Articulata, Articulated

ANIMALS, n. pl. (Zool.) A branch of the animal kingdom, the species of which arel majority.-Cultivated; not indigenous; not being of spontaneous growth; as, "Plants forced by artificial proce ." (Rhet.) A. arguments, are proofs on considerations arising from the genius, industry, or invention of the orator; in contradistinction from laws, authorities, citations, and the like, which are said to be inartificial ar guments. (Math.) A. lines , on a scale or sector, are lines so con trived as to represent the logarithmic sines and tangents; which, by the help of the line of numbers, solve with tolerable exactne , questions in trigonometry, navigation, . - A. numbers. The same as logarithms. Artificial Flowers. ( Manf .) This manufacture has latterly been carried to a wonderful degree of perfection, the imitation of natural flowers being so exact as to mislead even artists. The greatest ingenuity is displayed in the imitation of certain flowers; even in a common cheap sprig, consisting of several materials well put together and arranged. The leaves and petals are generally made of silk, or cambric, punched out to proper shapes and sizes. These are tinted with a brush and color, and, if nece ary, glazed with gum, or sprinkled with fine flock, to imitate the glo y or velvety surface of natural flowers. The ribs, where present, are indented with a warm iron. The stamens and pistils are formed of wire covered with silk, and dipped in gum-water to form the anthers. The stalk is then made of wire, coated with green paper, and fixed to the stamens and pistil, around which are attached the petals, and, lastly, the calyx. Buds are made of cotton or gla balle covered with cambric of a proper color. The French excel in the manufacture of these pretty frivolities. This industry has been succe fully naturalized in the U. States, where a large number of girls are constantly employed in making flowers. The coloring matter, how ever, used for these articles, is often nothing le than the deadly poison arsenic. Hoffman, and other chem ists, have shown that the most terrible effects may spring from the use of these arsenical compounds; and it is to be hoped that their use will be speedily discontinued. Artificiality, n. The quality or state of being arti- ficial; artificialne . Artificially, adv . In an artificial manner. Artificialne , n. The quality of being artificial. Art'ilize, v. a. To give an appearance of art to; to make to seem artificial. Artillerist, n. One who manages artillery; one skilled in gunnery. they propelled, as 10-pounder, 12-pounder, ., but it is now largely the practice to name them from the dian- eter of the bore, as 8-inch, 12-inch, 15-inch, .-We first find mention of shells as projectiles in the siege of Naples by Charles VIII., in 1435. The howitzer, an improved form of mortar, was first used in 1697, and the carronade about 1779. Congreve rockets, invented by Sir William Congreve, were first employed at the siege of Copenhagen. The rifling of cannon has added immensely to their effectivene , and this system was soon applied to howitzers and later to mortars, greatly increasing their range. Large rifled cannon are now constructed with an effective range of from 8 to 12 miles. Rifled cannon were first used in the Italian campaign of 1859, and have since been adopted by all nations. The Gatling gun, a machine gun invented by R. I. Gatling, of Indiana, in 1861, was followed in France by the mitrailleuse. These have given rise to the Gardiner, the Lowell and the Hotch ki , all of which were invented in this country, and to others designed in Europe. These so-called "machine-guns" pour out an ince ant shower of bullets with most destructive result, The effectivene of A. in warfare has been greatly en- hanced in recent years by the invention of "rapid-fire" guns, ranging as high as 6 inches in caliber. These are of the breech-loading type and their construction is such as to permit very rapid service in action. See