Haleb

See Aleppo. Hales, Alexander of. See Alexander of Hales. Hales (halz), John, surnamed "The Ever-Memorable." Born at Bath, England, April 19, 1584: died at Eton, England, May 19, 1656. An English scholar and Arm in i an divine. He was edu cated at Oxford, and became a fellow of Merton College. He attended the Synod of Dort in 1618, and in 1639 became canon of Windsor. His most notable work is "Golden Re mains" (1659). Hales, Stephen. Born at Bekesbourne, Kent, Sept. 7, 1677: died at Tedding ton, near London, Jan. 4, 1761. An English physiologist and inventor. He was curate of Tedding ton, Middle sex, from 1708 until his death. His chief work is "Vegetable Staticks" (1727). Halévy (ä-la-vē ́), Jacques François Fro mental Elie. Born at Paris, May 27, 1799: died at Nice, March 17, 1862. A French composer, of Hebrew descent. He entered the Conservatoire in 1809, and studied with Berton and Cherubin i. In 1819 he took the grand prix with his "Herminie." In 1827 he was profe or of harmony at the Conservatoire, in 1833 profe or of counterpoint and fugue, and in 1840 profe or of composition. He wrote "Leçons de lecture musicale" (1857), "Souvenirs et portraits, etc." (1861)., Among his "Le Juif errant" (1852). of Scopas and the most celebrated of contemporary sculptors. It consisted of a noble quadrangular peristyle of Ionic columns on a high basement, above which rose a remains of the abundant sculptured decoration are in the pyramid of 24 steps, supporting a quadriga. Important British Museum. It is also famous as the birthplace of Hero dot us and of Dionysius. The site is now occupied by the modern Budrun. Halicz (hä'lich). A town in Galicia, Austria Hungary, situated on the Dniester 59 miles southeast of Lemberg. Population (1890), commune, 3,887. Halidon Hill. A hill about 2 miles northwest of Berwick-on-Tweed, England. Here, July 19, 1333, the English under Edward III. defeated the Scots under the regent Archibald Douglas. Halifax (hal'i-faks). [ME. Halifax , appar. from AS. halig , holy, and feax , hair. Another view makes the second element face . The legends Halle Hall, Fitzedward. Born at Troy, N.Y., March 21, 1825. An American philologist. He graduated at Harvard in 1846; resided in India 1846-62, becoming profe or in the government college at Benares in 1853, and serving as inspector of schools for various districts 18551862; went to London in 1862, and became profe or of Sanskrit in King's College; and in 1869 removed to Marles ford, Suffolk. He has published various Sanskrit works, "Recent Exemplifications of False Philology" (1872), "Modern English" (1873), “On English Adjectives in -able, with Special Reference to Reliable" (1877), etc. Hall, James. Born at Philadelphia, Aug. 19, 1793: died near Cincinnati, Ohio, July 5, 1868. An American author. He published "Letters from the West" (1829), "Legends of the West" (1832), "Tales of the Border" (1835), "Sketches of the West" (1836), and, with McKenney, "History of the Indian Tribes" (1838-44). be inventions.] A town in the West Riding of Yorkshire, England, situated on the Hebbele, near its junction with the Calder, 14 miles west southwest of Leeds. It is an important seat of the manufacture of woolen (especially of carpets) and of cotton. The chief buildings are the town hall, the piece hall (originally used for piece-goods), the parish church, All Souls' Church, and other churches. It returns 2 members to Parliament. Population (1891), 82,864. Halifax. A seaport and the capital of Nova Scotia, situated on Halifax harbor in lat. 44° 40′ N., long. 63°35′ W. It has important commerce and fisheries, is a leading military post, and is the chief naval station in British North America. It is very strongly fortified. It was founded in 1749. Population (1891), 38,556. numerous operas are "La Juive" (1835), "L'Eclair" (1835), Halifax, Earl of. See Montagu , Charles . Halévy, Joseph. Born at Adrianople, Turkey, Halifax, Marquis of. See Savile , George . Dee, 182 French Orientalist and trav Hall (hal), Mrs. Mrs. (Anna Maria Fielding). eler in Arabia and Aby in i a, noted as an As syriologist. His works include "Rapport sur une mi ion archéologique dans le Yémen" (1872), "Mélanges d'épigraphie et d'archéologie sémitiques" (1874), "Recherches antiques sur l'origine de la civilisation babylonienne" (1876), "Documents religieux de l'A yrie et de la Babylonie,, etc." (1883), etc. He founded the "Revue Sémitique d'Epigraphie et d'His to ire Ancienne." Halévy, Léon. Born at Paris, Jan. 14, 1802: died at St.-Germain-en-Laye, France, Sept. 3, 1883. A French poet and man of letters, brother of J. F. F. E. Halévy. He published theatrical pieces, translations, historical works, etc. Halévy, Ludovic. Born at Paris, Jan. 1, 1834. A French dramatist and author, son of Léon Halévy. His works include librettos for the opéras bouffes "La belle Hélène" (1864), "Barbe bleue" (1866), "La grande duche e de Gérolstein" (1867), "La Périchole" (1868), and for the opéras comiques "Carmen" from Merimée (1875), "Le petit duc" (1878), "La petite mademoiselle" (1879), and the comedies "Frou-frou" (1869), "Le réveillon" (1872), "La boule" (1875), "La cigale" (1877), "La petite mère" (1880), "La rou otte" (1881). All these were written in collaboration with Meilhac. Among his novels and romances, written alone, are "Un scandale (1860), "L'Abbé Constant in" (1882), "Deux mariages, etc." (1885), "Mon camarade Mou ard, etc." (1886), and stories in "Karikari" (1892). Half Dome (haf dom), or South Dome (south dōm). An inacce ible mountain near the eastern end of the Yosemite valley, California, 4,735 feet above the valley, and about 8,800 feet above sea-level. Half Moon. The ve el in which Henry Hudson sailed from Holland for America in 1609. He explored the coast in her, and went up the river called from him the Hudson River. Half Moon, The. An old house standing in Alders gate, London. It was formerly the Half Moon Tavern, was much frequented by literary men, and is now also called, for no particular reason, "Shakspere's house," Halford (hal'ford) (originally Vaughan), Sir Henry. Born at Leicester, England, Oct. 2, 1766: died at London, March 9, 1844. An English physician. He published "E ays and Orations delivered at the Royal College of Physicians" (1831), etc. Haliburton (hal'i-ber-ton), Thomas Chandler: pseudonym Sam Slick. Born at Windsor, Nova Scotia, Dec., 1796: died at Isle worth, near London, Aug. 27, 1865. A British-American humorist. He practised law at Anna polis Royal, and became chief justice of the Court of