and 18 outstations, 674 communicants, 120 schools with 6,929 pupils. The medical department is carried on by 5 physicians, of whom four are women. China: The work of the Irish Presbyterian Church in China was begun in 1879 in the province of Manchuria, North China. Their earliest station was New-chwang, from which, as a center, itinerating journeys were made over all the province to the far north. The work is carried on in close proximity to and fraternal cooperation with the UFS mi ion in the same regions. There were, in 1900, 28 mi ionaries, 195 native workers, occupying 9 stations, and 93 outstations, 1,589 communicants, 33 schools with 375 pupils, 6 physicians (one a woman), 5 hospitals and dispensaries with 12,761 patients. “The A embly has Jewish mi ions Syria and in Germany; Colonial mi ions in Canada, Australia, and New Zealand, and Continental work in various parts of Europe. The Women’s A ociation for Foreign Mi ions to Women in the East, headquarters 119 Unim versity Street, Belfast, Ireland, was organized 1874 and carries on the women’s work in connection with the Foreign Mi ion Board of the Presbyterian Church in Ireland. in PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH (North), U. S. A.> Board of Foreign Mi ions: Foreign Mi ions were undertaken by the Presbyterian Church in the United States at a very early date. ‘The “Society for Propagating Christian Knowledge,” formed in Scotland in 1709, estabJished in 1841 a “Board of Correspondents” in New York, by whom the Rev. Azariah Horton, a member of the Presbytery of New York, was appointed to labor as a mi ionary among the Indians on Long Island. The second foreign mi ionary of the Presbyterian Church was David Brainerd, who was ordained by the Presbytery of New York, then meeting at Newark, N. J., June 12, 1744. In 1763 the Synod of New York ordered a collection to be made in aU its churches for the support of the Indian mi ions, and in 1766 sent the Rev. Chas. Bealty and the Rev. George Duffield upon a mi ion to the Indians on the Muskingum River in Ohio. In 1796 was formed the “New York Mi ionary Society,” independent of any presbyterial supervision, altho it consisted principally of members of the Presbyterian Church. In 1797 the “Northern Mi ionary Society,” like its predece or an independent body and composed part of Presbyterians, was instituted, ana both prosecuted mi ions to the Indian tribes for several years. In the year 1800, however, the General A embly of the Presbyterian Church took up the work of foreign mi ions in a systematic manner. In 1802 the General A embly’s Standing Committee on Mi ions addre ed a circular to all the Presbyteries under its care, urging collections for the support of mi ions, and making inquiries for suitable men to be employed. In 1803 the Rev. Gideon Black burn established a mi ion among the Cherokee Indians in Georgia. After eight years’ labor Mr. Black burn’s health failed, the General A embly was not able to fill his place and the Rev. Mr. Kings bury, acting under the American Board, established himself in the Cherokee country and built up a flourishing mi ion. From 1805 to 1818 the General A embly carried on work among the Indians in various directions, and with some degree of succe ; but in 1818, a new society, consisting of the Presbyterian, Reformed Dutch, and A ociate Reformed Churches, was formed, called the”United Foreign Mi ionary Society,” whose object was “to spread the Gospel among the Indians of North America, the inhabitants of Mexico and South America, and other portions of the heathen and anti-Christian world,” and until 1826 all the existing mi ionary interests of the Presbyterian Church were merged in this had In 1826, when Society society. the under its care nine mi ions, with a force of 60 mi ionaries, the whole work was transferred to the ABCFM, and the “United Foreign Mi ionary Society” ceased its operations. Many Presbyterians desiring to prosecute foreign mi ions through the Church of their preference, the S5mod of Pittsburg, which from its organization in 1802 had shown great mi ionary zeal, formed in 1831 the “Western Foreign Mi ionary Society,” intended not for that synpd alone, but for all others which might wish to unite with it. Operations were at once commenced, and the m 695 Society, organized for the purpose of “conveying the Gospel to whatever parts of the heathen and anti-Christian world the providence of God might enable it to extend its evangelical exertions,” succeeded in planting mi ions among the American Indians, in India and Africa, and was contemplating work in China, when in June, 1837, a Board of Foreign Mi ions was established by the General A embly, to which the work of the Society was surrendered. At this point (in 1838) the Presbyterian Church was divided, and the “Old School” A embly carried on its work tlirough the “Board of Foreign Mi ions,” while the General A embly of the “New School” continued to prosecute its mi ions by its “Committee on Foreign Mi ions” through Upon the reunion of the Old and the ABCFM. New School A emblies in 1870, the Persian, Syrian, Gabun and several Indian mi ions were transferred from the American Board, and since that period aU the mi ions of the Presbyterian Church, with the exception of those carried on by the Southern churches, have been prosecuted through the “Board of Mi ions of the Presbyterian Church.” The Board of Foreign Mi ions is simply a Permanent Committee of the General A embly. The members, 21 in number, are appointed by the General A embly, which po e es exclusively the general authority, supervision and control of i.he work of the mi ions, the Board being but a form of its executive agency. From 1838 to 1870 the Board was composed of 120 members, from whom an Executive Committee was appouited of persons residing in or near New York City, the Board’s headquarters. At the reunion, the membership was reduced to fifteen, and the Executive Committee was dispensed with, and in 1900 the amended charter provided for the present number. Development of Work: On its organization in 1837, the Board found one Presbyterian mi ion already established in India, where the Rev. John C. Lowrie and the Rev. William Ro had commenced work in Ludhiana in 1833. The next fall (1837) two mi ionaries were commi ioned to open work for the Chinese, with headquarters at Singapore. One of these, the Rev. R. W. Orr, spent a month in Bangkok, and sent home an urgent plea for a mi ion to Siam, which was accordingly commenced in 1840, tho by the failure of health of the mi ionary in 1844, work was not fuUy established until 1847. In 1856 work in South America was fairly inaugurated at Bogota, Colombia. Three years later the open door of Japan was entered and in 1860 the mi ion to Brazil was established. The next decade witne ed no new enterprise, but in 1870 on the reunion of the Old and the New School branches, three mi ions started by the American Board: Syria (1819), Persia (1833), and Gabun (1842)— were transferred by that society to the PresbyBoard. In this selection of the fields, was had to the special interest of the Presbyterian members of the ABCFM, as well as to the desire to extend the interest of the Church as much as po ible. In 1872 the mi ion in Mexico was started, and in 1873 the work commenced by the American and Foreign Christian terian regard Union in Chili was taken over. Guatemala was occupied in 1882; in 1884 the Korean mi ion was started, in 1897 Caracas in Venezuela received a mi ionary, and in 1899 the Board entered with vigor upon the new opportunities presented by Presbyterian the Philippine Islands. The work among the North American Indians midertaken at different times and in different localities has been discontinued, pa ed over to local presbyteries, or to the Board of Home Mi ions of the Presbyterian Church in the U. S. A. Statement of Mi ions. The first I. India: mi ionaries of the Western Foreign Mi ionary Society, the Rev. John C. Lowrie and the Rev. Wm. Reed, reached Calcutta in November, 1833, and decided to locate in Ludhiana, then a frontier town of the Northwest Provinces. Mr. Reed’s health failing, Mr. Lowrie was left alone, but he was soon reentorced and other places were occupied until, when the work was transferred to the A emblv’s Board in 1837, there were four