Chalcis had been one of the most important cities in Greece

It was said to have been originally colony from Athens (Strab. p. 651), but shortly acquired complete independence. In a war which it had maintained with Eretria, some considerable time before this, all Greece had been concerned on the one side or the other (Thucyd. i. 15, and infra, ch. 99). Few cities sent out so or such distant colonies. The whole peninsula situated between the Thermaic and Strymonic gulfs acquired the name of Chalcidicé, from the number of Chalcid ean settlements (Thucyd. pa im). Seriph us, Pep are thus, and others of the Cyclades, were Chalcid ean (Scym. Chius, 1. 585). In Italy and Sicily, the colonies of Chalcis exceeded in number those of any other state. Naxos, Leontini, Catana, Zanclé, Rhegium, and Cuma were among them. Rawlinson , Herod., III. 275, note. Chalco (chäl'kō). A village of Mexico, on the east side of Lake Chalco, about 20 miles southeast of Mexico City. Before the Spanish conquest Mexican valley. Chalcondylas Chalco was one of the most important pueblos of the Chal condyles (kal-kon'di-lēz), or Chalcocondyles (kal-kō-kon'di-lēz), or (kal-kon'di-las), Demetrius. Born at Athens about 1424 (1428?): died at Milan, 1511. A Greek grammarian, teacher of Greek in Perugia, Rome, and elsewhere in Italy, and in Flor (1493), and edited Homer (1488), I so crates (1493) and ence. He wrote a Greek grammar entitled "Erotemata" Suidas (1499). Chal condyles, Laonicus or Nicolas. Born at Athens: died about 1464. A Byzantine historian, amba ador of John VII. Palæologus to the Sultan Murad II. during the siege of Constantinople in 1446. He wrote a history of the Byzantine empire 1297-1462 (ed. by Bekker 1843). Chaldea (kal-de'ä). [In the Old Testament Kasdim , in the A yrian inscriptions Kaldu for Kashdu (by the phonetic law of the change of a sibilant before a dental to 1). The etymology of the name is still uncertain: some suggest the A yrian stem kašádu , to conquer, so that it would mean 'the country of the conquerors.'] In the older inscriptions, middle Babylonia, the tract south of the city of Babylon in the direction toward the Persian Gulf: other portions of the country were designated Akkad, Sumir, etc. Later the name Kaldu (like "Land of Kasdim" in Jer. xxiv. 5, Ezek. xii. 13) was extended to the whole country of Babylonia, the terri tory bounded on the north by As syria, on the south by the Syrian desert and the Persian Gulf, on the east by Elam, and on the west by Syria. It is not certain to which family of men the Chaldeans belonged, but some have supposed that they were a mixed race composed of Babylonians and Kas sites or Co æans. Chaldean Empire. The Babylonian Empire. Chaleurs (shä-lörz'), or Chaleur (shä-ler'), Bay of. [F. chaleur , heat: named by J. Cartier (1534) from its warmth.] An inlet of the Gulf of St. Lawrence, lying between Quebec on the north and New Brunswick on the south. Length, 90 miles. Greatest width, 20 miles. Chal grove (chal'grov). A village in Oxfords hire, England, 7 miles southeast of Oxford. Here, June 18, 1643, Prince Rupert defeated the Parliamentarians. Hampden was mortally wounded. Chalkis. See Chalcis . Chalkley (chak'li), Thomas. Born at London, March 3, 1675: died in Tortola, West Indies, Sept. 4, 1741. An itinerant preacher of the Society of Friends. He visited the American colonies in 1698, 1700, 1710, and a few years before his death established a residence near Philadelphia. Chalkstone (châk's ton), Lord. A character in Garrick's play "Lethe" which he himself made famous. Challcuchima (chäl-kö-che'mä), or Chalicuchima (chä-le-kö-che'mä). A Peruvian Indian, said to have been a native of Quito and uncle of Atahualpa. He was one of that Inca's generals in prisoned by the Spaniards, Challcuchima was induced to the war with Huascar, and after Atahualpa had been imvisit him at Cajamarca. He was seized, kept a captive during the subsequent march of the Spaniards, and finally burned alive near Cuzco on the charge that he was inc it ing an Indian insurrection (Nov., 1533). Challemel-Lacour (shäl-mel'lä-kör'), Paul Amand. Born at Avranches, France, May 19, 1827: died at Paris, Oct. 26, 1896. A French publicist and politician. He was a deputy 1872, senator 1876, amba ador to England 1880-82, and minister of foreign