Common Pleas of Nova Scotia in 1828, and, on the abolition of this court in 1840, judge of the Supreme Court. He resigned and went to England in 1856. He wrote "The Clockmaker, or Sayings and Doings of Samuel Slick of Slickville" (1837: 2d series 1838, 3d series 1840), histories of Nova Scotia, "The Attaché, or Sam Slick in England" (1843), "The Bubbles of Canada" (1839), "The Old Judge, or Life in a Colony (1843), etc. Halicarna us (hali-kär-nas'us). [Gr. ' Αλικαρ νασσός.] In ancient geography, a city of Caria, Asia, situated on the Ceramic Gulf, on the main i and and the island of Zephyr i a, in lat. 370 2 N., long. 270 25 E. It was founded by Dorians, and was taken and nearly destroyed by the Maced on i ans about 334 B. C. It is celebrated for the Mausoleum, the tomb of Mausolus, in antiquity one of the seven wonders of the world. It was built in 352 B. C., with the cooperation Born at Dublin, Ireland, Jan. 6, 1800: died at East Moulsey, Surrey, England, Jan. 30, 1881. A British author, wife of S. C. Hall. She wrote "Sketches of Irish Character" (1829), "Lights and Shadows of Irish Life" (1838), and other novels and tales of Irish life; with her husband, "Ireland, its Scenery, etc." (1841-43), and other works. Hall, Asaph. Born at Goshen, Conn., Oct. 15, 1829. An American astronomer. He was profe or of mathematics in the navy from 1863, and was stationed at the naval observatory in Washington from 1862, retiring in 1891. In 1874 he observed the transit of Venus at Vladivostok, Siberia. Hall, Basil. Born at Edinburgh, Dec. 31, 1788: died at Portsmouth, England, Sept. 11, 1844. A British naval officer, traveler, and author. In the Lyra he accompanied Lord Amherst's emba y to China in 1815, returning in 1817. During this voyage important explorations of the eastern seas were made. Hall had an interview with Napoleon at St. Helena. In 18271828 he visited the United States. He became insane in 1842. Among his works are "Account of a Voyage of Discovery to the West Coast of Corea, etc." (1818), "Journal written on the Coasts of Chili, Peru, and Mexico" (1824), "Travels in North America" (1829), "Fragments of Voyages and Travels" (1831-33). Hall, Charles Francis. Born at Rochester, N. H., 1821: died in Green land, Nov. 8, 1871. An American arctic explorer. He received a common school education, and followed various occupations, including those of blacksmithing and engraving. Becoming interested in the fate of Sir John Franklin, he undertook, fitted out by private subscription, a journey to the arctic regions in search of the documents and po ible survivors of his expedition. He left New London May 29, 1860, and habits brought him over much of the territory he desired domesticated himself with the Eskimos, whose roving to explore. He returned to New London Sept. 13, 1862, having failed in the main object of his journey, but having discovered relics of Frobisher's expedition of 1577-78. He made a second journey of a similar character 1864-69, during which he discovered numerous relics of the Franklin expedition. July 3, 1871, he sailed from New London pole. The Polar is pa ed through Smith Sound into Kane in the Polar is, in command of an expedition to the north Sea, thence through Kennedy and Robeson channels to the Polar Sea, and Aug. 30, 1871, reached lat. 82° 16' N., the highest point then attained by any ve el. The expedition went into winter quarters at Thank God Harbor, Green land. He became ill Oct. 24, 1871, on the return from a sledge journey to Cape Brevoort, and died of apoplexy Nov. 8, 1871, the command devolving on S. O. Budding ton. He published "Arctic Researches" (1864). Hall, Dominick Augustine. Born in South Carolina, 1765: died at New Orleans, Dec. 12, 1820. An American jurist. He became United States judge for Louisiana in 1812. In March, 1815, while New Orleans was under martial law, he granted a writ of habeas corpus for the release of Louis Louiallier, who had been arrested by General Andrew Jackson for exciting discontent among the troops. General Jackson refused to recognize the authority of the court, rearrested Louil lier, and committed Hall to jail. Hall, having been released the next day, fined the general $1,000 for contempt of court in disregarding a writ of habeas corpus and in imprison ing a judge. Hall, or Halle, Edward. Died 1547. An English historian, author of "The Union of the Two Noble and Illustrious Families of Lancaster and York" (1542: generally called "Hall's Chroni cle"). Grafton, Holinshed, and Stow borrowed from him, and Shakspere followed him in some of his historical plays. The chronicle was reprinted in 1809 by Ellis. Hall, James. Born at Hingham, Ma ., Sept. 12, 1811. A noted American geologist and paBethee Ren elaer Polytechnic School - the geological survey of New York in 1836, devoting himself after 1843 chiefly to paleontology. He has published "The Paleontology of New York" (in numerous volumes since 1847), and other important contributions to science. Hall, Joseph. Born at Ashby-de-la-Zouch, England, July 1, 1574: died at Higham, near Norwich, England, Sept. 8, 1656. An English bishop and author. He was educated at Emmanuel College, Cambridge, of which he became a fellow; held the living of Hawstead and a canonry at Wolver hampton; and became bishop succe ively of Exeter and Norwich. Of the latter see he was deprived by Parliament. He published satires under the title "Virgidemiarum: First three books of toothle Satires" (1597), and a second volume "Last three books of byting Satires" (1598), "Epistles" (1608-11), "Contemplations" (1612-26), "Paraphrase of Hard Texts, etc." (1633), controversial works, etc. Hall, Marshall. Born at Basford, Notts, England, Feb. 18, 1790: died at Brighton, England, May 11, 1857. An English physician, noted for his researches on the nervous system, and for the "Marshall Hall method" of treating asphyxia. He practised at London 1826-53; became a fellow of the Royal Society of Physicians in 1841; and delivered the Gulstonian lectures in 1842, and the Croonian 1850-52. His chief works are "The Diagnosis of Diseases" (1817), and "Principles of the Theory and Practice of Medicine" (1837). Hall, Newman. Born at Maid stone, England, May 22, 1816. An English Congregational clergyman. He was minister of the Albion Congregational Church at Hull from 1842 to 1854, when he took charge of Surrey Chapel, known as Rowland Hill's Chapel, in Black friars Road, London. In 1876 he removed with his congregation to Christ Church, a splendid edifice erected chiefly through his