Janvier, Mex

Guide, p. 435. Jalaun (jä-loun'). 1. A district in the Jhansi division, Northwest Provinces, British India, intersected by lat. 26° N., long. 79° E. Area, 1,480 square miles. Population (1891), 396,361.-2. A town in the district of Jalaun, in lat. 26°9′ N., long. 79° 22′ E. Population, about 10,000. Jalisco, or Xalisco (Hä-lēs'kō). A maritime state of Mexico, bounded by Durango, Zacatecas, and Aguas Calientes on the north, Guanajuato on the east, Michoacan and Colima on the south, and the Pacific Ocean on the west. Capital, Guadalajara. Area, 27,261 square miles. Population (1892), 1,280,500. Jalna (jäl'nä). A small town in Hyderabad, India, situated in lat. 19°51′ N., long. 75° 53′ Ε. Jalpaiguri (jäl-pi-gö'rē), or Julpigori (jul-pegöre). A district in Bengal, British India, intersected by lat. 26° 30′ N., long. 88° 40′ E. Area, 2,962 square miles. Population (1891), 681,352. Jamadagni (ja-mad-ag'ni). A rishi often mentioned with Vishvamitra as an enemy of Vasishtha, and sometimes as a descendant of Bhrigu. In epic poetry he is the son of Bhargava Richika and the father of five sons, of whom the most renowned was Parashurama. The Mahabharata and Vishnu Purana contain various legends regarding him. Jamaica (ja-ma kä). An island of the Greater Antilles, West Indies, belonging to Great Britain, situated in the Caribbean Sea 90 miles south of the eastern part of Cuba. Capital, Kingston. The surface is generally mountainous, the Blue Mountains in the east rising to 7,360 feet. The island has abundant vegetable and some mineral resources. The chief exports are sugar, rum, coffee, fruits, dye-woods, etc. Jamaica is a crown colony, with a governor, privy council, and legislative a embly. It was discovered by Columbus May 4, 1494; was settled by the Spaniards in 1509; and was conquered by the English in 1655. Many risings of the Maroons (or runaway slaves) occurred in the 18th century. The slaves were emancipated by purchase in 1834. A negro insurrection in 1865 was suppre ed by Governor Eyre. The Caicos and Turks Islands, Cayman Islands, and a few smaller islands are dependencies of Jamaica. Length, 144 miles. Greatest width, 50 miles. Area, 4,200 square miles. Population (estimated, March, 1892), 649, 524, including about 500,000 blacks, 120,000 colored, and only 20,000 whites, the remainder being coolies. Jamaica (ja-ma kä). A village in Queens County, Long Island, New York: incorporated in the city of New York. Population, 5,361. Jamaica Bay. An inlet of the Atlantic, south of Long Island, New York. Jaman (zhä-mon'), Col de. A pa in the canton of Vaud, Switzerland, leading from Montreux over the Dent de Jaman to the valley of the Saane, Fribourg. Height, 4,974 feet. Jaman, Dent de. See Dent de Jaman. Jamasée. See Yamasi . Luga 68 miles southwest of St. Petersburg. Population, 4,238. James (jamz). [The E. name James , dial. also Jeames (whence colloq. Jem and Jim ), is from ME. James , also Jam , from OF. James , another form of Jaques , Jacques , from LL. Jacobus , Ja- cob. See Jacob .] There are several persons of this name who hold an important place in New Testament history. (1) of Zebedee and brother of the apostle John. Originally a fisherman, he He was called to be a disciple of Jesus and an apostle. was killed by Herod Agrippa (A. D. 44), and is the only apostle whose death is recorded in the Scriptures. According to one legend, he traveled and preached in Spain; according to another, his body was miraculously conveyed to Compos tell a, in Spain, and worshiped there. (2) "James the Lord's brother," author of the "Epistle of James." He is described as holding office in the church at Jerusalem, and appears to have been president of the council that met there in A. D. 50 or 51. He is also called "James the le " (or "the little") (Mark xv. 40), and in early church history "James the Just." (3) An apostle, distinguished as "James the son of Alphæus," identified by many with "James the Lord's brother." James, The General Epistle of. A New Testament epistle, written by "James the Lord's brother." It was written from Jerusalem, and is ad dre ed to the twelve tribes of the Dispersion. Its main object is to inculcate the importance of practical morality. James I. Born at Dun ferm line, 1394: died Feb. 20, 1437. King of Scotland 