ANGEL

Arabic malʾak or malak ( ملاك‎ , ملك‎ ). Persian Firishtah ( فرشته‎ ). “It is believed,” says Ibn Mājah, “that the angels are of a simple substance (created of light), endowed with life, and speech, and reason; and that the difference between them, the Jinn, and Shait̤āns is a difference of species. Know,” he adds, “that the angels are sanctified from carnal desire and the disturbance of anger: they disobey not God in what He hath commanded them, but do what they are commanded. Their food is the celebrating of His glory; their drink, the proclaiming of His holine ; their conversation, the commemoration of God, Whose name be exalted; their pleasure, His worship; and they are created in different forms and with different powers.” ( Arabian Nights , Lane’s edition, Notes to the Introduction, p. 27.) Four of them are archangels, or, as they are called in Arabic, Karūbīyūn (Cherubim), namely, Jabraʾīl , or Jibrīl , (Gabriel), the angel of revelations; Mīkaʾīl , or Mīkāl , (Michael), the patron of the Israeli tes; Isrāfīl , the angel who will sound the trumpet at the last day; and ʿIzrāʾīl , or ʿAzrāʾīl , the angel of death. Angels are said to be inferior in dignity to human prophets, because all the angels were commanded to prostrate themselves before Adam ( Sūrah ii. 32 ). Every believer is attended by two recording angels, called the Kirāmu ʾl-kātibīn , one of whom records his good actions, and the other his evil actions. There are also two angels, called Munkar and Nakīr , who examine all the dead in their graves. The chief angel who has charge of hell is called Mālik , and his subordinates are named Zabāniyah , or guards. A more extended account of these angels will be found under their particular titles. The angels intercede for man: “The angels celebrate the praise of their Lord, and ask forgivene for the dwellers on earth.” ( Sūrah xlii. 3 .) They also act as guardian angels: “Each hath a succe ion of angels before him and behind him, who watch over him by God’s behest.” ( Sūrah xiii. 12 .) “Is it not enough for you that your Lord aideth you with three you sand angels sent down (from on high)?” ( Sūrah iii. 120 .) “He is the supreme over His servants, and sendeth forth guardians who watch over you, until, when death overtaketh any one of you, our me engers receive him and fail not.” ( Sūrah vi. 61 .) There are eight angels who support the throne of God, “And the angels shall be on its sides, and over them on that day eight shall bear up the throne of thy Lord.” ( Sūrah lxix. 17 .) Nineteen have charge of hell. “Over it are nineteen. None but angels have we made guardians of the fire.” ( Sūrah lxxiv. 30, 31 .) The names of the guardian angels given in the book on Exorcism ( daʿwah ), entitled the Jawāhiru ʾl-K͟hams ah , are Isrāfīl, Jibrāʾīl, Kalkāʾīl, Dardāʾīl, Durbāʾīl, Raftmāʾīl, Sharkāʾīl, Tankafīl, Ismāʾīl, Sarakīkāʾīl, K͟harūrāʾīl, T̤at̤āʾīl, Rūyāʾīl, Hūlāʾīl, Hamwākīl, ʿItrāʾīl, Amwākīl, ʿAmrāʾīl, ʿAzrāʾīl, Mīkāʾīl, Mahkāʾīl, Hartāʾīl, ʿAtāʾīl, Nurāʾīl, Nukhāʾīl. [ EXORCISM .]