Friuli, Jan

29, 1822. A noted Italian tragic ac tre . She appeared in Paris in 1855, and was regarded as posing as the rival of Rachel, who was then in the height of her succe . Notwithstanding much heated criticism, she became more and more succe ful, and her reception in other countries, especially in the United States, was enthusiastic. She retired from the English stage in 1873, but has since appeared occasionally. Among her leading parts are Francesca da Rimini, Maria Stuart, Pia del Tolomei, Myrrha, Phædra, Lady Macbeth (which she played in America with Edwin Booth), Judith, etc. Ritchie (rich'i), Mrs. (Anna Cora Ogden: also Mrs. Mowatt). Born at Bordeaux, France, about 1819: died at Henley-on-Thames, Eng. land, July 28, 1870. An American actre , novelist, dramatist, and poet. She married James Mowatt in 1834, and owing to lo of property went on the stage at New York in 1845. She left the stage before her marriage to W. F. Ritchie. She published her autobiog. raphy in 1854. Among her plays are "Gulzara" (1840), "Fashion" (1845), "Armand" (1847). Ritchie, Mrs. Richmond (Anne Isabella Thackeray). Born at London, 1838. An English novelist, the daughter of William Make peace Thackeray. She has published "The Story of Elizabeth" (1863), "The Village on the Cliff" (1863), Kensington (1873), "Mi Angel" (1875), "A Book of Sibyls" (1883), etc. Rito Alto (rē'to ältō), Mount. A peak of the Sangre de Cristo range, Colorado. Height, about 13,000 feet. Ritschl (ritsh'l), Albrecht. Born at Berlin, March 25, 1822: died March 20, 1889. A German Protestant theologian, profe or at Göttingen from 1864. He wrote "Die christliche Lehre von der Rechtfertigung und der Versöhnung" ("The Christian Doctrine of Justification and Expiation, "1870-74), etc. Ritschl, Fried rich Wilhelm. Born at Gro vargula, Thu ring i a, April 6, 1806: died at Leipsic, Nov. 9, 1876. A noted German cla ical Rivera, José Fructuoso dewy season, the spring. "Kalidasa's fine feeling for nature and its beauty, his rich gift of observation, which even the little and the least do not escape, his symmetrically beautiful, now delicate, now strong, even glowing coloring, that we know also from his dramas, show themselves clearly and to great advantage in this poem." (Ven Schröder , Indiens Literatur und Cultur.) Edited by Sir William Jones, and printed in Bengali characters at Calcutta in 1792, it was the first book ever printed in Sanskrit. It was again edited with a Latin and a metrical German translation by P. von Bohlen at Leipsic in 1840. Riva (rē'vä), in G. also Reif (rif). A town in Tyrol, situated at the northern end of the Lago di Garda, 17 miles southwest of Trent: a tourist resort. Population (1890), commune, 6,480. Riva-Agüero (rē'vä-ä-gö-a'rō), José. Born at Lima, May 3, 1783: died there, May 21, 1858. A Peruvian politician. He was one of the leaders of the early movements for independence, and was twice imprisoned; joined San Martin's army in 1821; was governor of the department of Lima; and on Feb. 28, 1823, was elected first president of Peru with the rank of grand marshal. Owing to the machinations of Bolivar and Sucre he was deposed June 19, 1823. He attempted to reestablish his at Trujillo, but was arrested on Nov. 25, and condemned to be shot, Admiral Guise insisted on his red lease, and he was was allowed to leave the country. He returned in 1831, but owing to his support of Santa Cruz was again banished (1839-47). Rivadavia (re-vä-da-vē'ä), Bernard i no. Born at Buenos Ayres, 1780: died at Cadiz, Spain, Sept. 2, 1845. An Argentine statesman. He was minister of war and for a time minister of state and of the the treasury (1811-12); was minister of state under Rodriguez; was governor of Buenos Ayres 1820-23; and became president of the Argentine Confederation Feb. 8, 1826, but resigned June 27, 1827, to prevent a civil war. In all these offices he conferred great benefits on the country by his enlightened