1406-37, son of Robert III. and Anna bell a Drummond. He was captured by the English while on his way to France, and was detained in captivity until 1423. He repre ed the great feudatories with the a istance of the clergy and the burghs, and maintained peaceful relations bother with Enge land and with He was murdered at by the Earl of Atholl and Robert Graham. James II. Born Oct. 16, 1430: died Aug. 3, 1460. King of Scotland 1437-60, son of James I. and Jane, daughter of the Earl of Somerset. He continued his father's policy of repre ing the great feudatories with the a istance of the clergy and the burghs; and on Feb. 22, 1452, stabbed with his own hand the Earl of Doug las, who had entered into a treasonable alliance with the Earls of Crawford and of Ro , and whom he had enticed to Stirling by a safe-conduct. He was accidentally killed by a wedge from a bombard at the siege of Roxburgh. James III. Born July 10, 1451: died June 11, 1488. King of Scotland 1460-88, son of James II. and Mary of Guelders. He favored men of inferior rank to the neglect of the great feudal houses, which provoked a rising of the latter under his son James. He was defeated by the rebels at Sauchieburn, June 11, 1488, and was killed in the flight. James IV. Born March 17, 1473: died Sept. 9, 1513. King of Scotland 1488-1513, son of James III. and Margaret, daughter of Christian I. of Denmark. He headed the rebellious nobles who defeated and killed his father at the battle of Sauchieburn, June 11, 1488. He maintained peaceful relations with Henry VII. of England, whose daughter Margaret he married in 1502; but was forced by the aggre ive attitude of Henry VIII. to seek an offensive alliance with France. He was defeated and killed by the Earl of Surrey at Flodden Field, Sept. 9, 1513, during an invasion of England in Henry's absence in France. James V. Born at Linlithgow, April 10, 1512: died Dec. 14, 1542. King of Scotland 1513-42, son of James IV. and Margaret, daughter of Henry VII. of England. During his minority the re gency was conducted first by his mother, and afterward by the Duke of Albany. He a umed personal exercise of the royal prerogatives in 1528. He was a vigorous administrator, protected the poor against oppre ion from the nobles, and mingled freely with the commons (sometimes under the incognito of "the Gudeman of Ballinbreich"), whence he is often called "the king of the commons. He became involved in war with England in 1542, and suffered the lo of an army under Sinclair at Solway Mo , Nov. 24, 1542. James I. Born in Edinburgh Castle, June 19, 1566: died at Theobalds, March 27, 1625. King of England, Scotland, and Ireland 1603-25, son of Lord Darnley and Mary Queen of Scots. He became, on the abdication of his mother, king of Scotland as James VI. July 24, 1567; and by virtue of his descent, both through his father and his mother, from Margaret Tudor, daughter of Henry VII., succeeded to the English throne on the death of Elizabeth without i ue, March IMG:content-0548.png:[blocks in formation] by the Duc de Sully as the "wisest fool in Europe." In domestic politics he sought to a ert the theory of the divine right of kingship and of episcopacy; in his foreign relations he strove to maintain peace at all hazards, even to the prejudice of his natural allies, the Protestant powers on the Continent. He presided, in 1604, over the Hampton Court Conference between the bishops and the Puritans, at which the latter sought but failed to obtain a relaxation of the laws directed against nonconformists. In the same year he concluded peace with Spain, with which he had inherited a war from his predece or in England; and appointed a commi ion to revise the English translation of the Bible, which commi ion completed the so-called King James version in 1611. He sanctioned in 1606 penal laws of increased severity against the Roman Catholics in consequence of the discovery of the Gunpowder Plot (which see) in the preceding year, and granted a patent organizing the London and Plymouth companies, the former of which founded the settlement of James town in 1607, while a band of English separatists from Holland founded, with out authority, the settlement of Plymouth in the territory of the latter in 1620. Another important event which took place in 1606 was the