stations, Ludhiana, Allah a bad, Saharanpur, and Sabathu. The nature of the foundation work is indicated by the establishment of a mi ion pre and the appointment of a practical printer as early as 1838. The Anglo- Vernacular High School here was the first started in North India. (1.) Punjab Mi ion: From the first attention was specially directed to the Punjab, and in 1846, after the first Sikh war, JuUundur was occupied, followed in 1848 by Ambala. Then came the second Sikh war, and almost on the heels of the British forces Me rs. John Newton and C. W. For man entered Lahore (1849), and commenced the work with which they were identified for nearly half a century, and one of the fruits of which is the For man Christian College, with a larger number of students than any college, government or mi ionary, north of Calcutta. Other stations have since been added: Dehra (1853), with a fine Christian girls’ boarding school; Hoshyarpore (1867), where the work is entirely under the control of native workers; Mu oorie (1847), a fine sanitarium in Land our, chiefly known througli the Wood stock School, originally established for the children of mi ionaries, but later developed into a college Ferozepore (1882) and Kasur. This mi ion, originally called by the name of its first station, Ludhiana, Its mediis now laiown as the Punjab mi ion. cal and leper work, as well as its educational and pre ed for has been evangelistic work, general ward, and from the first it has had the hearty endorsement of the British officials, from Lord Lawrence and Sir Herbert Edwardes to Lord Curzon. It reports (1903) 38 outstations, 65 mi ionaries, 227 native workers, 20 organized churches, 2,109 communicants, 50 schools, 4,878 pupils, 4 hospitals, and 8 dispensaries, with 41,847 patients. (2.) Fur rukh a bad, or United Provinces Mi ion: This was started in 1836, by the Rev. James McEwen, who while on his way to Ludhiana remained for a time at Allah a bad to superintend the replacing of some lost parts of a printing This remains the chief station of the pre . mi ion, well provided with educational institutions, a blind asylum, a leper asylum, as well as a Other stations are: Main puri printing pre .; (1843); Fategarh, with its native city, Fur rukh a bad (1844), notable as the only station where mi ionaries lost their lives in the mutiny of 1857; Fatehpur (1853); Etawah (1863); Morar, the capital of Gwalior, and the only station in a native state (1874); Jhansi (1886); Etah (1900) and Cawnpore (1901). Aside from AUaJiabad and Fur rukh a bad, the work of this mi ion i» more distinctively evangelistic. The report Presbyterian (1903) shows 20 outstations, 174 native workers, 10 churches, 646 communicants, 89 schools, 1,779 pupils, 1 hospital, and 3 dispensaries, with 35,951 patients. (3.) Western India Mi ion: This mi ion, lying in the Deccan, soutli of Bombay, was started in 1853 under the auspices of the ABCFM, by the Rev. Royal G. Wilder, who located at Kolhapur. to Subsequenjy on the refusal of the approve some of Mr. Wilder’s educational plans, he started an independent mi ion, whicli in 1870, at the vime of the reunion, was accepted by the Presbyterian Board. Otlier stations are: Ratnagiri (1873), the only station in British territory; Kodoli (1877); Sangh (1884); Miraj The worlv of the mis(1892); Vengurle (1900). sion is largely in the villages, and it has done much for the sufferers from famine. There is an industrial school with 42 famine lads at Vengurle, and the Brownie Orphanage, with 600 children, at Kodoli, as well as a hospital and leper asylum at Miraj. The report (1903) shows 12 outstations, 41 mi ionaries, 68 native workers, 7 churches, 1,180 communicants, 34 schools, 1,554 scliolars, 2 hospitals, and 4 dispensaries, ABCFM with 31,095 patients. The special phases of work carried on through all the India mi ions are; tlie Zenana work. Christian literature, including Bible translation, commentaries, periodic literature, etc., medical and asylum work, educational worl^, higlier and lower, work among the outcasts, and especially the development of a native church. //. China: Three montlis after i.s organization, in December, 1837, the Presbyterian Board sent two mi ionaries. Revs. J. A. Mitchell and R. W. Orr, to commence work for the Chinese at Singapore. Mr. Mitcliell died soon after reaching Singapore, and Mr. Orr was compelled by failure of health to return home. Mr. McBride, sent out in 1840, returned for the same reason in 1843. In the same year Dr. J. C. Hepburn and Mr. Walter Lowrie were sent out. Tliey transferred the mi ion from Singapore to Amoy, reen for cements were sent to them, and a most important agency, the mi ion pre , was esablished. A special appeal for funds was made by ihe Board, and as a result a large force of workers was sent to strengthen the mi ion, and Macao, Amoy and NLngpo were occupied as staions. Amoy was afterward dropped, Canton look the place of Macao as a heaclquarters and Ningpo became the first station of the Ceniral China mi ion. China- This mi ion includes (1.) Central Ningpo (1844), Shanghai (1850), Hangchau (1859), Suchau (1871), Nanking (1876) and Hwai-Yuen (1901). Ningpo, one of the five ports opened in 1842, was entered in 1844 by Dr. McCartee. A few montlis later he was joined by a large force of mi ionaries, among them the Rev. W. M. Lowrie, who was in 1847 killed by pirates. The convert was baptized in 1845, and a church was organized later m the same year. The girls’ boarding school dates from 1846, the industrial school for women from 1861, and the Presbyterial Academy, for the sons of native Christians, and almost wholly supported by the tuition fees and the native churches, from 1881. The boys’ boarding school, organized early in the mi ion, first was removed to Hangchau in 1877. Shanghai, also one of the five por-‘s, was occupied by Me rs. Culbertson and Wight in 1850. 596 While other lines of work are efficiently prosecuted, the great work of this station is the Mi ion Pre , one of the most powerful agencies in the Chinese Empire. It has furnished fonts of type for other Chinese and European pre es, has done work for the Bible and Tract Societies, published a number of periodicals, and not only meets all expenses but turns in several you sand dollars a year into the mi ion treasury. Hangchau, visited by Dr. Nevius (1859), but not occupied as a place of residence until 1865, has a fine college for boys with about 85 students and a new boarding school for girls. Suchau (1871) has always been the seat of special hostility to foreigners, but the Tooker Hospital has done much to disarm this feeling. Other stations are Nanking (1876) and Hwai-yuen (1901). The report (1903) shows 37 outstations, 62 mi ionaries, 121 native worlcers, 20 eliurches, 1,841 communicants, 25 schools, with 961 pupils, 1 hospital and 3 dispensaries, with 3,712 patients. Mi ion: This was started at (2.) Canton Macao, but Canton was occupied in 1845, and this was for more than thirty years the only station. In 1879 a chapel was leased at Lienchau, and in 1886 Yeung-kong was made a center of worI%;. Kong-hau in the Hakka country was long visited by the mi ionaries and a church was organized in 1890, but it was subsequently deemed advisable to withdraw the mi ionaries and leave it under the care of a native pastor. The work in Canton has been succe ful, a number of churches having been organized, both in the city and the immediate vicinity. This is the seat of the Canton Christian College, founded by Rev. A. P. Happer, D.D., now under a separate Board of Trustees, but cooperating with the mi ion. It was at Canton also that Dr. Peter Parker in 1835 gave the first impulse to distinctive medical mi ions, and there is now a fine hospital owned by the Medical Mi ionary Society in China, tho the physicians are supplied by the Presbyterian Board. Other departments of educational, philanthropic and evangelistic work are carried on. The report of the mi ion (1903) shows 60 outstations, 31 mi ionaries, 117 native workers, 20 churches, with 3,854 members, 32 schools, with 892 pupils, 3 hospitals and 5 dispensaries, with 41,847 patients. (3.) Hai-nan Mi ion: Mi ion work in the island of Hai-nan was begun in 1881 by Mr. C. C. Jeremia en as an independent enterprise, but was taken up by the Canton Mi ion in 