and far-seeing measures. As president he initiated the plan by which Uruguay became independent in 1828. In the interims he held important diplomatic positions in Europe. His later years were spent in exile. Wash ingivadavine stands in America second alone to s Mitre, Hist or i a de San Martin. Rival Fools, The. An alteration of Fletcher's philologist. He became profe or at Breslau in 1834, "Wit at Several Weapons," produced in 1709 at 1839, and at Leipsic He is best known from his works on Plautus (including an edition 1848-54). by Colley Cibber. He edited "Priscæ latin it at is monument a epigraphic a" Rival Ladies, s, The. A tragicomedy by Dryden, (1862: facsimiles of Latin inscriptions). His le er philo- logical writings were published 1867-79. Ritson (rit's on), Joseph. Born at Stock ton, Eng- land, Oct. 2, 1753: died 1803. An English anti- quary. Among his works are "Ancient Songs" (1790), "Scottish Songs" (1794), "Robin Hood" (1795: a collection of ballads). Rit ten house (rit'n-hous), David. Born near Philadelphia, April 8, 1732: died at Philadel- phi a, June 26, 1796. An American astronomer. He worked on his father's farm until about the age of 19, when he established himself as a clock-maker at Norriton. He also made mathematical instruments, and in 1770 com- pleted an orrery on an improved model devised by himself. He was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 1768, and in 1769 made an observation of the transit of Venus. He was treasurer of Pennsylvania 1777- 1789; was profe or of astronomy in the University of Pennsylvania 1779-82; and was director of the United States am fellow of the Royal Society of London in 1795, mint Philadelphia 1792-95. He elected and was president of the American Philosophical Society from 1790 until his death. Ritter (rit'ter), Frédéric Louis. Born at Strasburg, 1834: died at Antwerp, July 6, 1891. An American composer, conductor, and musical writer. His family were Spanish: their name was Caballero, which he translated. He came to America in 1856 and went to Cincinnati, where he organized the Cecilia and Philharmonic societies. In 1861 he became conductor of the Arion and Sacred Harmonic societies, New York, and was director of music at Va ar College 1867-91. He pub, lished "A History of Music" (1870-74), " Music in England" (1883), "Music in America" (1883), " Manual of Musical History, etc." (1886), etc. His wife, Fanny Raymond Ritter, has written "Woman as a Musician" (1877), "Some Famous Songs" (1878), "Songs and Ballads" (1887), and has translated Lobe's "Catechism of Music," Ehlert's "Letters on Music," Schumann's "Music and Musicians," etc. Ritter, He in rich. Born at Zerbst, Germany, Nov. 21, 1791: died at Göttingen, Feb. 3, 1869. A German philosopher, profe or at Göttingen Riquet with the Tuft. [F. Riquet à la houppe .] A fairy tale by Perrault, translated into Eng- lish in the 18th century. He took the story from Str a parol a. Madame Le Prince de Beaumont expanded from 1837. His chief work is "Geschichte der Rishanger, William. An English chronicler Philosophie" ("History of Philosophy," 1829- story into "Beauty and the Beast." who flourished about the beginning of the 14th century. He was a monk of St. Albans, and compiled a chronicle covering the period from 1259-1307, which is commonly looked upon as a continuation of Matthew Rishi (ri's hi; Skt. pron. r's hi). In the Veda, 'singer of sacred songs,' 'poet.' These ancient singers appear to later generations as the saints of pri. meval times. "The seven [that is, many] Rishis" are the representatives of those times. The expre ion is also used of the seven stars of the Great Bear. Risk (risk). A character in the musical farce "Love Laughs at Locksmiths," by the younger Colman. Risk was a favorite character with Charles Mathews. Rist (rist), Johann. Born at Ottensen, Holstein, March 8, 1607: died at Wedel, Holstein, 1855). Ritter, Karl. Born at