exertions. He is the author of "Lectures in America" (1868), "Pilgrim Songs" (1871), "Come to Jesus" and other tracts, etc. Hall, Robert. Born at Arnesby, Leicestershire, May 2, 1764: died at Bristol, Feb. 21, 1831. An English pulpit orator of the Baptist Church. He preached at Bristol 1785-90, at Cambridge 1791-1806, at Leicester 1807-26, and at Bristol 1826-31. His works in 6 vols. were edited by Olinthus Gregory (1832). Hall, Samuel Carter. Born at Water ford, Ireland, May 9, 1800: died at Kensington, London, March 16, 1889. A British author and editor. He edited or subedited "The Literary Observer," "The Amulet," "New Monthly Magazine," "The Town," "Art Union Journal," "Social Notes." He wrote "Baronial Halls of England, etc." (1848), etc., and, with his wife, "Ireland, its Scenery, etc." (1841-43), and very many other works. Halla. See Hala . Hallam (hal'am), Arthur Henry. Born at London, Feb. 1, 1811: died at Vienna, Sept. 15, 1833. An English e ayist, son of Henry Hallam. He formed an intimacy with Tennyson, to whose sister he was betrothed, and by whom he has been commemorated in the poem "In Memoriam." His literary remains were published in 1834. Hallam (hal'am), Henry. Born at Windsor, England, July 9,1777: died at Pens hurst, Kent, England, Jan. 21, 1859. An English historian. He graduated with the degree of B. A. at Oxford (Christ Church) in 1799, was afterward called to the bar, and was for many years a commi ioner of stamps. In 1812 he inherited a competent fortune from his father, which enabled him to withdraw from the practice of law and devote himself to historical studies. His chief works are "A View of the State of Europe during the Middle Ages" (1818), "The Constitutional History of England from the Acce ion of Henry VII. to the Death of George II." (1827), and the "Introduction to the Literature of Europe in the 15th, 16th, and 17th Centuries" (1837-39). Hall and (häl'länd). A maritime laen of southern Sweden, lying on the Cattegat. Area, 1,899 square miles. Population (1893), 137,002. Halle, or Halle-an-der-Saale (häl'le-än-derzä'le), formerly also Halle-in-Sachsen (häl'lein-zäk's en). A city in the province of Saxony, Pru ia, on the Saale 20 miles northwest of Leipsic. It has important salt-works and considerable trade, and manufactures machinery, starch, and sugar. Objects of interest are the university, cathedral, Marktkirche, Church of St. Maurice, Red Tower, Rathaus, and Francke's Institutions. It was the birthplace of Handel. Halle was a Hanseatic town. It was acquired by Brandenburg in 1648. The French stormed it in 1806. Population (1890), commune, 101,401. IMG:content-0494.png:[blocks in formation] le). A building at Munich, Bavaria, completed 1853, consisting of a Greek Doric portico, with projecting wings, raised on a high basement of masonry. The portico contains 80 busts of celebrated Bavarians. The colo al statue of Bavaria, in bronze, by Schwanthaler, which stands beside the Ruhmeshalle, is 62 a wreath in her raised left hand, and with the Bavarian lion sejant by her side. Hallo well (hol'ō-wel or hal'ō-wel). A city in Kennebec County, Maine, situated on the Ken- nebec 2 miles south of August a. It exports granite. Population (1890), 3,181. Hallstadt (häl'stät), Lake of. A lake in the Salzkammergut, Austria-Hungary, 7 miles Hallstatt (häl'stät). A village in Upper Aus- tri a, Austria-Hungary, situated on Hallstätter See 32 miles southeast of Salzburg: a salt- mining center. Hallue (ä-lü'). A small tributary of the Somme, department of Somme, northern France. Near it, 6 miles northeast of Amiens, the Germans (about 20,- 000) under Manteuffel defeated the French (40,000-50,000) under Faidherbe, Dec. 23, 1870. Halluin (ä-lü-an'). A town in the department of Nord, France, on the Belgian frontier, near the Lys, 11 miles north by east of Lille. Popfell into the hands of the Arabs. The Arab historian Abul ulation (1891), 14,841. Hallwyler (häl'vel-er) See. A lake in Switzer- land, 16 miles north of Lucerne. Length, 54 Halm (hälm), Karl von. Born at Munich, April 5, 1809: died there, Oct. 5, 1882. A German clas- sical philologist and critic, from 1856 director of the state library and profe or at the univer- sity in Munich. Halmstad (hälm'städ). A seaport and the capi- tal of the laen of Hall and, Sweden, situated on the Cattegat, at the mouth of the Ni a, in lat. 56° 40′ N., long. 12° 52′ E. It has important salmon- fisheries, and is the seat of an old castle. Population (1890), 11,825. Halmstad, Laen of. See Hall and . Halpine (hal'pin), Charles G. Born at Old- castle, County Meath, Ireland, Nov., 1829: died at New York, 3, 1868. An American jour- ly" papers, etc. He came to the United States in 1851; editor of the New York "Leader" in 1857; served in the became a istant editor of the Boston "Post" in 1852, and Federal army 1861-64; became a istant adjutant-general and colonel in 1862; and was editor of the New York "Cit- izen" in 1864, and register of the county of New York in 1867. Hals (häls), Frans. Bornat Antwerp about 1580: died at Haarlem, Netherlands, Aug., 1666. A celebrated Dutch portrait-painter. His works are in all the principal museums and galleries in England and on the Continent. The "Hille Bobbe" in the Metropoli- tan Museum, New York, is probably by his son Frans. There is a genuine "Hille Bobbe" in the Berlin Museum. Five of his seven sons were painters. situated on the Colne 43 miles northeast of Lon- don. Population (1891), 6,056. Halyburton (hal'i-ber-ton), Thomas. Born at Dupplin, Perth shire, Scotland, Dec. 25, 1674: died at St. Andrews, Scotland, Sept. 23, 1712. A Scottish divine, profe or of divinity in St. Andrews University. His works, "Natural Religion Insufficient" (1714), "The Great Concern of Salvation" (1721), etc., were published posthumously. Halys Halys (halis). (hā'lis). The ancient name of the river Kizil Irmak. Ham (ham). One of the sons of Noah, the re- puted ancestor of the Hamitic races. Ham (am). A town in the department of Somme, France, situated on the Somme 35 miles east- southeast of Amiens. It is noted for its castle, dating in its present form from the 15th century: a picturesque fortre grouped about a central cylindrical donjon 100 feet in diameter and 100 high, with walls 36 feet thick. This has long been used as a state prison: among the prisoners have been Joan of Arc, the prince of Condé, Poli- gnac, Louis Napoleon (1840-46), Cavaignac, and Changar- nier. It was surrendered to the Germans Nov. 21, 1870. Hall i well-Phillipps (hal'i-wel-fil'ips), James Orchard. Born at Chelsea, London, June 21, 1820: died at Hollingbury Copse, near Brighton, Jan. 3, 1889. An English antiquarian and Shak- sperian scholar. He was the son of Thomas Hall i well, but in 1872 he succeeded to the property of his wife's father, Thomas Phillipps, and a umed that name. He became connected with the Shakspere Society in 1841. In March, also the means of buying Shakspere's house, New Place, at Str at ford-on-Avon, and conveyed it to the corporation of Ecbatana . Str at ford. Among his works are "Early History of Free- Hamah (hä'mä). See Hamath . Population (1891), commune, 3,082. Hamadan (hä-mä-dän'). A town in the prov- ince of Irak-Ajemi, Persia, about lat. 34° 48′ N., long. 48° 25′ E. It has been identified with Ecbatana. Population, estimated, 30,000. See modern English works. name of the second-magnitude star a Arietis, in the forehead of the animal. Haman (ha'man). A Persian courtier of the 5th century B. C. (See Esther iii.