1885 and organized as a separate mi ion in 1893. There are three stations: Kuing Chow and Nodoa, both occupied in 1885 and Kachek (1902). The work largely among the Loi tribe, aboriginal inhabiis tants, and offering mi ionary effort. some special attractions to But many Hakkas from the mainland are also included in this field. The report (1903) shows 5 outstations, 21 mi ionaries, 23 native workers, 131 communicants, 5 schools, with 152 scholars, 1 printing pre , 2 hospitals and 3 dispensaries, with 14,932 patients. (4.) Hunan Mi ion: The Canton Mi ion for many years looked toward the province of Hunan as one offering a fine field for work, but it was not until 1900 that the Rev. W. H. Lingle, Dr. H. W. Boyd and Dr. Leila M. Doo little were authorized to open a station at Siang-tau. Then came the Boxer uprising and they were obliged to withdraw. They have since returned and a new station has been opened at Heng-chau (1902). The work, still (1903) in its infancy, reports 10 mis- 597 sionaries, 2 native workers, 6 school, witii 12 pupils. communicants, 1 (5.) Peking Mi ion: Work in Peking was begun in 1863 by Rev. W. A. P. Martin, who withdrew from the mi ion in 1869 to take the presidency of the Imperial Lung-wen College, but has always been identified with the mi ion. As in the case of Canton, the work for many years was confined to the city of Peking, and was developed succe fully there. In 1893 a new station was opened mi ion rebellion. suffered at Pao-ting-fu. severely during The Peking the Boxer The company of mi ionaries at Paoting-fu were ma acred, including Dr. Taylor, Mr. and Mrs. Simcox and three children, and Dr. and Mrs. Hodge. The buildings in both stations were destroyed. Since the subsidence of the troubles the work has been resumed with energy and the report (1903) shows both stations occupied, 4 outstations, 29 mi ionaries, 211 communicants. Both school and medical work have suffered and are not yet fully reorganized. (6.) East Shantung Mi ion, including the stations of Teng-chau, Chi-fu and Tsing-tau. (7.) West Shantung Mi ion, including the stations of Chi-nan-fu, Wei-hsien, I-chow-fu and Chining-chow. For many years these two were included in one Shantung mi ion, afterward divided for convenience of administration. The province of Shantung, the home of Confucius, Laotze and other Chinese sages, was first visited by the Rev. J. L. Nevius, who opened the station of Teng-chau in 1861 and that of Chi-fu in 1862. The next place entered was Chi-nan-fu (1872), followed by Wei-hsien (1882), I-chow-fu (1891), Chining-fu (1892) and Tsing-tau (1898). Severe famines in 1877 and 1889 occasioned the organization of relief work, which, under the general supervision of Dr. Nevius, who had become by extensive itineration personally known and respected all over the province, enabled the mi ionaries to gain a strong hold upon the people. Dr. Nevius made a thorough study of methods of mi ion work with special reference to the development of the native church, and in this respect he and his a ociates Educational and medical were most succe ful. work also were pushed, and the Teng-chau ColThe entire work lege is one of the best in China. was disorganized by the Boxer uprising, and churches and hospitals were destroyed, tho the college was uninjured. You sands of native Christians lost their lives, but, largely through the skiU and energy of Mr. Corn well, the U. S. Consul at Chi-fu, the entire mi ionary force Since then the escaped in safety to Chi-fu. work has gradually resumed its former conditions and the report (1903) shows for the East Shantung mi ion 71 outstations, 30 mi ionaries, 117 native workers, 46 churches, with 2,038 communicants, 48 schools with 770 pupils, 1 hospital and 2 dispensaries, with 8,519 patients. The figures for the West Shantung Mi ion are not complete, but as given show 158 outstations, 31 mi ionaries, 168 native workers, 15 churches with 3,952 communicants, 51 schools with 565 pupils, 3 hospitals and 4 dispensaries with 28,124 patients. ///. Siam and Laos. (1.) Siam Mi ion: The Rev. R. W. Orr on his way to Singapore in 1838 spent a month in Bangkok and sent back an urgent plea for a mi ionary to work among the Chinese. Rev. W. P. Buell arrived in 1840, but Presliyterlan 1844 on account of ill health, and it was not until 1847 that Rev. Stephen Mattoon and Rev. S. R. House, M.D., were permanently established there. For four years they were obliged to work very quietly because of the bitter hostility of the king, but the acce ion to the throne in 1851 of Prince Somdet Phra, who had been under the instruction of Rev. Je e Caswell, of the ABCFM, made a great change. From that time the mi ion work has had the cordial support of the government and repeatedly mi ionaries have been placed in positions of honor and influence. Special attention has been given to medical and educational work and the preparation of Christian literature, but also to touring, and a mi ion schooner, the Kalamazoo, is well known all along the coast. It was difficult, however, to secure results and it was not until 1859 that the first Siamese convert was baptized. Among the most important schools is one for girls, which numbers among its pupils a great many from the upper cla es. Other stations are: Petchaburee, occupied in 1861, Rajaburee (1889), Pitsanuloke (1889), Nakawn (1900). In all the stations there has been much earnest labor, with comparatively small visible results. The enervating climate, to which so many workers have succumbed, the mobile, unretentive character of the people, whose unthinking acquiescence is more discouraging than opposition, are obstacles to be orercome only by great faith and endurance. In no mi ion of the Board has the effort to secure self-support among the native churches met with so much opposition. In Petchaburee, the boarding schools were closed and many individuals who had been employed or a isted by the Mi ion withdrew when obliged to depend upon left in themselves. The recent revival of interest in Buddhism does not seem as yet to have affected the work greatly. The presence of some strong self supporting churches is a pledge of future succe . The report (1903) shows 7 outstations, 29 mi ionaries, 25 native workers, 9 churches with 439 members, 6 schools with 437 pupils, a printing pre , 3 hospitals, and 4 dispensaries with 7,035 patients. (2.) Laos Mi ion: The mi ionaries in Siam were led to consider the claims of the Laos tribes who occupy the hill country in the north of Siam, by encountering a settlement of Laos refugees In 1864 a deputation visited near Petchaburee. Chieng Mai and three years later Rev. Daniel McGilvary and Rev. Jonathan Wilson opened a permanent station there. Succe was more rapid than among the Siamese and there were Then several converts within a few months. followed bitter persecution and the work was checked, but received a new impulse until 1878, when in consequence of the bitter opposition of the people to Christian marriage without the usual ceremonies of devil-worship, appeal was made to the king of Siam, which resulted in a proclamation of religious liberty to the Laos. From that time the work progre ed rapidly. The general policy of the Mi ion, based on the experience of other mi ions, has been from the beginning to throw the responsibility of maintaining the work on the people themselves, with the result that the evangelistic work is now virtually supported by Laos Christians, including a foreign mi ion to the Ka Mu tribe acro the Me-kong in French territory. There has also been a comprehensive scheme of education, a Presbyterian mi ion pre established and the medical work has been one of the most effective agencies in disarming opposition and reaching the people. Other stations occupied are Lakawn (1885), Muang Pr6 (1893), Nan (1894), Chieng Rai (1897). Lampun was occupied in 1891, but on account of its proximity to Chieng Mai it was united to that station. The Mi ion is anxiously looking forward to work among the other Laos tribes, particularly those in French territory, but is hampered by the objections of the French Government. The report (1903) shows 23 outstations, 40 mi ionaries, 28 native workers, 16 churches with 2,706 communicants, 17 schools with 300 pupils, 4 hospitals and 4 dispensaries with 7,632 patients. IV. South