restoration of episcopacy in Scotland. He began in 1611 negotiations for the marriage of his eldest son Charles with a Spanish prince ; and in the same year entered into a defensive alliance with the Protestant Union in Germany, which was followed in 1613 by the marriage of his daughter Elizabeth to the elector palatine Fred V., head He refused his son in-law in the struggle with the emperor Ferdinand II. for the crown of Bohemia (see Frederick V. , elector palatine, Ferdinand II ., emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, and Thirty Years' War ); and after the defeat of Frederick by the Imperialists on the White Hill, and the invasion of the Palatinate by the Spanish troops in 1620, sought by futile negotiations to induce Philip III. of Spain to reinstate Fred erick in the electorate and to a ist in restoring peace. In answer to a rebuke from the king for meddling in affairs of state by sending in a petition against popery and the proposed Spanish marriage, Parliament pa ed, Dec. 18, 1621, the Great Protestation, declaring that affairs which concerned the king and the realm were proper subjects for debate in Parliament. The king tore the page containing the protestation from the journal of the Commons. In 1623 he reluctantly permitted Charles and the Duke of Bucking ham to depart for Spain to conclude the negotiations for a marriage treaty which had been kept up, with interruptions, since 1611; but as Philip was unwilling to procure the restoration of the Palatinate, Charles and the duke returned in the same year, and the negotiations were finally abandoned. Janauschek tish portrait-painter, a pupil of Rubens with Vandyck: called the Scotch Vandyck. He returned to Aberdeen 1620, and established himself in Edinburgh about 1635. When Charles I. visited Scotland in 1635 he sat to James one, and paid him with a diamond from his own hand. Several of his portraits in Scotland pa for Vandycks. In Aberdeen are several of his portraits and his picture of the Sibyls. His own portrait of himself is in the gallery at Florence, and another is at Cullen House, Banfishire. James's Palace. St. See St. James's Palace . James's Park, St. See St. James's Park. and studied law at Harvard. He began to contribute to James town (jāmz'toun). [Named from James periodicals in 1866. Since 1869 he has lived in England. Among his works are "Transatlantic Sketches" I.] The first permanent English glish settlement in (1875), "A Pa ionate Pilgrim, etc." (1875), "The American" (1877), "The Europe ans" (1878), "French Poets and Novelists" (1878), "Daisy Miller" (1878), "Hawthorne' (English Men of Letters series, 1879), "Confidence" (1880), "Portrait of a Lady" (1881), "Daisy Miller" (a comedy, 1883), "A Little Tour in France" (1884), "The Author of Bel the United States, situated in James City County, Virginia, on the James River 37 miles northwest of Norfolk. It was the site of the Spanish settlement of San Miguel, founded by Ayllon 1526, but soon abandoned. The colonists sent by the London Company landed May traffio, etc." (1885), "The Boston i ans" (1886), "Prince 13, 1607; the settlement grew slowly and suffered terribly, Cas am as sima" (1886), "Partial Portraits" (1888), "The Real Thing, etc." (1893). James, John Angell. Born at Bland ford, Dorset, England, June 6, 1785: died at Birmingham, Oct., 1859. An English Congregational clergyman and religious writer. His best-known work is "The Anxious Inquirer." James, Thomas. Born about 1593: died about 1635. An English navigator. On May 3, 1631, he sailed from Bristol in the Henrietta Maria to discover the "northwest pa age into the south sea" and circumnavigate the globe. He reached Green land in June, and sailed on to Hudson Bay, where he wintered. He reached Eng land Oct. 22, 1632. James, William. Died at London, May 28, 1827. A British writer on naval history. From 1801 to 1813 he was an attorney of the supreme court of Jamaica, and proctor in the vice-admiralty court. In 1812 he was in the United States, where he was detained as a prisoner. In March, 1816, he published "An Enquiry into the Merits of the Principal Naval Actions between Great Britain and the United States." In 1817 this pamphlet was enlarged as "A Full and Correct Account of the Chief Naval Occurrences of the Late War between Great Britain