affairs 1883; was reëlected senator in 1885; and became president of the Senate in 1893. Challenger Expedition. A British scientific expedition, under the direction of Prof. Wyville Thomson, for the exploration of the deep sea, undertaken on board her Majesty's ship Challenger, 1872-76. Challis (chal'is), James. Born at Brain tree, E ex, Dec. 12, 1803: died at Cambridge, Dec. 3, 1882. An English astronomer and physicist, Plumian profe or of astronomy (1836), and di Chamberlain, Joseph Morning side, near Edinburgh, May 31, 1847. A celebrated Scottish divine and author. He was minister at Glasgow 1815-23; profe or of moral philosophy at St. Andrews 1823-28, and of divinity at Edinburgh 1828-43; and leader in the sece ion of 1843 from the Church of Scotland. He wrote "Discourses on Astronomy" (1817), "Political Economy" (1832), "Natural Theology" (1823), "Institutes of Theology" (1847-49), etc. Chalone (chä-lō'nā). A tribe of North American Indians. They formerly resided at and near San Antonio and San Miguel mi ions, California, where they numbered about 2,600 in the latter part of the last century, but only 12 families were identified in 1889. From these and from the Rumsen were taken one half of the neophytes of Soledad mi ion, about which the Chalone had been settled in seven villages. See Salinan. Chaloner (chal'on-er), Sir Thomas. Born at London, 1521: died there, Oct. 14, 1565. An English statesman and writer. He was amba ador to the court of the emperor Ferdinand, 1558; later to Philip II. at Court ray; and to Spain, 1561. He translated into English the homilies of St. John Chrysostom (1544), Erasmus's "Praise of Folie" (1549), etc. Chaloner, Sir Thomas. Born 1561: died Nov. 17, 1615. An English naturalist, son of the preceding. He wrote "A Short Discourse of the most rare Vertue of Nitre" (1584). He opened the first alum-mines in England, at Belman Bank, Guisborough, about 1600. Chaloner, Thomas. Born at Steeple Claydon, Bucking hams hire, 1595: died at Middelburg, Zeeland, 1661. A regicide, third son of the younger Sir Thomas Chaloner. He acted as one of the judges of Charles I., 1648, and was prominent in Parliament until the Restoration, when he fled to the Low Countries. Châlons-sur-Marne (shä-lôn'sür-märn'). The capital of the department of Marne, France, situated on the Marne in lat. 48° 58′ N., long. 4° 21′ E.: the ancient Catalaunum (whence the modern name) or Durocatalaunum. It is the seat of a bishopric. It exports champagne, and was formerly famous for its woolen cloth. According to tradition the great battle in 451, in which Aetius defeated Attila and his Huns, took place near Châlons: "but there is good reason to think that it was fought fifty miles distant from Châ lons-sur-Marne, and that it would be more correctly named the battle of Troyes, or, to speak with complete accuracy, the battle of Méry-sur-Seine" ( Hodgkin ). The camp of Châlons was established in the neighborhood by Napoleon III. in 1857, and is now used for manœuvers. The town was taken by the Allies in 1814 and 1815, and by the Germans in 1870. The cathedral of Châlons is an interesting monument, chiefly of the 13th century, with effective and lofty interior. The west front is of the 17th century. The façade of the north transept, with its sculptured and canopied portal, has much beauty, and the tracery and but tre es are admirable. Population (1891), commune, 25,863. Châlon-sur-Saône (shä-lôn'sür-sōn'). A city in the department of Saône-et-Loire, France, situated on the Saône in lat. 46° 48′ N., long. 4°52′ E.: the ancient Cabillonum or Cabal linum. It is an important commercial and manufacturing center, and has an ancient cathedral (of St. Vincent). It was the seat of important church councils in the early middle ages. Later it was the capital of the county of Chalonnais. Population (1891), 24,686. Also Châlons-sur-Saône. Chalus (shä-lüs'), or Chaluz. A village in the department of Haute-Vienne, France, 20 miles southwest of Limoges. Richard I. of England was mortally wounded at the siege of its castle in 1199. Chalybäus (chä-le-bā'ös), He in rich Moritz. Born at Pfafiroda, Saxony, July 3, 1796: died at Dresden, Sept. 22, 1862. A German philosophical writer, profe or at Kiel (1839). Chalybes (kal'i-bēz). [Gr. Χάλυβες.] In ancient history: (a) A people