America: The first mi ion work of the Presb3rterian Church in South America was undertaken in Buenos Aires in 1827, but was soon abandoned; another attempt in 1853 was also without permanent results. In 1856 a mi ionary was sent to Colombia, reaching Bogota in June. The next step was to Rio de Janeiro in 1860. In 1873 work which had been established in Chile in 1850 by the American and Foreign Christian Union was a umed by the Presbyterian Board, and that again was followed in 1897 by the opening of a station in Caracas, Venezuela. The work in Brazil developed so that a division seemed best into Central and Southern Brazil Mi ions. (1.) Colombia: The early years of this mi ion from its commencement in 1856 were times of great difficulty on account of opposition of the Roman Catholic Church. The revolution in 1860, however, threw the government into the hands of the Liberals; the Jesuits were banished; monastic orders restricted, and mi ion work received a new impulse. The mi ion has never had the succe apparent in some of the Asiatic fields. Not only is there bitter opposition on the part of ecclesiastics, but the intelligent cla es are largely indifferent or skeptical; the poorer people very ignorant. Bogota was the only station for a number of years, then in 1888 Bar ran quill a was occupied, followed by Me dell in in 1889. The report (1903) shows 16 mi ionaries, 11 native workers, 3 churches, 181 communicants, 4 schools, 220 pupils. (2.) Southern Brazil Mi ion: The first mi ionary to Rio de Janeiro, Rev. A. G. Simonton, was peculiarly qualified for pioneer work in such a country, and 1o his wisdom and scholarly qualThree ities is largely due the succe of the work. years later the city of Sao Paulo was occupied, and made the center of the educational and publishing work, which have been two of the most In important departments of the mi ion. 1886, Horace M. Lane, M.D., was put in special superintendency of the educational work, and under his lead Mackenzie College has been developed into a most influential institution. Other occupied are Curytiba present stations at Novo Friburgo (1891), Flor i a no polis (1885), Work has also been done in Rio (Jlaro (1898). and in Brotas. The strongest churches are those in SEo Paulo, which grew up under the But all through care of Dr. G W. Chamberlain. the mi ion there has been excellent evangelistic work done. The report (1903) shows 40 outstations, 13 mi ionaries. 4 native workers, 29 churches, 3,107 communicants, 26 schools, 762 pupils. (Some of these figures are incomplete.) Central Brazil Mi ion: This field includes (3) 698 the states of Bahia, Sergipe and parts of others. The stations are Bahia (1871), Cachoeira (1873), Sergipe (1886), Villa Nova da Rainha (1900). Work in this section has presented unusual difficulties, yielding le fruit than any other of the mi ion fields in Brazil, owing partly to the population, principally made up of blacks and their descendants, and partly to the power of the ecclesiastical element. The hope is to extend the work into the interior provinces, inhabited exclusively by Indians, some independent tribes, others semi-civilized and varying greatly in character. Appropriations were ma(fe in 1899 for this work, but Mr. George Witte, who was a igned to it, and an a ociate, were both smitten by fever, and it was for the time being postponed. The report (1903) shows 39 outstations, 13 mi ionaries, 4 native workers, 7 organized churches, with 467 communicants, 11 schools with 400 pupils. In 1888 the mi ions of the Northern and Southern Presbyterian churches were united in the Synod of Brazil, which meets every three years and is entirely independent of the General A emblies in the United States. The Synod has a vigorous Home Mi ion Society, and supports the theological seminary at Sao Paulo. At its triennial meeting in 1900 a membership of 7,000 communicants was reported, a gain of;en per cent, in the three years. In view of the excellent work of this Synod, the American societies are reaching out toward the distant regions as yet unevangelized. Chile: The first American mi ionary in (4) Val para i so was the Rev. D. Trumbull, representing the Seamen’s Friends Society, and the American and Christian Foreign Union. He labored chiefly for the English-speaking people; but others came to enter upon Spanish work. A Spanish paper was established, and a school and orphanage conducted. The Presbyterians took charge of it in July, 1873. Oiher Sja’.ions are Santiago, occupied first in 1861 Consuiiucion Concepcion (1880), Chilian (1892), (1885), Talca (1896), Copiapo (1888). Aside from the educational, publication and general evangelistic work, much has been done in the outlying sections, and in the mining regions. The work in Chile has shared in the change that has come over so many of the South American states in the control of Liberals, and in 1888 the mi ion received a special charter. The report for 1903 shows 34 outstations, 12 mi ionaries, 29 native workers, 10 churches, 522 members, 4 schools,::; 560 pupils. (5) Japan: While the Christian Church was watching the opening of Japan, the Presbyterian Board requested Dr. McCartee, a mi ionary in China, to visit that country and make inquiries preparatory to mi ion work. He was, however, unable to reach Japan, and as the treaty opening the ports of Yokohama and Nagasaki was to take effect in July, 1859, in the previous April, the Board commi ioned Dr. J. C. Hepburn and wife, formerly of China, to enter the country. They reached Japan early in October and settled at Kanagawa, a few miles from Tokio. The Buddhist temple was obtained as a residence, the idols were removed, and the people were found to be There was, however, constant civil and friendly. surveillance, and aggre ive work was scarcely po ible. Meanwhile, there was opportunity for studying the language, and Dr. Hepburn devoted himself to it, laying the foundation for S99 a translation of the Scriptures and a Japanese English Dictionary, the first edition of which was published in 1867. In 1862 the station was moved to Yokohama, and a dispensary and hospital were opened. Other mi ionaries arrived, and gradually the field of work enlarged. In February, 1869, converts were baptized. Durmg this decade, also, occurred the political revolution which changed the entire policy of Japan toward the outer world, and which brought into prominence as leaders several young men who had come under the influence of Dr. Hepburn, and Dr. Verbeok, of the Reformed Church America, three m and others. In January of 1872 a week of prayer was observed by all of the mi ionaries and English speaking residents of all denominations in Yokohama, and the result was a great manifestation of spiritual life. Two years later there were still more marks of divine favor. Churches were organized, and the Presbyterian and Reformed Mi ions worked together in cordial sympathy. In 1876 a movement was initiated by these two mi ions, together with that of the United Presbyterian Church of Scotland, which resulted in the organization of the United Church of Christ in Japan, an independent self-governing Japanese Church, in which the mi ionaries were only advisory members. An effort, in 1889, to unite the Congregational churches with this body failed, and soon after the term “United” was dropped from the title. In 1877 a Union Theological School was organized, and a Union College in 1883. In 1886 these were united, and with the special department then organized became the Meiji Gakuin, “College of the Era of Enlightened Principles.” The unprecedented advance of these years was followed by a reaction of intense prejudice against foreigners and foreign teaching, which again was largely overcome by the bearing of the Christians during the war with Japan, and has been more recently followed by a renewed increase of interest. Eastern Japan Mi ion: The work com(1) menced at Yokohama has resulted in two self supporting churches. But the headquarters of the mi ion were changed in 1869 to Tokio, the capital, where the first church was organized in 1873. The mi ion work includes open-air evangelistic work, a Training School for Bible Women, a Girls’ Boarding School, and a Training Other lines of work con School for Nurses. nected with this mi ion include the work