-vii.) He was Hamefkuttelli. See Atuamih. Hameln (hä'meln). A town in the province of Hannover, Pru ia, on the Hamel and Weser 24 miles south of Hannover. It is noted in connec- tion with the legendary "piper of Hameln" (see below), and contains the "Rattenfangerhaus." It was the scene of a Swedish victory over the Imperialists in 1633. Popu- lati on (1890), commune, 13,675. Hameln (hä'meln), or Hamelin (ham'e-lin), Piper of, or The Pied Piper of. In medieval Hameln, Piper of legend, a magician who in the year 1284, for a stipulated sum of money, freed the town of Hameln from a plague of rats by playing on his pipe and leading the vermin, which fol lowed the music, into the river where they were drowned. When the townsmen refused to pay the money, the piper returned and, again playing on his magical pipe, led the way through the Bungen-Stra e out of the town, this time followed by 130 children. He led them to a hill called the Koppenberg, into which they all entered and disappeared. The event is recorded in inscriptions on the Rathaus and elsewhere in the town, and was long regarded as historical. The legend has been told in rime by Robert Browning. He apparently founded it on Verstegan's account in his "Restitution of Decayed Intelligence" (1634). Brandenburg, Lorch, and other towns have a similar tradition, and there are Chinese and Persian legends much resembling it. Hamerling (hä'mer-ling), Robert. Born at Kirchberg, Lower Austria, March 24, 1830: died at Gratz, July 13, 1889. An Austrian poet. His works include the epic poems "Ahasver in Rom" (1866), "Der König von Sion" (1868), etc. Hamerton (ham'er-ton), Philip Gilbert. Born Sept. 10, 1834: died Nov. 6, 1894. An English writer on art, landscape-painter, and etcher. His works include "Thoughts about Art" (1862), "Etching and Etchers" (1866), "Contemporary French Painters (1867), "Painting in France, etc." (1868), "The Intellectual Life" (1873), "The Graphic Arts" (1882), "Human Intercourse" (1884). He has also written several romances, and has reprinted (1888) his articles written for "The Portfolio," an art periodical which he planned in 1869; and in 1889 he published "French and English: a Comparison," founded on his contributions to the "Atlantic Monthly." Hami (hä-me'), or Khamil (khä-mēl'). A town in Sungar i a, Chinese empire, situated about lat. 42° 50′ N., long. 93° 40′ (7) Ε.: 40′ (1) E.: an important trading center. Hamilcar (ha-mil'kär), surnamed Barca (bär'kä) or Barcas (bärkas). Killed in Spain, 229 or 228 в. с. A Cart hag in i an general. He held Mount Ercte (Monte Pellegrino), Sicily, against the Romans 247-244; held Mount Eryx 244-241; ppre ed the war with the mercenaries 241-238; and began the reduction of Spain to a Cart hag in i an province. Hamilton (ham'il-ton). A town in Lan arks hire, Scotland, on the Clyde, near the mouth of the Avon, 10 miles southeast of Glasgow. Near it is Hamilton Palace, a seat of the Duke of Hamilton, formerly noted for its pictures and other art treasures that sold by auction in 1882. The ruined Cadzow Castle, the former seat of the Hamiltons, in the vicinity. Both well Bridge is near by. Hamilton belongs to the Falkirk district of parliamentary burghs. Population (1891), 24,863. Hamilton. A town in Victoria, Australia, situated on Grange Burne creek in lat. 37° 44′ S., long. 142° 1' Ε. Hamilton. The capital of the Bermudas, situated on Great Bermuda, the largest of the group. Hamilton. A city and lake port, the capital of Went worth County, Ontario, Canada, situated on Burlington Bay, western end of Lake Ontario, 36 miles southwest of Toronto. It is at the head of navigation on Lake Ontario, and has important commerce and manufactures. Population (1891), 48,980. Hamilton. A town in Madison County, New York, situated on the Chenango River 36 miles southeast of Syracuse. It is the seat of the Baptist institutions Hamilton Theological Seminary and Colgate (formerly Madison) Univer sity. Hamilton. A manufacturing city, capital of Butler County, Ohio, situated on the Miami River 20 miles north of Cincinnati. Population (1890), 17,565. Hamilton. A family of the Scottish nobility descended from Sir Gilbert de Hamilton (13th century). The leading representatives are the Dukes of Abercorn and Hamilton. The present (12th) Duke of Hamilton (family name, Douglas) is the premier peer of Scotland. Hamilton, Alexander. Born in the island of Nevis, West Indies, Jan. 11, 1757: died at New York, July 12, 1804. A celebrated American statesman. He settled in New York in 1772; attracted attention as a pamphleteer in the political agitation preceding the Revolution, 1774-75; entered the Continental service as an artillery captain in 1776; was a member of Washington's staff 1777-81; served with distinction at York town in 1781; was a member of the Continental Con gre 1782-83, of the Constitutional Convention in 1787, and of the New York ratifying convention in 1788; was secretary of the treasury 1789-95; was appointed commander in-chief of the army in 1799; and was mortally wounded by Aaron Burr in a duel at Weehawken, New Jersey, July 11, 1804. He was the chief author of the "Federalist "(which see). His works have been edited by his son J. C. Hamil ton (7 vols., 1851). See "Lives" by J. C. Hamilton (1834-40), Renwick (1841), Morse (1876), Shea (1880), and Lodge (1882). Hamilton, Count Anthony. Born probably at Roscrea, Tipperary, Ireland, 1646: died at St.