and the United States of America." He also published "The Naval History of Great Britain from the Declaration of War by France in 1793 to the Acce ion of George IV." (1822-24: second edition 1826). It is the standard work on the subject . James Bay. The southern portion of Hudson of England, Scotland, and Ireland 1685-88, son of Charles I. and Henrietta Maria. miles. ther Charles II. in 1660; received a grant of the New Netherlands in 1664; embraced the Roman Catholic faith probably before 1672; and was forced by the Test Acth to resign his confe or and chief adviser, he aimed on his acce ion to make himself an absolute monarch and to restore the Roman Catholic Church. He increased the standing army from 6,000 to about 30,000 men by keeping up the military force raised to suppre the Scottish rebellion under the Duke of Mon mouth in 1685, and granted commi ions in the new regiments to Roman Catholics. He published a declaration of liberty of conscience for all denominations in England and Scotland early in 1687, and April 25, 1688, ordered the declaration to be read in all the churches. A petition from the primate and six bishops against the order was pronounced a seditious libel by the king, who sent the seven bishops to the Tower and brought them to trial before the Court of King's Bench. The trial resulted in acquittal June 30, 1688, and the same day an invitation, signed by the Earls of Danby, Devons hire, and Shrews bury, the Bishop of London, and others, was despatched to William of Orange to save England from a Roman Catholic tyranny. William landed at Torbay Nov. 5, 1688, and Dec. 22 James escaped to France, where he was a igned the château of St. Germain by Louis XIV. as a place of refuge. In 1689 he made a descent on Ireland, but was totally defeated by William at the battle of the Boyne, July 1, 1690, admiralty in 1673. Under the guidance of Father James. A river in Virginia, formed near the border of Botetourt and Alleghany counties by the union of the Jackson and Cow pasture rivers, and flowing by an estuary into Chesapeake Bay near Old Point Comfort. It played an important strategic part in the Civil War. Length, about 450 miles; navigable to Richmond (150 miles). James IV. A play by Robert Greene. It was written about 1591, but was not printed until 1598. The whole title is "The Scottish History of James IV., slain at Flodden." It contains a fairy interlude in which Oberon appears. Lodge a isted Greene in this play. James, Army of the. A Federal army in the American Civil War, which operated in 1864 in conjunction with the Army of the Potomac. It was commanded by General B. F. Butler. James, Duke of Berwick. See Fitzjames , James . James, George Payne Rains ford. Born at London, Aug. 9, 1801: died at Venice, May 9, 1860. An English novelist and historical writer. While still young he traveled on the Continent, rend history and poetry, and became acquainted with Cuvier, Darwin, and other distinguished men. Under the influence of Scott's works he began to write romances which had great succe . He was encouraged by Scott and Washington Irving. "Richelieu," his first novel, was published in 1829. He was a most prolific and mediocre writer. He was appointed historiographer royal by William IV., and in that capacity did much historical work. In 1850 he was appointed Brit. ish consul to Boston, and in 1852 removed to Norfolk, Vir "The Pretender." See Stuart . James on (ja'me-son), Mrs. (Anna Brownell Murphy). Born at Dublin, May 17, 1794: died at Ealing, Middle sex, March 17, 1860. A British author, the eldest daughter of D. Brownell Murphy, an Irish miniature-painter. From the age of 16 to 20 she was governe in the family of the Marquis of Winchester. About 1821 she entered upon the same service in the family of Mr. Little ton, afterward Lord Hatherton. Her journal was published anonymously as "A Lady's Diary," and then as "The Diary of an Ennuyée" in 1826. In 1825 she married a former lover, Robert James on, barrister; but they soon separated, James on going as judge to Jamaica. Her "Characteristics of Women" appeared in 1832. In 1842 she began the series of art works which made her famous with a "Companion to the Public Picture Galleries of London." She traveled extensively in Europe and America, and in 1847 revisited Italy