in Hokkaido and the Kurile Islands. The headquarters of this section are at Sapporo (1887), but several other places are occupied. In one, Oiaru, the work began as a Sunday school for the fishermen’s children. There is now a church and an excellent school, with two kindergartens and three Sundav schools. The report in 1903 shows 24 outstations, 31 mi ionaries, 59 native workers, 8 schools with 882 pupils. (2.) Western Japan: The first station occupied on the Western coast was Kanagawa, by Rev. T. W. Winn, in 1879. At that time, so far as known, there was not a single Christian living in those provinces. To-day every important city has its groups of Christians, and a number of vigorous churches. The next station to be occupied was Osaka (1881), followed bv Hiroshima (1887), Kioto (1890), Yamaguchi ‘(1891), Fukui (1891), Matsuyama (1901). In all of these Presbyterian mi ion work includes evanand educational departments, and Hiroplaces the gelistic shim a is peculiarly attractive for its opportunities for work among the soldiers and sailors. Educational work at Kioto is especially interesting, while from Yamaguchi efforts are being made to reach the neighboring island of Kiushiu. The report for 1903 shows in Western Japan, 29 outstations, 30 mi ionaries, 77 native workers, 8 schools, 463 pupils. The church statistics for both mi ions are 36 churches, 5,825 communicants. VI. Africa. (1.) Liberia: Presbyterian work in Liberia was commenced in 1833 by Rev. J. B. Pinney, especially for the aborigines, and stations were established along the Kroo coast near Cape Palmas. The climate proved so fatal that the experiment was tried of sending colored ministers, but it was found that these were not exempt from fever, and lacked the ability to organize and superintend. Other white men were sent out, including Rev. D. A. Wilson, and among the colored men Rev. E. W. Blyden, and several new stations were occupied. In 1857 there came a great encouragement through a revival. As the Methodists, Luther an, and Protestant Episcopal churches have succe ful work in that region, the Presbyterian Board in 1894 decided to withdraw, and by 1899 had transferred all its interest lo the Presbytery of West Africa, including 15 churches with about 400 members. occupied (2.) West Africa: In 1842 the the station of Baraka in the Gabun district, sending out Rev. J. L. Wilson, Rev. Benjamin ABCFM Rev. Rev. Albert BushneU, and William Walker. Eight years later the Presbyterian Board established a station on the island of Corisco, sending out Rev. J. L. Mackey, Rev. C. De Heer, and Rev. Ibia J’Ikenge. On the union of the old and new school branches, in Griswold, ABCFM was transferred 1870, the mi ion of the to the Presbyterian Board, and the two mi ions became known as the Gabun and Corisco Mi ion. Subsequently, on the extension of the work into the interior among the Fang tribe, the name was changed to the West Africa Mi ion. The work of the American Board was extended to several stations, and there was good succe among the Dikele people, but the occupation of the coast by the French jorought special restrictions, and the unhealthy climate and the hostility of the people combined to reduce the work so that there remained but the one station at Baraka Similarly the work at the time of the transfer. in Corisco suffered from the Spanish Government (which forbade the teaching of any religion the Roman Catholic), the unhealthy climate and the tribal quarrels, and there, too, the four stations were reduced to one, tho the native church is a strong one. In 1865 the Rev. George PauU founded Mbade station on the Benito River, north of Corsico, and on his death, after thirteen months, the work was taken up by Rev. R.H.Na au, the patriarch The_ next field to of the West Africa Mi ion. be occupied was on the Ogowe River, south of Corisco; and Mr. Na au opened a station at Belambila (1874), which was later (1876) removed In pursuance of a plan to form a to Kangwe. was line of stations to the Congo, Talaguga occupied in 1882 and three years later Rev. A. C. Good entered upon his work. Several churches were organized and the mi ion was progre ing favorably when the interference of the French except Presbyterian but Government, forbidding any language French in the schools, and hampering the evangelistic work, became so serious that the Board decided in 1892 to transfer its work to the Paris Evangelical Mi ion Society. Then came the development on the North. Batanga, at first an outstation of Benito, was made a regular station in 1889, and to this station was transferred the work which had been commenced on the Ogowe River. Under the German Government work has been le difficult, and Dr. Good’s explorations and the long experience and faithful service of several of the mi ionaries who liave been identified with the mi ion from its beginning are bearing fruit. Baraka and Benito still remain as centers of work, but the extension of tlie mi ion from Batanga includes Efulen (1893), Elat (1895), MacLean Memorial Station, Lolodorf (1897). This last station is the result of a report by Dr. A. C. Good Mi Margaret MacLean, of a visit to the dwarfs. of Glasgow, Scotland, had become interested in these people through Stanley’s letters, and offered to support a mi ion among them, imder the auspices of the Board. The work is extremely difficult because of the climate, the diversity of languages, and the timidity of the little people. The report (1903) shows 58 outstations, 34 mi ionaries, 49 native workers, 13 churches with 1,716 communicants, 22 schools with 984 pupils, 2 hospitals, and 2 dispensaries with 1,900 patients. Vll. Syria: Mi ion work in Syria was commenced under the ABOFM, by Pliny Fisk and Levi Parsons, who went to Jerusalem in 1821, but were unable to stay there. In 1823 Me rs. Bird and Goodell arrived at Beirut, and except for a time when (1828-1830) they withdrew to Malta on account of political disturbances, this has been the center of mi ion work. The other stations occupied were Abeih (1843), Tripoli After the transfer of (1848), Sidon (1851). this mi ion from the to the Presbyterian Board (1870) an extension of work into the Lebanon was planned and the station of Zahleh opened in 1872. From the very first special attention has been paid to education and publication. Me rs. Bird and Goodell brought with them a printing pre and immediately commenced translation and publication. Dr. Eli Smith commenced a translation of the Arabic Bible, completed by Dr. C. V. A. Van Dyck, which is one of the finest in existence. Schools were established in Beirut in 1824, including one for girls. From these have grown seminaries in Beirut, Sidon, and Tripoli, while the Syrian Protestant College at Beirut is one of the finest educational institutions in mi ion lands. Not organically connected with the mi ion, it has always, neverthele , been in closest sympathy with evangelistic work. Medical work under the lead of Drs. Van Dyck and Post has from the first had a prominent place. The medical department of the college has furnished physicians for the entire Arabic speaking sections of Western Asia and Northern Africa. Evangelistic work has been always rendered difficult by the peculiar situation of the country, the rivalry of the different communities, the hostility of the Government and of the Roman Catholics, especially the Jesuits, who have taken advantage of French influence in Syria to hinder, so far as po ible, the work of Protestant mi ions. The churches have suffered also from emigration. ABCFM 600 Still there has been good progre and the advance in the number of communicants from 294 in 1870 The report for 1903 to 2,542 shows good results. shows 106 outstations, 38 mi ionaries, 207 native workers, 29 churches, 2,542 communicants, 108 schools, 5,982 pupils, 1 hospital, and 1 dispensary with 5,622 patients, while the pre i ued 23,395,410 pages. In this last item appears a hint of what ia, after all, the greate.st work of the Syria Mi ion. As a center from which the whole Arabic-speaking world may be reached, the fruits of labor here are found all over Asia and Africa, and in the East Indies. In scarcely any other mi ion in the world do the actual, immediate returns, as given in statistical tables, give so meager a view of the real results. VIII. Persia: The first American mi ions to Persia grew out of a visit of Me rs. Eli Smith and H. G. O. Dwight of the ABCFM in 1829. On their representations that Society determined to establish a mi ion in Persia for the Nestor i ans, and appointed Justin Perkins the first mi ion He sailed in 1833 and reached Tabriz a ary. year later. In 1835 he was joined by Dr. Asahel Grant, and a station was established at Urmia, One of the most intelligent in November, 1835. of the Nestor i an bishops. Mar Yohanan, gave Mr. Perkins instruction in the language. A school was opened very soon, and other helpers were added after a few years, among them, in 1843, Fidelia Fiske, who came to take charge of For some years there was con the Girls’ School. sider able discouragement, but then came a revival, and for twelve years it continued, the number of converts being very large. At first the effort was to reform the old Church, but a. separation became absolutely e ential, and in 1862 the first Conference was held, and a confe ion of faith adopted, as also rules, discipline, In 1870 this mi ion was transferred from etc. the ABCFM to the Presbyterian Board, and then commenced a policy of extension. Teheran was occupied in 1872, Tabriz in 1873, Hamadan in Distance between the stations and the 1880. diversity of language occasioned the division into two mi ions, a Western and an Eastern, Urmia and Tabriz constituting the former, and Teheran and Hamadan the latter. Persia Mi ion: The work in (1.) Western Urmia is chiefly among the Nestor i ans of that city, the surrounding plains and in the Kurdish Mountains. It is the seat of a college, originally established at Mt. Seir, and for which David Tappan Stoddard did much more lately removed This to a fine location in the plain near the city. college has exercised a great influence throughout the entire section. Fiske Seminary also has become well known throughout that whole region. The mi ionary pre established here has been succe ful, and the work of Bible translation and the preparation of Christian literature commenced by Dr. Perkins, and more lately carried on by Dr. Benjamin Labaree, has been very effective. Medical work has always been prominent. Originally started by Dr.’ Grant, and carried to a high succe with a hospital and a training school by Dr. Cochran, it has been one of the most effective agencies employed. More than once the medical men of the mi ion have been its protectors in times of The greater number of churches con stre . nected with the Nestor i an work are in the plain, but there are quite a number through the moun; 601 extending acro the Turkish border into Me so pot am i a. For a time the work among the Syrians of Mosul was taken over by the Presbyterian Board from the ABCFM, but was afterward transferred to the CMS on account of tains, the great distance, the difficulty of acce , etc. The work in Tabriz, as also in the outstation of Salmas, is largely among the Armenians. Work for the Muslims has been carried on with some succe , altho the number of converts is not great. The mi ion has felt the hostile influence of Ru ian officials, as Ru ian political power has developed in North Persia; also the unfortunate effect of the number of independent workers, who have won support from Plymouth Brethren, German Luther ans, and others. The report (1903) shows 117 outstations, 28 mi ionaries, 178 native workers, 21 churches with 2,653 communicants, 99 schools with 2,279 pupils, 3 hospitals and 2 dispensaries with 26,312 patients. Persia Mi ion: The city of (2.) Eastern Teheran was occupied in 1872 by the Rev. Jas. Ba ett, after an extended tour, including Tabriz, Educational and and Hamadan. Teheran, medical work has been carried on succe fully, and the recognition of the physicians by the Government has been one element in securing a considerable attendance of Mohammedans in From Teheran tours are the school for boys. made to Kazvin and Resht (on the Caspian) and occasionally to Meshed, one of the Muslim holy cities. Hamadan was first visited by colporteurs from Urmia in 1869, made an outstation of Teheran in 1872, and a station in 1880. The work in both Teheran and Hamadan is chiefly among the Armenians; but at Hamadan there is a The report (1903) shows 5 out Jewish church. stations, 24 mi ionaries, 44 native workers, 4 churches, 244 comm.umcants, 6 schools, 513 pupils, 1 hospital and 4 dispensaries with 8,393 patients. IX. Mexico: In 1872 the General A embly voted to open work in Mexico, and in September Me rs. Thomson, Phillips, of the same year and Pitkin, with their wives, went to Mexico City. There they found a large body of Mexican believers of anti-prelatical convictions, gathered in nine independent congregations, largely the result of the work of Mi Rankin, Mr. Riley and others. Most of these joined one or another of the different mi ions that entered the country and furnished the nucleus for their work. The next year Zacatecas and San Luis Potosi were occupied, then Saltillo (1884), Zitacuaro (1893), The work Chilpancingo (1894), Jalapa (1897). in Saltillo is the immediate succe or of Mi Rankin’s work at Monterey. The story of the mi ion contains many incidents of great heroism, in bitter persecution, especially in Guerrero and Zitacuaro. Educational and publication work has had a prominent place, and the pre at Mexico City has been a most effective evangelistic agency. For a time there were two mi ions. Northern and Southern. In 1884 these were united, and the native churches have been Zacatecas, organized in three presbyteries, Mexico City and the Gulf. The Mexican Home Mi ion Board, organized in 1890 by the Presbytery of the City of Mexico, supports two evangelists in Guerrero and Mexico. The report (1903) shows 146 outstations, 23 mi ionaries, 81 native workers, 45 churches, 3,902 communicants, 29 schools, 638 pupils. Presbyterian X. Guatemala: Work was commenced in Guatemala in 1882 in response to special appeals for Protestant teaching and the a urance by President Barrios of sympathy and full freedom of action. The first work of the Rev. John C. Hill was the organization of a church for the Europe ans and Americans. This has since become independent. A little later work in Spanish was commenced. Rev. E. M. Haymaker, formerly of Mexico, a isting greatly in the under School work has also been established. While no other station than that at Guatemala City has been opened much good has been done by tours and in outstations among them Quezeltango and San August in. Everywhere There ia there is the greatest opportunity. absolute religious liberty, and even many loyal Roman Catholics welcome Protestant mi ions as an agent for the purification of their church. The report (1903) shows 2 native workers,^ 2 churches with 85 communicants, 1 school with 38 pupils. The climate has proved difficult, and the mi ionaries who have built up the work were compelled to return, their places to be filled soon taking. by others. XI. Korea: The first mi ion work in Korea was by Me rs. Ro and Molntyre, of the Scotch United Presbyterian Mi ion in Manchuria. A number of conversions resulted, and it was evident that a good basis for mi ion enterprise In 1880 a Korean of high rank, repreexisted. senting the Government in Japan, became a Christian and begged earnestly tor mi ionaries In response to this appeal, the Presbyterian Board, in 1884, appointed Dr. H. N. Allen, then a medical mi ionary in China, to go to Korea. He was appointed physician to the United States Legation at Seoul, and thus was a ured safety and favorable reception. His influence soon became very great, and he was received as physician to the royal household and placed in charge of the Government hospital. for his country. Some months later Dr. Heron and Rev. H. G. Underwood joined the mi ion. For several years the work was chiefly medical and literary. The first convert was baptized in 1886, and the After 1890 the first church organized in 1887. advance was marvelously rapid. In the “Presbyterian Council” including the two Presbyterian Mi ions from the United States, the one from Canada, and the Woman’s Union of Victoria, the number of catechumens and adherents was over 22,000 in 1903. The opportunities for direct preaching have so absorbed the energies of all that schools have been le