-Germain-en-Laye, France, Aug. 6, 1720. A French author, of British descent, third son of Sir George Hamilton (fourth son of the first Earl of Abercorn), and brother-in-law of the Comte de Gramont whose "Mémoires" he wrote (1713). He also wrote "Contes de féerie," etc. His complete works were published in 1812. Hamilton, Claud, Lord Paisley, commonly called Lord Claud Hamilton. Born about 1543: died 1622. A Scottish politician, fourth son of the second Earl of Arran. He fought for Queen Mary at the battle of Lang side; was implicated in the a a ination of the regent Murray; was driven from Scotland in 1579; entered the service of Queen Elizabeth; and returned to Scotland, becoming there a leader of the Roman Catholic party. Hamilton, Elizabeth. Born at Belfast, July 21, 1758: died at Harrogate, England, July 23, 1816. A British writer. She wrote "A Hindoo Rajah" (a series of criticisms on England, 1796), "Memoirs of Modern Philosophies" (a humorous work, 1800), "Letters on Education" (1801-02), "The Cottagers of Glenbur nie" (1808), etc. Hamilton, Lady (Emma Lyon). Born about 1761: died at Calais, Jan. 15, 1815. An English. woman, wife of Sir William Hamilton (amba ador at Naples), and mistre of Lord Nelson. She was of humble birth, illiterate, and of loose character, mistre of several persons, including Charles Greville and Sir William Hamilton before she married the latter. In early life she po e ed great beauty of face and figure: later she became very fleshy. She attained considerable social succe , became an intimate friend of Queen Maria Carolina of Naples, and played a somewhat important part in the political intrigues of that court in relation to England. Nelson first met her in 1793 at Naples. She was arrested and imprisoned for debt in 1813, but was released in the following year. Hamilton, Frank Hastings. Born at Wilmington, Vt., Sept. 10, 1813: died in New York city, Aug. 11, 1886. An American He was connected with Bellevue Hospital, surgeon city, from 1861 until his death, occupying the chair of the principles and practice of surgery in the Bellevue Med i College 1868-75. He wrote Practical Treatise on Fractures and Dislocations" (1860), "The Principles and Practice of Surgery" (1872), etc. Hamilton, Gail. The nom de plume of Mary Abigail Dodge. Hamilton, Gavin. Born at Lanark, 1730: died at Rome, 1797. A Scottish painter and antiquarian. He painted chiefly cla ical (Homeric) subjects. His most important labors were his excavations in Italy, which resulted in the discovery of many remains of antiquity. He conducted explorations at Hadrian's villa near Tivoli, on the Via Appia, about the Alban Mountains, and elsewhere. Hamilton, Lord George Francis. Born at Brighton, England, Dec. 17, 1845. An English politician, third son of the first Duke of Aber corn. He vice-president the committee of coun cil on education 1878-80, first lord of the admiralty 1885-86 and 1886-92, and secretary of state for India 1895-. Hamilton, James, second Lord Hamilton and first Earl of Arran. Born about 1477: died before July 21, 1529. A Scottish politician, son of James, first Lord Hamilton. He was created earl of Arran by James IV. in 1503, and in 1513 commanded an expedition sent to aid the King of France against England. He supported the regent Albany during the minority of James V. and in 1517 was appointed a member of the council of regency, of which he Hamilton, James, second Earl of Arran, and Duke of Châtellerault. Died at Hamilton, Scotland, Jan. 22, 1575. A Scottish statesman, appointed governor of Scotland during the mi nority of Mary in 1542. He was forced by the queen dowager to abdicate in 1554. Hamilton, James. Born 1769: died at Dublin, Sept. 16, 1829. A British teacher, known as the advocate of a particular method of instruction in languages. The "Hamilton i an" method was based on a literal rendering of the text (prior to the study of grammar) and the use of interlinear translations. Hamilton, James. Born at Charleston, S. C., May 8, 1786: lost at sea, 1857. An American Hamites of the War of 1812, and it was in spite of his mandate "to remain in Boston until further orders" that Hull in the Constitution gained the victory over the Guerrière. Hamilton, Robert. Born at Edinburgh, June 11,1743: died July 14, 1829. A Scottish mathematician and economist, profe or of mathematics at Aberdeen. He wrote an "Inquiry concerning the Rise and Progre ... of the National Debt of Great Britain and Ireland" (1813), etc. Hamilton, Schuyler. Born at New York, July 25, 1822. An American general, son of J. Č. Hamilton. He published "History of the National Flag" (1853). Hamilton, Thomas. Born at Glasgow, 1789: died at Pisa, Italy, Dec. 7, 1842. A Scottish author, brother of Sir William Hamilton (17881856). He wrote "Cyril Thornton” (1827), “Annals of the Peninsular Campaign" (1829), "Men and Manners in America" (1833). Hamilton, William. Born at Bang our, Linlithgowshire, 1704: died at Lyons, France, March A Scottish poet, author ballad "Braes of Yarrow" and other poems. His collected works were published in 1760. Hamilton, Sir William. Born Dec. 13, 1730: died at London, April 6, 1803. A British diplomatist and archæologist, grandson of the third Duke of Hamilton. He was British envoy at Naples 1764-1800. He made extensive collections of ancient works of art, coins, etc., many of which were purchased for the British Museum. He purchased from its finder the "Warwick vase" (now at Warwick Castle), and bought the celebrated "Portland vase" (which see), selling it again to the Duche of Portland. His second wife was the notorious mistre of Lord Nelson. Hamilton, Sir William. Born at Glasgow, March 8, 1788: died at Edinburgh, May 6, 1856. A Scottish philosopher. He was made profe or of civil history at Edinburgh in 1821, and was profe or of logic and metaphysics there 1836-56. He published "Philosophy of the Unconditioned" (1829), and other contributions to the "Edinburgh Review," collected as "Discu ions in Philosophy, Literature, and Education" (1852-55), and edited Reid's works (1846) and Stewart's works (18541855). His lectures on "Metaphysics" and "Logic" were edited by Mansel and Veitch (1858-60). See "Life" by Veitch (1869). Hamilton, William Gerard. Born at London, Jan. 28, 1729: died there, July 16, 1796. An English politician. He was elected to Parliament in 1754, and, Nov. 13, 1755, during the debate on the addre , delivered his maiden speech, which, as it remained his most notable effort, procured for him the nickname "single-speech Hamilton.' n." He was a commi ioner for trade and plantations 1756-61, and chancellor of the exchequer in Ireland 1763-84. Hamilton, William Richard. Born at London, Jan. 