in Pontus, near the Black Sea, noted as workers in iron. (6) A phrates. vicar apostolic of London in 1758. He was educated at the English College at Douai, and was profe or of philosophy there 1713-20, and vice-president and profe or of divinity 1720-30, returning to London in the latter He published a large number of polemical and theological works, including "The Rheims New Testa ment and the Douay Bible, with Annotations" (1749-50). His version of the Douay Bible is substantially that since used by English-speaking Catholics. Chalmers (cha merz), Alexander. Born at Aberdeen, Scotland, March 29, 1759: died at London, Dec. 10, 1834. A Scottish biographer, editor, and miscellaneous writer. He is best known as editor of the "General Biographical Dictionary for his illustrations in "Charivari," etc. Chamavi (ka-ma'vi). [L. (Tacitus) Chamavi, Gr. (Ptolemy) Καμανοί .] A German tribe, aсcording to Tacitus originally in the Rhine region north of the Lippe, but later further eastward, adjoining the Bructeri. Julian, in the 4th century, found them again on the lower Rhine, and drove them back from the western side to the territory after ward called Hamal and. They were ultimately merged in the Franks. Dictionary" of Tooke, Nares, and Beloe. Chalmers, George. Born at Fochabers, Elgin Chambal (chum-bul'). A river in central India which rises in the Vindhya Mountains, and Length, 650 miles. Chamberlain, Joseph to Parliament from Birmingham in 1876; was president of the Board of Trade 1880-85; and was president of the Local Government Board 1886, and colonial secretary 1895 Chamberlain, Joshua Lawrence. Born at Bangor, Maine, Sept. 8, 1828. An American educator, soldier, and politician. He served with distinction the Army of the Potomac 1862-65; was gov dist and president of Bowdoin Col. lege 1871-83. Chamberlayne (cham'ber-lān), Edward. Born at Odington, Gloucestershire, Dec. 13, 1616: died at Chelsea, May, 1703. An English writer. He was a graduate of Oxford (B. A. 1638, M. A. 1641), tutor of Henry Fitzroy, illegitimate son of Charles II., and also to Prince George of Denmark, and one of the founders of the Royal Society. He was the author of "Anglise Notitise, or the Present State of England" (1669, anonymous: the 21st ed., 1708, bears the title "Magne Britanniæ notitia, or, etc."), a handbook of English society and politics, "England's Wants" (1667), etc. Chamberlayne, John. Born about 1666: died 1723. A younger son of Edward Chamberlayne. translated Brandt's "History of the Reformation in the Low Countries," etc. He continued father's "Magne Chamber len (chamber-len), Hugh. Born at London about 1630: died after Nov., 1720. An English physician (physician in ordinary to the king, 1673), celebrated as the projector of a financial scheme designed "to make England rich and happy," based on the i ue of a large quantity of bank-notes on the security of landed property. Chambers (cham'bėrz), Ephraim. Born at Kendal, England, about 1680 (?): died at London, May 15, 1740. An English writer, compiler of a "Cyclopædia, an Universal Dictionary of Arts and Sciences" (1728), the first of its kind in English. Chambers, Robert. Born at Peebles, Scotland, July 10, 1802: died at St. Andrews, March 17, 1871. A Scottish publisher (at Edinburgh) and writer. He was the author of "Illustrations of the Author of Waverley" (1822), "Traditions of Edinburgh" (1823), "Walks in Edinburgh" (1825), "History of the Rebellion of 1745" (1828), "Biographical Dictionary of Eminent Scotsmen" (1832-34), "Book of Days" (18621864), "Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation" (1844: anonymous), etc. The last-named work, the au given to the French Chamber of Deputies, 1815-16, noted for its reactionary measures. Chambres Ardentes (shon'br zär-dont'). [F., 'Fiery Chambers.'] Extraordinary French tri- bunals sometimes convened under the old mon- archy for the trial of cases of malversation, etc. Chambure (shon-bür'), Auguste Lepelletier de. Born at Vitteaux, Burgundy, France, March 31, 1789: died at Paris, July 12, 1832. A French officer, surnamed "Le Diable" on ac- count of his audacious bravery. Chameleon (ka-me'le-on), The. A cons tell a- tion invented by Bayer, situated beneath the feet of the Centaur. Chamfort (shon-for'), or Champ fort, Sébastien Roch Nicolas. Born