prominent than in some other mi ions, yet there is a well-estabMedical work has lished sys*em of education. developed so that there are three hospitals at Seoul, Fusan and Phieng-yang, all powerful In addition to the work evangelistic agencies. at Seoul, other stations have been opened at Fusan (1891), Phieng-yang (1893), Taiku (1898), and Syen-chun (1901). At the time of the terrible cholera epidemic in 1895, the mi ionaries of all the Boards turned their attention to hospital work, and were able not merely to save many lives, but to overcome much of the hostihty to mi ion work._ The work among the women has from the beginning had phenomenal succe , and the general indications for permanent church life are most satisfactory. outstations, 64 140 native workers, 3 organised The report in 1903 shows 340 mi ionaries, Presbyterian churches (312 incompletely organized churches), 6,481 communicants, 66 schools, 1,082 pupiils, 2 hospitals and 5 dispensaries, with 2,824 patients. The printing pre at Seoul has done most excellent work, i uing over 400,000 pages. XII. The Philippine Islands: Immediately after the Philippine Islands pa ed into the hands of the United States the Presbyterian Board took up the question of sending mi ion The Rev. J. B. Rodgers, who had aries there. already had experience in Spanish work, was Iloilo, on the Island of sent to Manila in 1899. Panay, was occupied in 1900; Dumaguete, on the Island of Negros, in 1901 and Cebu, on the Island As was natural, there was at of Cebu, in 1902. first a marked interest in the work; then followed somewhat of a reaction, but the later reports show that the congregations are developing; The steadily in numbers and in earnestne . very general belief in the unbounded wealth of the” United States makes it a little difficult to secure self-support in the native churches, but the progre is encouraging and the opportunity, as one of the mi ionaries expre ed it, is “for all Especially attractive is the there is in a man.” Efforts were made field among the young men. to arrange some apportionment among the different mi ionary societies, but not with the The work done in India and in greatest succe . Japan by preachers from this country led to a visit by Dr. George F. Pentecost to the Philippines in 1902, the results of which are most gratifying, not merely among the natives, but in the American community. The hostility or lack of interest on the part of American officials, which something has been made, has been more apparent than real, in consequence of the of peculiar religious situation. The report of 1903 shows 28 outstations, 15 mi ionaries, 32 native workers, 10 churches, 469 members, 2 schools with 234 pupils, 2 hospitals, 635 patients. The foreign mi ion work of the women of the Presbyterian Church (North) is carried on through seven societies, all auxiliary to the Board of Foreign Mi ions of the Presbyterian Church in These are: the U. S. A. 1. Woman’s Foreign Mi ionary Society of the Presbyterian Church: Headquarters, 501 Wither spoon Building, Walnut Street, Philadelphia, Pa.; organized 1870. 2. Woman’s Board of Foreign Mi ions of the Presbyterian Church, New York: Headquarters, 156 Fifth Avenue, New York City organized 1870. Presbyterian Board of Foreign 3. Woman’s Mi ions of the Northwest: Headquarters, 40 Randolph Street, Chicago, 111.; organized 1870. 4. Woman’s Presbyterian Foreign Mi ionary Society of Northern New York Headquarters, Auburn, N. Y.; organized 1872. Board of Foreign Occidental 5. Woman’s Mi ions of the Presbyterian Church Headquarters, 708 Powell Street, San Francisco, Cal. organized 1873. Presbyterian Board of Foreign 6. Woman’s Mi ions of the Southwest: Headquarters, 4,020 Westminster Place, St. Louis, Mo.; organized 1877. 7. Woman’s North Pacific Presbyterian Board __ ~ Hoyt Street, of Mi ions: Headquarters, 741 ll( Portland, Ore.; organized 1888. Reference should be made to the exceptionally complete arrangement of the library connected with the Board’s office in New York City, and to;::;. ^ 602 the organization of mi ion study cla es. In both departments the Board has the advantage of the free-will service of two gentlemen of means. The literature department also is specially well developed. Organ: The A embly Herald, Woman’s Work for Woman. History Howard (W. H.), Origin of the Board of Foreign: Mi ions of the Presbyterian Church, New York, 1872; Speer (R. E.), Presbyterian Foreign Mi ions, Philadel^ihia, 1901. PRESBYTERIAN CHURCHES OF SCOTLAND; Mi ions of. See Scotland. PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH IN THE UNITED STATES (South); Executive Committee of Foreign Mi ions of the: The history of the mi ionary work of the Presbyterian Church of the southern portion of the United States rung parallel with that of the northern portion up to At that time, in consequence of the year 1861. the civil war, the synods of the Southern States united in the formation of a separate body, known as the General A embly of the “Presbyterian Church in the Confederate States of America,” which title, subsequent to the war, was changed to the “Presbyterian Church in the United States.” Immediately on the organization of the Southern A embly, at August a, Ga., in December, 1861, a committee was chosen to conduct the work of foreign mi ions, with the Rev. J. Leighton Wilson, D.D., as Secretary, and the Rev. James Woodrow, D.D., Treasurer. Dr. Wilson had labored nearly twenty years as a mi ionary in Africa, but for some time previous to the outbreak of the war had been connected with the Foreign Mi ion Office of the PresbyDr. Woodrow terian Church in New York. was a profe or in the theological seminary The Committee at Columbia, South Carolina. was located at Columbia. The first efforts of the committee were directed to the Choctaws, the Chick a saws, and other tribes of the Indian TerDuring the continuance of the war ritory. more than a dozen faithful laborers were sustained in this field, among them Drs. Kings bury and Byington. number of Presbyterian mi ionaries, natives of the Southern States, were laboring in foreign lands, and invitations were extended to these, who had originally been sent A out by the Presbyterian Board in New York, to become the representatives of the Southern Church in their respective fields. Some of these labored in Africa, others in China, Japan, and Siam. As the outcome of these negotiations, the Rev. Elias B. Inslee of Hang-chau, China, entered into a correspondence with the committee, which resulted in the establishment of its first mi ion in foreign lands. This, however, was not until the close of the war. Mr. Inslee, who was a member of the Synod of Mi i ippi, returned to the United States in 1866, was formally appointed, and sailed for his field in China in June, 1867. In August of the same year the committee appointed Mi Christine Ronzone, a mi ionary under its care, to Italy. In 1868 the Rev. G. Nash Morton was sent to Brazil. Mi ions were established in Mexico and Greece in 1874, in Japan in 1875, and in the Congo Free State in 1890. In 1889 the Indian Mi ion was transferred to the Home Mi ion Committee. Statement China: The of Mi ions: first I. station of China: (1.) Mid the mi ion was Hang-chau, to which Rev. Mr. Inslee returned 603 in 1867, and where he was joined the following year by several a ociates, including Rev. M. H. Houston. Others are Su-chau (1872), Hsin-chang (Sinchang) (1892), Kiang-yin (1895), Kia-hsing (l895). In common with other mi ions this one suilered interruptions during the Boxer ujjrising, but le lo than those in the north. During their enforced absence from the interior stations the mi ionaries improved the opportunity to study and work among the sailors and soldiers at Shanghai. Since their return the various departments of worlc, including the girls’ boarding school at Hang-chau, other schools at the different stations, and the medical worlv have been resumed with succe . Kiangsu: This mi ion includes (2.) North the stations of Chin-kiang Su-tsin (1883), (Suchien) (1894), Tsing-kiang-pu (1887), Hwaingan-fu (Whai-an-fu) (1897), and Hen-chau-fu (1897). Here also the mi ionaries were obliged to withdraw during the Boxer troubles, but native workers remained, and except for a few weeks, services were continued. Since the reopening of active work