9, 1777: died there, July 11, 1859. An English antiquary and diplomatist. He was secretary to Lord Elgin, amba ador at Constantinople, and aided him in securing and bringing away the Elgin marbles (which see). In 1809 he became under-secretary of state for foreign affairs, and was minister at Naples 1822 1825. He wrote “Ægyptiaca, or some Account of the Antient and Modern State of Egypt, etc." (1809). Hamilton, Sir William Rowan. Born at Dublin, Aug. 3-4, 1805: died Sept. 2, 1865. A celebrated British mathematician. He was remarkably Prisciousnecillitatud ning lege, Dublin, in 1823; in 1824 discovered by theoretical reasoning conical refraction; was appointed in 1827, before graduation, profe or of astronomy and superintendent of the observatory; and became president of the Royal Irish Academy in 1837. He is especially celebrated as the in 13 of 12; entered Trinity Col vent or of quaternions. He wrote "Lectures on Quater nions" (1853), "The Elements of Quaternions" (1866), etc. Hamilton College. An institution of learning at Clinton, Oneida County, New York, controlled by the Presbyterians. It was founded as an academy by Samuel Kirk land in 1793, and chartered as a college in 1812. Connected with it are the MaynardKnox Law School and the Litchfield Observatory. It has (1896) 17 instructors and 155 students. politician. He was member of Congre (Democrat) Hamirpur (hum-er-pör'). 1. A district in the Carolina 1823-29, and governor lin a 1830-32. While governor he advised the legislature to pa the Nullification Act, and was subsequently in command of the troops raised for the defense of the State un der this act. Hamilton, James. Born at Paisley, Scotland, Nov. 27, 1814: died at London, Nov. 24, 1867. A British Presbyterian clergyman and religious author, minister of Regent Square Church, London, 1841-67. He published "Life in Earnest" (1844), Royal Preacher" (1851), etc., and edited "Our tian Cla ics" (1857-59). Hamilton, Patrick. Born about 1504: burned at St. Andrews, Feb. 29, 1528. A Scottish Reformer, son of Sir Patrick Hamilton, and grandson of the first Lord Hamilton. He adopted and advocated the doctrines of the Reformation, and was put to death as a heretic. Hamilton, Paul. Born in St. Paul's parish, S. C., Oct. 16, 1762: died at Beaufort, S. C., June 30, 1816. An American politician. He was comptroller of South Carolina 1799-1804; governor 1804-06; and was secretary of the navy during the first administration of James Madison, 1809-13. He endeavored to enforce the embargo policy of the government at the beginning Allah a bad division, Northwest Provinces, British India, intersected by lat. 25° 30′ N., long. 80° E. Population, 529,137.-2. The capital of the Hamirpur district, situated at the junction of the Betwa with the Jumna, in lat. 25° 57′ N., long. 80° 12′ Ε. Hamites (ham'its). [From Ham, the son of Noah.] A race generally counted with the white race, together with their Semitic neighbors and kinsmen, but in which, from the earliest times, 3 varieties (a pale and red-haired, a reddish, and a dark-brown) have been distinguished. The blond type is found among the Berbers; the reddish among the Egyptians and Bedja; the dark-brown or black among the Somal, the Galla, and the Fulbe or Fulahs. In these three the admixture of Nigritic blood is evident. The earliest civilization of mankind (that of Egypt, to which all the others seem to be directly or indirectly indebted) flourished among the Hamites of the reddish type, in the Lower Nile valley. The Hamitic family of languages is generally divided into 3 subgroups: ( a ) the Libyan or Berber, spoken from the Canary Islands to Egypt; (b) the Egyptian, comprising Old Egyptian and Coptic with its 4 dialects; (c) the Hamites nary circumstances. Hamlet. An opera by Ambroise Thomas, first produced at Paris in 1868. The French words are by Barbier and Carré, after Shakspere. It was produced in London in Italian as "Amleto" in 1869. Hamley (ham'li), Sir Edward Bruce. Born at Bodmin, Cornwall, April 27, 1824: died Aug. 12, 1893. A British soldier and author. He entered the army in 1843; served in the Crime an war; was profe or of military history at the Staff College, Sand hurst, 1858-64, and commandant of the Staff College 1870-77; was chief of the commi ion for the delimitation of the Balkan and Arme nian frontiers 1879-80; and commanded a division in the Egyptian war of 1882. Among his works are "The Operations of War Explained and Illustrated" (1866), and "The Strategical Conditions of our Indian Northwest Frontier" (1879). Hamlin (ham'lin), Hannibal. Born at Paris, Maine, Aug. 27, 1809: died at Bangor, Maine, July 4, 1891. An American statesman. He was a member of Congre from Maine 1843-47; United States senator 1848-57; governor of Maine in 1857; United States senator 1857-61; Vice-President 1861–65; United States senator 1869-81; and United States minister to Spain 1881-83. He was originally a Democrat, but differed with his party on the question of slavery, and joined the Republicans about 1855 . Hamm (häm). A town in the province of Westphalia, Pru ia, at the junction of the Ahse and Lippe, 22 miles south-southeast of Münster. It manufactures engines, tacks, etc.; is an important railway junction; and has warm baths. It was the ancient capital of the county of Mark. Population (1890), 10,503; commune, 24,969. Hammarskjöld (hämmär-sheld), Lorenzo (originally Lars). Born at Tuna, in the laen of Kalmar, Sweden, April 7, 1785: died at Stockholm, Oct. 15, 1827. A Swedish critic and poet. His chief work is "Svenska Vitterheten" ("Swedish Belles-Lettres," 1818-19: revised edition 1833). Hamme (häm'me). A town in the province of East Flanders, Belgium, situated on the Durme 20 miles northwest of Bru els. Population (1890), 12,039. Hammelburg (ham'mel-börg). A small town in Lower Franc on i a, Bavaria, on the Franc on i an Saale 22 miles north of Würzburg. Hammer (häm'mer), Fried rich Julius. Born at Dresden, June 7, 1810: died at Pillnitz, near Dresden, Aug. 23, 1862. A German poet and novelist. His works include the novel "Leben und Traum" (1839), the poetical collection "Schau um dich und schau in dich" (1851), etc. Hammer (ham'er), The. A popular surname of Judas Maccabæus. Hammer and Scourge of England, The. A surname of William Wallace. Hammer fest (häm'mer-fest). A seaport in the amt of Finmarken, Norway, situated on the island of Kvalö in lat. 70° 40′ N., long. 23° 40′ E. It exports fish, train-oil, etc., and has trade with Ru ia and is often virited by point population