in Auvergne, France, about 1741: died at Paris, April 13, 1794. A French littérateur, author of "Eloge de Molière" (1769), the plays "Le march and de Smyrne" (1770), "Mustapha et Zéangir" (1776), etc. Chami o (shä-mēs'sō), Adelbert von. Born at the castle of Bon court, in Champagne, Jan. 30 (279), 1781: died at Berlin, Aug. 21, 1838. A German author and poet. He was of an old French family. In 1796 his parents, who had left France in 1790, went to Berlin, where he became a page of the queen. In 1798 he entered the Pru ian army, from which he, however, retired in 1808. In 1815 he accompanied as naturalist the exploring expedition of Count Rom ants off in a journey around the world. He was subse quently custodian of the botanical collections in Berlin. His most celebrated prose "Peter Schlemihls wunderbare Geschichte" ("The Wonderful History of Peter Schlemihl"), appeared in 1814. His poetry comprises popular songs, ballads, and romances. the cla are included the long poems "Salas y Gomez," "Matteo Falcone," "Die Retraite" ("The Retreat"). His collected works appeared first at Leipsic, 1836-49, in six volumes. Chamonix (shä-mō-ne'), or Chamouni (shämö-ne'), or Chamouny. IMG:content-0277.png:[merged small][ocr errors][merged small][merged small] Champeaux (shon-pō'), Guillaume de, Latinized Camp ellen sis. Born at Champeaux, near Melun, France, toward the end of the 11th century: died 1121. A noted French scholastic philosopher, an opponent of Abelard, who was his pupil. Champ fleury (shon-flè-re'), pseudonym of Jules Fleury-Hu on. Born at Laon, France, Sept. 10, 1821: died at Sèvres, Dec. 5, 1889. A French novelist and miscellaneous writer. His works include "Chien-Callou" (1847), "Les bourgeois de Mol in chart" (1854), "His to ire de la caricature" (1865), etc. Champigny (shon-pen-yē'). A village situated on the Marne 5 miles east-southeast of Paris. Here, Nov. 80 and Dec. 2, 1870, occurred battles between the Germans and the French under Ducrot. Lo of the Germans, over 5,000; of the French, 10,000 to 12,000. Champion (cham'pi-on), The. A journal which first appeared in 1739, edited by Henry Fielding and a man named Ralph. It is based on the model of the "Spectator" and "Tatler." Two volumes of the paper were republished in 1741. It ridiculed the Jacobite party. Champion's Hill (cham'pi-onz hil). A locality in Hinds County, Mi i ippi, west of Jackson. Here, May 16, 1863, the Federals (32,000) under Grant defeated the Confederates (about 25,000) under Pemberton. Lo of Federals, 2,457; of Confederates, 4,300, Also called battle of Baker's Creek. The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia: The Century Cyclopedia of names Mont Blanc, watered by the Arve. It is a cele- brated resort for tourists, and the starting-point for ex- cursions to Mont Blanc, the Mer-de-Glace, Montan vert, Flégère, Martigny, etc. Its center is the village of Cha monix. Length of valley, 12 miles. Elevation, 3,445 feet. It was explored by Pococke and Wyndham in 1743, and later by Sau ure and others. exposition of a theory of development, and quickly became famous through both the criticism and the praise which its heterodox views aroused. He was joint editor of "Chambers's Journal," and a member of the publishing firm of W. and R. Chambers. Chambers, Sir William. Born at Stockholm, 1726: died at London, March 8, 1796. A British architect. He rebuilt Somerset House in London, 1775. He wrote "A Treatise of Civil Architecture" (1759). Chambers, William. Born at Peebles, Scotland, April 16, 1800: died at Edinburgh, May 20, 1883. A Scottish publisher (head (head of the firm of W. and R. R. Chambers) bers) and writer, brother of Robert Chambers. He wrote "Things as they are in America" (1854), "History of Peebles" (1864), etc. Chambers burg (cham berz-berg). A borough, capital of Franklin County, Pennsylvania, 49 miles southwest of Harris burg. It was burned by Chamber tin (shon-ber-tan'). A vineyard in the commune of Gevrey, 8 miles south-southwest of Dijon, France. It gives its name to a noted red Burgundy wine. the Confederates July 30, 1864. Population (1890), 7,863. Chambéry (shon-ba-re'). [It. Ciamberi .] The capital of the department of Savoie, France, in lat. 45° 34′ N., long. 5° 53′ E. It was the capital of the of Mont Blanc 1792-1815, and pa ed with