to write her chefd'œuvre, "Sacred and Legendary Art." This appeared in four parts: "Legends of the Saints" (1848), "Legends of the Monastic Orders" (1850), "Legends of the Madonna" (1852), and "The History of our Lord." The last was left unfinished, and was completed by Lady East lake after Mrs. James on's death. Among her other works are "Loves of the Poets" (1829), "Celebrated Female Sovereigns" (1831), "Visits and Sketches" (1834), "Winter Studies and Summer Ram bles in Canada" (1838), “Social Life in Germany," a translation of the dramas of Prince Amelia of Saxony (1840), "Memories of the Early Italian Painters" (1845), and "Miscellaneous E ays," chiefly artistic (1846). James on, James Sligo. Born at Alloa, Clack mannans hire, Aug. 17, 1856: died at Bangala on the Kongo, Aug. 17, 1888. A British naturalist and explorer. Africa in 1878, the Rocky Mountains in 1882, and Spain and Algeria in 1884. On Jan. 20, 1887, he became the natural ist of the Emin Pasha Relief Expedition under Henry M. Stanley, contributing £1,000 to the funds. He was left as second in command of the rear column under Major Barttelot, and at Stanley Falls in 1888 witne ed the killing of a girl of 10 by the cannibals of Tippu Tib. orer. He visited Borneo in 1877, South James on, Leander Starr. A Scottish physician. He practised medicine in Kim berley, Cape Colony, and was appointed administrator of the British South Africa Company; in this capacity he organized an attack upon the Matabele in 1893. In 1895, at the instigation of Cecil Rhodes and others, he prepared to lead an armed force to Johannes burg. He started (Dec. 29) from Pitsani, Bechuanaland, with about 600 men (chiefly drawn from the Bechuanaland and Matabele mounted police), before the preparations were complete, and was obliged to surrender to the South African Republic at Doorn Kop, Jan. 2, 1896. President Krüger sent him to Great Britain for trial. In July, 1896, he was condemned to serve a fifteen months' term of imprisonment for having infringed the foreign enlistment act, but was released Dec. 3, 1896, on account of ill health. James one (ja'me-son), George. Born at Aberdeen, Scotland, about 1588: died 1644. A Scot especially in the starving time 1609-10. It was in Bacon's Rebellion, 1676. The only relics are the tower of the church and a few tombs. James town. A city and summer resort in Chautauqua County, New York, situated at the outlet of Lake Chautauqua, 57 miles south-southwest of Bufalo. Population (1890), 16,038. James town. The only town in the island of St. Helena. Population, about 3,000. Jami (ja-me'). Born 1411: died 1492. A celebrated Persian poet. His name was Nuruddin Abdurrahman, but he is known as Jami from his birthplace, Jam in Khorasan. He began his career as a general student, but later devoted himself especially to the philoso phy of the Sufis under the Sheik ul Islam Saaduddin whom succeeded. He was the last great poet and mystic Persia, and is said to have been the author of 99 works in both prose and verse. "The Seven Thrones" is thought by a native critic to combine the most exquisite compositions in the Persian language, with the exception of the "Five Poems" of Nizami. The 7 poems thus termed are "The Chain of Gold," "Salaman and Absal," "The Present of the Just," "The Rosary," "The Loves of Laila and Majnun," "Yusuf and Zulaikha," and "The Book of Alexander." Other works are a "Spring Garden" (i. e. a book on ethics containing anecdotes and fables written in both prose and verse), the "Magazine of Secrets," and a biography of the Sufis entitled "Exhalations of Intimacy or of Holine ." He was buried at Herat, the sultans of which were his patrons. Jamie son (ja'mi-son), John. Born at Glasgow, March 3, 1759: died at Edinburgh, July 12, 1838. A Scottish clergyman, antiquary, and philologist. He entered Glasgow University at the age of 9, and was licensed to preach in 1781. He was settled in Edin burgh in 1797col is chief work is an Etymological spic tionary of the Scottish Language" (1808: supplement 1825). Jamnia. See Jabne . Jamrach (yäm'räch), Johann Christian Carl. Born at Hamburg, March, 1815: died at London, Sept. 6, 1891. A dealer in wild animals. He was the son of a dealer in curiosities in Hamburg. He became a dealer in wild animals in 1840, and acquired a