bed), tions, tourists. (1891), 2,239. Hammer of Heretics, The. [L. Malleus Hereticorum.] A surname of Pierre d'Ailly, president of the Council of Con stance 1414-18, and also of St. Augustine. Hancock, Albany south, and Wilts and Dorset on the west. It includes the Isle of Wight. It is traversed by the North and South Downs. The New Forest is situated in the southwest of it. It contains many Roman antiquities. Area, 1,621 square miles. Population (1891), 690,086. Hampstead (hamp's ted). [AS. Hamstede , homestead.] A suburb of London, situated in Middle sex 44 miles northwest of St. Paul's. It was formerly noted for its mineral springs, and as a literary center. It returns 1 member to Parliament. Hampstead Heath is a well-known pleasure-resort. Population (1891), 68,425. Population (1891), 5,822. Hammer of Scotland, The. A surname of King Edward I. of England. Hammer-Purgstall (häm'mer-pörg'stäl), Joseph von. Born at Gratz, Styria, June 9, 1774: died at Vienna, Nov. 23, 1856. An Austrian Orientalist and historian. He published "Geschichte des osmanischen Reichs" (1827-34), "Geschichte der goldenen Horde" (1840), "Geschichte der osmanis- Hampton (hampton). A village in Middle sex, chen Dichtkunst" (1836-38), "Geschichte der arabis chen England, 14 miles west-southwest of London. Litteratur" (1850-57), Oriental texts, etc. Hammer smith (ham'er-smith). A suburb of London, situated in Middle sex, north of the Thames, 6 miles west by south of St. Paul's: formerly noted for market-gardens and nurseries. It returns 1 member to Parliament. Population (1891), 97,237. Hammond (ham'ond), Henry. Bornat Chertsey, Aug. 18, 1605: died at West wood, Worcesters hire, April 25, 1660. An English divine and scholar. He graduated at Oxford (Magdalen College) in 1622; obtained the living of Pens hurst, Kent, in 1633; became archdeacon of Chi chester in 1643; sided with the Royalists in the civil war; and was a canon of Christ Church, Oxford, 1645-48. Hammond was a chaplain of the king, but was not allowed to attend him in his last days. He settled at West wood in Worcesters hire about 1649, and remained there until his death. He was a voluminous writer. Hammond, James Henry. Born at New berry, S. C., Nov. 15, 1807: died at Beach Island, S. C., Nov. 13, 1864. An American politician, governor of South Carolina 1842-44, and United States senator 1857-60. Hammond, Samuel. Born in Richmond County, Va., Sept. 21, 1757: died at Horse Creek, Ga., Sept. 11, 1842. An American Revolutionary tion at King's Mountain, Cowpens, Eutaw, and other bat commander and politician. He fought with distinct les in South Carolina and Georgia; was military and civil commandant of Upper Louisiana 1805-24; and was secretary of state in South Carolina 1831-35. Hammond, William Alexander. Born at Anna polis, Md., Aug. 28, 1828. An American physician, surgeon-general of the army 1862-64. Among his works are "Military Hygiene" (1863), "Insanity in its Medico-Legal Relations" (1866), "Diseases of the Nervous System" (1871), "Insanity in its Relations to Crime" (1873), "Spiritualism, etc." (1876), "Cerebral Hyperæmia, etc." (1878), "On Certain Conditions of Nervous Derangement" (1881). Among his novels are "Robert Severne" (1866), "Dr. Grattan" (1884), "Lal" (1884), "On the Susquehanna" (1887), etc. Hammurabi (ham-mö-rä'bē). The first king of all Babylonia, with residence in the city of Babylon. In his long reign (about 2287-2232 B. C.) he showed nants of the Elamitic invaders, united North and South Babylonia (Shumir and Akkad) under his sway, and made Babylon the metropolis of the united kingdom, which it remained during the whole of its existence for nearly 2,000 years, so that he may be termed the founder of the Babylonian empire. After freeing and uniting the country, he turned his attention to its protection and interior prosper ity. To obviate the disastrous inundations and at the same time to provide the country with water, he executed one of the greatest works, the excavation of a gigantic canal, named after him nahr - Hammurabi , later famous as "the royal canal of Babylon." Besides this, he constructed a great walk along the Tigris, and erected many temples. Numerous inscriptions of him have survived. himself great alike in war and peace. He drove out the rem Hamoaze (ham-öz'). The estuary of the river Tamar, near Plymouth, England. Hamon (ä-môn'), Jean Louis. Born at Plouha, Côtes-du-Nord, France, May 5, 1821: died at St.-Raphaël, Var, France, May 29, 1874. A French painter, chiefly of genre scenes. Hampden (hamp'den), John. Born at London in 1594: died at Thame, Oxfords hire, England, June 24, 1643. A celebrated English statesman. He entered Parliament in 1621, was one of the leaders of the patriotic party in the Short and Long Parliaments, and was one of the "five members" impeached by Charles I. 1642. He commanded a regiment for the Parliament 1642 1643, and was mortally wounded at Chal grove Field, June 18, 1643. He is chiefly known as the defendant in the case of the King v . John Hampden before the Court of Exchequer, 1637-38, for resisting the collection of the obsolete tax of ship-money, which Charles I. attempted to revive without the authority of Parliament. The case was decided against him, but in 1641 the House of Lords ordered the judgment to be cancelled. Hampden-Sidney College. An institution of learning situated near Farmville, Prince Edward County, southern Virginia: founded in 1775, and chartered in 1783. It has (1896) 8 in struct ors and 109 students. Hampshire (hamp's hir), or Southampton (suTH-hampton): abbreviated Hants (hants). [ME. Ham tons hire, Hant e hire, AS. Hamtun scir , from Hamtün , Hampton (Southampton), and scir , shire.] A maritime county of Eng bounded by Berksjon the north, Surrey and Su ex on the east, the English Channel on the England, Hampton. The capital capital of Elizabeth City County, Virginia, situated on Hampton Roads 15 miles north-northwest of Norfolk: seat of Hampton Normal and Agricultural Institute (which see). Population (1890), 2,513. Hampton Court. A royal palace on the Thames 12 miles from Charing Cro , ring Cro , built by Cardinal Wolsey. A great part of the highly picturesque battlemented Tudor buildings in red brick, surrounding 3 courts, still remains. The property originally consisted of about 1,000 acres of more or le barren land belonging to the Knight Hospitallers of St. John of Jerusalem. It was leased from the Priory of St. John in 1515 by Thomas Wolsey, archbishop of York and primate of England, who erected the original Gothic