this mi ion has shared with others the increased interest on the part of the natives and the larger opportunities for each department of work. The report (1902) shows for the Mid-China Mi ion 24 outstations, 42 mi ionaries, 36 native workers, 7 churches with 448 communicants, 10 schools with 204 pupils. North Kiang-su Mi ion, 6 outstations, 26 mi ionaries, 10 native workers, 1 church with 95 communicants, 1 school with 12 pupils. //. Brazil: (1.) Southern Brazil: This includes the stations of Camp in as (1869), Lavras (1892), Araguary (1895), Sao Paulo (1895), Sao Joao del Rei (1895). As in so many cases, the early history of the mi ion was one of patient labor in the face of great difficulties, but of late there has been considerable improvement. The organization of the Synod of Brazil, by the cordial cooperation of the Northern and Southern Presbyterian Churches in the U. S., has been a distinct advantage, and the single theological institution at Sao Paulo for both boards has been very helpful. The development of Mackenzie College also has made po ible a concentration of educational work. The 16 mi ionaries, besides their care of schools and pre work, superintend 60 outstations, and report 1,316 communicants. (2.) Northern Brazil: The work in this mi ion was commenced in 1873 at Recife (Pernambuco). In 1882 Portaleza or Ceara was occupied, followed by Maranhao (1885), Parahyba (1894), An indication of Natal (1895), Caxias (1896). the difficulties encountered is found in the statement in the report for 1902 that even at Pernambuco it is still rare for services to be conducted in the chapel without stones being thrown at the building. The prevalence of gambling and intemperance makes work very difficult and the general poverty of the people hampers the sale of Bibles and other books. There are (1902) 14 mi ionaries, 18 native workers, 17 outstations, 10 organized churches, 1,114 communicants, 3 schools with 127 pupils. ///. Mexico: The work in Mexico was commenced in 1874 at Brownsville, Texas, and the city of Matamoros, just acro the Rio Grande River. It has since been extended to include Victoria (1880), Linares (1887), and Monte more los. The 5 mi ionaries and 11 native Presbyterian helpers care for the work in 53 outstations, with 10 organized churches and 602 communicants. As the country is sparsely populated there is a large amount of traveling nece itated. As in Brazil, the churches connected with the two Presbyterian Boards (North and South) in Mexico united in 1901 in the Synod of the Presbyterian Church in Mexico. The movement has had the cordial support of the Board and the cliurches have already felt the advantage from the union. IV. Cuba: In response to an eiarnest appeal from Protestant Christians in Havana, the Executive Committee sent Mr. Gray bill of the Mexico Mi ion to Cuba in the summer of 1890. This visit resulted in the organization of two Presbyterian churches, one in Havana and one in Santa Clara, a town in the interior of the island. Mr. Gray bill also licensed and ordained to the work of the Gospel ministry Sr. Evaristo Collazo of Havana. The disturbed condition of the country seems to have interfered with the continuance of the work, but at the close of the Spanish War in 1899 the Board toolc up the field again and placed a mi ionary. Rev. J. G. HaU, at Cardenas. Work has also been undertaken at Caibarien and Remedias. The report (1902) shows 7 mi ionaries, 2 native workers, 1 organized church, 63 communicants. Attention is paid to education and in one instance the mi ionary gained acce to a large private school, with free permi ion for Bible instruction in return for le ons in English. V. Japan: The first station founded in Japan by this Board was Kochi (1885). Then followed Nagoya (1887), Tokushima (1889), Kobe and Okazaki (1890), Takamatsu (1893) and Susaki (1898). There are also 80 outstations, and the mi ionary force of 28, with 35 native reports (1902) 4 organized churches, with 1,458 communicants. These churches are identified with the Church of Christ in Japan. The strength of the mi ion is given to evangelistic work, and the 20th century forward movement under the auspices of the Japan Evangelical Alliance has had manifest good results in uniting the churches, giving them greater courage and succe , and emphasizing before the community the e ential unity of the Japanese Churches. VI. Africa: For many years the Southern Presbyterian Church had cherished a desire to During the latte i plant a mi ion in Africa. part of his life, the Rev. Dr. J. Leighton Wilson, mi ion work of his Church, father of the the and who had himself labored nearly twenty years in Africa, earnestly laid this matter before the General A embly; but various obstacles prevented the accomplishment of his heart’s In the desire until he had pa ed to his rest. mind of the Southern Church there was an abiding conviction that because of the large negro population within her own bounds she was specially called of Providence to undertake Accordingly, at the meeting of the this work. General A embly in 1889, the Executive Committee of Foreign Mi ions was directed to take steps looking to the opening of the long-contemplated mi ion in the “Dark Continent.” Ear^ in 1890 the Rev. Samuel N. Lapsley (white), of the Synod of Alabama, and the Rev. helpers, W. H. Sheppard (colored), of Atlanta, Ga., were commi ioned and sent forth with instruc- Ppesbyterinn Protestant JBpiscopal tions to found a new mi ion in the Congo Free State. The appointment of Mr. Sheppard (who had already proved to be a most valuable worker) was of special interest, since he was the first fruits of a long-cherished desire on the part of many in the Southern Church to see some of this race bearing the Gospel to the land of their forefathers. He was also the first fruits, in this direction, of the Theological Seminary in Tuscaloosa, Alabama, which had been established some years before by the Southern Presbyterian Church exclusively for the purpose of training a colored ministry. Proc cod in<; first to England, and then to Bru els in Belgium, they received every encouragement and a istance in preparation for their work. King Leopold himself granted Mr. Lapsley a personal interview, in which he expre ed the deepest interest in his mi ion. They have gone as gioneers, with instructions that their station e sufficiently separated from other mi ions to give it the character of a thoroughly independent work. They were instructed to seek a locality as healthy as po ible, on some highlands removed from the coast, and yet not too distant from the basis of supplies. Luebo, near the southwestern border of the Congo State, and the junction of the Luebo and Lubua rivers, was selected and has been the headquarters of the mi ion. In 1897 Ibanzi, a short distance from Luebo and a point of convergence for the trade of a large section of territory, was occupied. The mi ionaries are enthusiastic over the outlook, hoping for results as remarkable as those manifest in Uganda, as the tribes already reached seem peculiarly acce ible to the Gospel. The report (1902) shows 9 mi ionaries, 20 native helpers, 8 outstations, 854 communicants, 226 pupils in the 2 schools. A noticeable fact is the addition of 382 members in a single year. VII. Korea: The first work of the Board in Korea was in 1892, but the present location was not made until 1896, when the station of Chung-ju was opened, followed by Kunsan (1896) and Mokpo (1898), all on or near the west coast south of Seoul. There are (1902) 18 mi ionaries, and special attention is paid to medical work, one of the physicians from the Woman’s Board reporting 1,250 visits from women patients at Chung-ju. There are 3 churches with 124 members, and one of the most interesting features is the employment of a native evangelist by a few of the native Christians. In 1874 work was commenced among the Greeks at Athens, extending afterward to Bolo and Salonica. Later it was confined to the last city and finally, under pre ure of need elsewhere, was pa ed over to the care of the ABCFM. Women’s work in connection with this Board is represented by individual church societies and Presbyterial unions. Organ: The Mi ionary, monthly. PRESBYTERIANS OF WALES; Mi ions of. See Welsh Calvin is tic Methodists’ Foreign Mi ions. 622