monopoly of that trade, supplying menageries and zoological gardens. Jamrud (jäm-röd'). A ruined fort 9 miles west of Peshawar, Panjab, British India, at the entrance of the Khyber Pa . Jamshid (Pers. pron. jem-shed'). In Firdausi, the fourth king of the Pishdadian or earliest dynasty. He reigned 700 years, the first 300 of which were happy and beneficent. He softened iron and taught its use in the arts, taught weaving, distinguished castes, subdued and employed the devs or demons, discovered precious stones and minerals, invented medicine, and first practised navigation. In his homage men first celebrated the New Year. Death was unknown, but Jamshid became proud and forgot God. He was forced to flee before Dahak (see Azhi Dahaka ), and remained concealed 100 years, when he appeared on the shore of the China Sea only to be seized and sawn asunder by Dahak. Jamshid is the Avestan Yimo kshaeto, 'Shining Yima' (see Yima ), Sanskrit Yama (see Yama ). Also called Jem . Jamu (jum-ö'), or Jummoo (jum-mö'). A town in Kashmir, situated on the Tavi in lat. 32° 44′ N., N., long. long. 74° 54′ E. Population (1891), 34,542. Janaka (jan'a-ka). In Hindu legend: 1. Aking of Mithila, of the solar race. When Nimi died without a succe or, the sages rubbed his body and produced from it a prince "called Janaka, from being born without a progenitor." He was the first Janaka, 20 generations earlier than Janaka the father of Sita. 2. King of Videha, and father of Sita. He was remarkable for his knowledge and sanctity. The sage Yajnavalkya was his priest. He refused to submit to the pretensions of the Brahmans, and a erted his right of performing sacrifices. He succeeded in his contention, for it is said that by his righteous life he became a Brahman and Rajarshi. Jan a me jay a (jan-a-māja-ya). In Hindu legend, a king, son of Parikshit and great-grandson of Arjuna. He listened to the Mahabharata, as recited by Vaishampayana, and so expiated the sin of killing a Brahman. Janauschek (yä'nou-shek), Fanny (originally Franziska Magdalen a Romance). Born at Prague, Bohemia, July 20, 1830. A Bohemian tragic actre . She made her first appearance at Prague, and in 1847 was engaged at the theater at Cologne. The next year she went to Frankfort, where she remained for 12 years. She came to the United States in 1863, and played Janauschek Janiculum (ja-nik'u-lum), or Mons Janiculus (monz ja-nik'u-lus). A long ridge or hill in Rome, on the right bank of the Tiber, extending south from the Vatican, and opposite the Capitoline and the Aventine. It is the highest of the hills of Rome, attaining opposite the Porta San Pan crazio, at about the middle of its extent, a height of 276 feet above the sea. Janik (jä-nēl:'), or Yanik (yä-nēk'). A district in the vilayet of Trebizond, Asiatic Turkey. Janin (zhä-nan'), Jules Gabriel. Born at St.Etienne, France, Feb. 16, 1804: died at Paris, June 20, 1874. A French novelist, feuilletonist, littérateur, and dramatic critic in the "Journal des Débats." He wrote "L'Âne mort et la femme guil. lot inée" (1829), "Barnave" (1831), “ His to ire de la littérature et de la poésie, etc." (1832), "His to ire de France" for the plates of "La galerie hist or i que de Versailles" (1837-43), "Voyage en Italie" (1839), "La Norman die hist or i que (1843), "La Bretagne hist or i que" (1814), "His to ire de la littérature dram at i que" (from the "Débats," 1851-55), "Béranger et son temps" (1866), "Circe" (1867), besides many novels, etc. Janina ya nena). A vilayet in Albania, Tur. key. Area, 7,025 square miles. Population (1885), 509,151. Also written Yanina , Jannina , Joannina, etc. Janina. The capital of the vilavet of Janina, situated on the Lake of Janina in lat. 39° 48′ N., long. 20° 54′ E. It has important trade, and manufactures of gold lace, etc. It was taken by the Turks about 1431, and was flourishing in the time of Ali Pasha (17881822). Population, 20,000 (largely Greeks). Janina, Lake of. A lake in Albania, near Janina. Length, 12 miles. Janizaries (jan'i-za-riz). [From Turk., 'new troops.'] A former body of Turkish infantry, constituting the sultan's guard and the main standing army, first organized in the 14th century, and until the latter part of the 17th century largely recruited from compulsory conscripts and converts taken from the Rayas or