palace. In 1526 he surrendered the estate to Henry VIII., who added the chapel and great hall 1531-35. In the reign of William III., the great façade, modern state apartments and a gallery for the cartoons of Raphael were added by Sir Christopher Wren. The front on the fine French gardens is later, in the Renai ance style. The great hall, 106 by 40 feet, and 60 feet high, po e es a handsome open-framed roof with elaborate pendants. The state apartments are filled with paintings, many of them noted works. The cartoons by Raphael have been removed to the South Kensington Museum. A part of the palace is now occu pied by persons of good family in reduced circumstances. Hampton Court is most intimately a ociated with James Charles I. I. and William III., and was a place of imprisonment of Hampton Court Conference. A conference appointed by James I., at Hampton Court, in 1604, to settle the disputes between the Puritan party and the High-Church party in the Church of England. It was conducted on three days (Jan. 14, 16, and 18), and resulted in a few alterations of the liturgy, but entirely failed to secure the objects sought by the Puritans. An important indirect result of it was the re- vision of the Bible called the King James's or authorized version, which was suggested at that time. Hampton Normal and Agricultural Insti- tute. At A training-school for negroes and I Virginia, established by near General S. C. Armstrong in 1868, and incorporated by the State of Virginia in 1870. Its object is to train young men and women of the negro and Indian races to become teachers their own people. Hampton Roads (hamp'ton rodz). A channel connecting the estuary of James River with Chesapeake Bay, situated south of Fort Monroe, Virginia. Here, March 8, 1862, the Confederate ironclad Virginia (Merrimac) destroyed the Federal frigates Cumber land and Congre ; and the following day there was a contest between the Virginia and the ironclad Monitor, the former retiring. This was the first engagement between ironclads. See Monitor . Hampton, Wade. Born in South Carolina in 1755: died at Columbia, S. C., Feb. 4, 1835. An American general and politician. He served with distinction under Marion and Sumter in the Revolution; obtained the rank of major-general in 1813; was repulsed in an attack on Sir George Prevost at Chateau gay, Oct. 26, 1813; and frustrated the expedition against Montreal by Wilkinson. his unwillingne to cooperate with his rival, General Hampton, Wade. Born at Columbia, S. C., March 28, 1818. An American general in the Confederate service, and politician, grandson of Wade Hampton (1754-1835). He was an able cavalry commander in the Civil War, commanding the Hampton Legion at Bull Run 1861, and serving with distinction at Seven Pines, Antietam, Gettysburg, etc. He was governor of South Carolina 1876-79, and United States senator from that State 1879-91. Hamun (hä-mön'). A large mora on the borders of Persia, Afghanistan, and Balu chi stan. Hanafites (han'a-fits). The oldest and most important of the four orthodox sects of Sunnite Mohammedans, founded by Abu-Hanifah of AlKufah (about 700-770), a puritan in doctrine and the author of a system of jurisprudence. Also Hanifites . Hanau (hä'nou). A town in the province of He e-Na au, Pru ia, at the junction of the Kinzig and Main, 10 miles east of Frankfort-on the-Main. It has flourishing commerce and manufac tures. The Grimm brothers were born there. It was the capital of an ancient countship of Hanau. Here, Oct. 30, 1813, Napoleon, with 70,000 men, encountered on the retreat from Leipsic an Austro-Bavarian army of 30,000 men under Wrede, who was compelled to retire after having inflicted severe lo es on the French. Population (1890), commune, 25,029. Hancock (han'kok), Albany. Born at Newcastle-on-Tyne, Dec. 24, 1806: died there, Oct. Hancock, Albany 24, 1873. An English zoölogist. He wrote, with Adler, "Monograph of British Nudibranchiate Mollusca" (1845-55), etc. Hancock (han'kok), John. Born at Quincy, Ma ., Jan. 12, 1737: died at Quincy, Oct. 8,1793. A noted American statesman. He was president of the Provincial Congre 1774-75; president of Congre 1775-77; the first signer of the Declaration of Independence; and governor of Ma achusetts 1780-85 and 1787-93. Hancock, Win field Scott. Born at Montgomery Square, Pa., Feb. 14, 1824: died at Governor's Island, near New York, Feb. 9, 1886. An eminent American general. He graduated at West Point in 1844; served as a lieutenant in the Mexican war; was commi ioned a brigadier-general of volunteers at the outbreak of the Civil War; served under McClellan in the Peninsular campaign; commanded a division dur ing the second day's fight at Antietam, Sept. 17, 1862, and at Fred ericks burg, Dec. 13, 1862; commanded a corps at Gettysburg, July 1-3, 1863, and at Spottsylvania Court House (where he took 4,000 prisoners), May 12, 1864; was commander of the military department of the Atlantic 1872-86; and was an unsucce ful Democratic candidate for the presidency in 1880. Hancock House. An old house formerly standing in Boston, Ma achusetts. It was built in 1737, and was the residence of Governor John Hancock 1780-93. It was demolished in 1863. Handegg Fall (hän'deg fål). A cascade of the Aare, in the eastern part of the Bernese Oberland, Switzerland. Height, 250 feet. Handel (han'del), George Frederick, G. Georg Fried rich Händel. Born at Halle, Pru ia, Feb. 23,1685: died at London, April 14, 1759. A celebrated German composer. He studied with Zachau, organist of the cathedral at Halle, for 3 years. He then went to powers of improvisation caused interlinere hiroi tempo here his father died became nece ary for him to support his mother, and he went to Hamburg, where he entered the orchestra of the Opera House as “violino di ripieno." He soon became known, and was made conductor. In 1705 his first opera, "Almira," was produced there. In 1706 he went to Italy. Returning to Germany in 1709, he accepted the position of kapellmeister from the Elector of Han over, on condition that he should be allowed to visit England, having already received pre ing invitations to do so. He first went to London in 1710. His opera "Rinaldo" was produced there in 1711. He undertook the direction of the Italian opera in 1720. Buononcini and Ariosti, both of whom he had known at Halle, also went to London about this time and formed an opposition to Hanes must be the city which the Copts called Hnes, the Greeks Heracleopolis, the town of Hercules, one the civil, the other the religious name.