the department on (1891), commune, 20,922. Chambezi (cham-bē'zi). A river in central Africa, rising as the Chasi, and continuing (south and west of Lake Bangweolo) as Luapula the head waters of the Kongo. Chambord (shon-bor'). A village in the department of Loir-et-Cher, France, 11 miles east of Blois. It contains a famous château, built by Franco is L., a large structure illustrating the application of Renai ance principles to a French medieval type. The roofed towers, 60 feet in diameter, with decorated dor. mer-windows and high chimneys. The central tower contains a remarkable double spiral stair, so devised that two sets of persons may ascend and descend at the same time without meeting; this tower is surmounted by an openwork lantern. The château contains 440 rooms, and the stables can receive 1,200 horses. most striking feature is the six huge cylindrical, cone Chambord, Comte de (Henri Charles Ferdinand Marie Dieudonné d'Artois, Duc de Bordeaux). Born at Paris, Sept. 29, 1820: died at Frohsdorf, near Vienna, Aug. 24, 1883. A French Legitimist prince, son of the Duc de Berry, and grandson of Charles X., styled Duc de Bordeaux before 1830, and sometimes called "Henri V." Chambre Introuvable (shoń'br an-trö-vä'bl). [F., 'Undiscoverable Chamber.'] A nickname soldier of fortune, the brother of Monimia, "the orphan," in Otway's tragedy of that name. Chamorro (chä-mōr'roō), Fruto. Born in Guatemala about 1810: died near Granada, March 12, 1855. A Nicaraguan statesman. From April, 1853, until his death he was president of Nicaragua. During a part of this time his rule was limited to Granada, where he was besieged by revolutionists. Champa (cham'pä). A city in Anga, the present Bhagalpur or near it. It is said to have been founded by Champa, a descendant of Yayati; but was named rather from its abundant champ a or champak a Malini , 'garlanded, ' from its being surrounded with cham trees (Michel i a Champak a ), whence it was also called paka trees as with a garland ( mālā ). Champagne (shon-päny'), or Champaigne (shon-pany'), Philippe de. Born at Bru els, May 26, 1602: died at Paris, Aug. 12, 1674. A painter of the Flemish school. His best works are at Paris, Vincennes, and Vienna. Champagne (sham-pan'; F. pron. shon-päny'). An ancient government of France. It was bounded by Belgium on the north, Lorraine on the east, Franche-Comté on the southeast, Burgundy on the south, and Orléanais, Île-de-France, and Picardy on the west. It is celebrated for its wines. Its chief city is Troyes. It formed modern departments of Marne, Aube, Ardennes, parts of Aisne, Yonne, Seine-et-Marne, and Meuse. In the middle ages it was a countship and one of the great fiefs of France. Some of its counts were noted poets. heire married Philip the Fair in 1284. It was annexed to France in 1335, and incorporated with France in 1361. Champagny (shon-pän-yē'), François Joseph Nompère de. Born at Vienna, Sept. 10, 1804: died May 4, 1882. A French publicist, son of the first Duc de Cadore. His chief work is "L'His to ire des Césars" (1841-43). Champagny, Jean Baptiste Nompère de, first Duc de Cadore. Born at Roanne, Loire, France, Aug. 4, 1756: died at Paris, July 3, 1834. A French politician and diplomat. He was amba ador at Vienna 1801-04, minister of the interior 1804-07, and minister of foreign affairs 1807-11. Champagny, Louis Alix Nompère de, second Duc de Cadore. Born Jan. 12, 1796: died at Boulogne, France, Jan. 27, 1870. A French politician, son of the first Duc de Cadore. He was amba ador at Rome in 1861. Champ a ran (chum-pä-run'). A district in the Patna division, Behar, British India. Area, 3,531 square miles. Population, 1,500,000. Champ-de-Mars (shon'de-märs'). [F., 'field of Mars'; L. Campus Martius .] A large square in the quarter Grenelle of Paris, on the left bank of the Virgin. An epithet bestowed on St. Cyril, bishop of Alexandria (5th century), noted as an opponent of Nestor i an ism. Cham plain (sham-plan'; F. pron. shon-plan'), Samuel de. Born at Brouage, Saintonge, France, 1567: died at Quebec, Dec. 25, 1635. A French navigator and explorer. He made exQuebec 1608, and discovered Lake Cham plain 1609. Не plorations in Canada and New England 1603-07, founded wrote "Des sauvages" (1603), "Voyages" (1613, 1619, 1632). Complete works published 1870.