Quedlinburg, Pru ia, Aug. 7, 1779: died at Berlin, Sept. 28, 1859. A celebrated German geographer, profe or at Berlin from 1820. His chief work is "Die Erdkunde im Verhältni zur Natur und Geschichte des Menschen" ("Geography in Relation to Nature and to the History of Man," 1817-18: incomplete; revised ed. treating of Africa and Asia). Among his other works are "Europa" (1804-07), lectures on universal and European geography, etc. Ritter sha us (rit'ters-hous), Fried rich Emil. Born at Barmen, Pru ia, April 3, 1834. A Ger man lyric poet. Ritusanhara (r-tö-san-hä'ra). ['The Collection or Circle of the Seasons.] A Sanskrit poem by Kalidasa on the six Indian seasons: the hot season, the rains, autumn, the cold season, the produced produced in 1664. Rival Queens, The, or the Death of Alexander the Great. A tragedy by Nathaniel Lee, played in 1677. This is Lee's best-known play. Some of the scenes seem to have been suggested by La Calprenède's novel "Ca andre"; and it has always been a favorite with actre es. Cibber produced a "comical tragedy" called "The Rival Queans, with the Humours of Alexander the Great," in 1710, printed in 1729. rivals, Rivals, The. 1. An alteration of "The Two Noble Kinsmen," attributed to Davenant, played in 1664, printed in 1668.-2. A comedy by Sheridan, produced in 1775. This is considered a better play than "The School for Scandal," though le celebrated. Riva Palacio (rē'vä pä-läʼthe-ō), Vicente. Born at Mexico, Nov. 4, 1803: died there, Feb. 20, 1880. A Mexican general. He was one of the most distinguished leaders under Juarez; opposed Lerdo, and was banished by him in 1875; and was minister of the interior under Diaz. He was a well-known journalist, novelist, and poet, and published "Hist or i a de la admin i str a cion de D. Sebastian Lerdo de Tejada" (1875: the first part only written by Riva Palacio). Rivarol (rē-vä-rōl'), Antoine, called Comte de. Born at Bagnols, Langue doc, June 26, 1753: died at Berlin, April 13,1801. A French writer, noted as an epigrammatist. He emigrated as a roy alist in 1792. His works include "Petit Almanach de nos grands hommes pour 1788," a translation of Dante's "Inferno," etc. Rivas (rē'väs). A town of Nicaragua, between Lake Nicaragua and the Pacific, about 4 miles from the former. It was an ancient village of the Nicaraos. Population, about 12,000. Rivas, Duke of. See Saavedra , Angel de . Rivas (re'väs), Patricio. A Nicaraguan politician. He was made president by the conservative fac tion Oct. 30, 1855. At first he upheld Walker, and made him commander-in-chief of the army, but deposed him in June, 1856. Walker thereupon had himself illegally elected president, and declared Rivas deposed. The lat ter joined the other Central American governments in driving Walker from the country in 1857. Rivas resigned his power to Martinez and Jerez early in 1857. Rive-de-Gier (rev'de-zhe-ā'). A town in the department of Loire, France, situated on the Gier 19 miles southwest of Lyons. It is a coal mining center, and has manufactures of coke, gla , iron, etc. Population (1891), commune, 13,134. Rivera (re-vā'rä), José Fructuoso. Born in Pays andú about 1790: died at Cerro Largo, Jan. 13, 1854. An Uruguay an general and politician. He was a leader of the Gaucho cavalry; was engaged in various civil wars (1811-27); and was president of Uruguay Oct. 24, 1830,-Oct. 24, 1834. Succeeded by Oribe, he r volted against him in July, 1836. Oribe was at length forced to resign, and Rivera was again president Oct., 1838,-Oct. 1842. In 1842 Oribe, aided by Rosas, began the nite years' siege of Monte video, in which Rivera directed the defense, acting, during most of the time, with his cavalry The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia: The Century Cyclopedia of names Rivera Paz (rē-vā'rä päth), Mariano. Born about 1795: a a inated in 1849. A Guatemalan politician. He became president July 22, 1838; was deposed Jan. 30, 1839, but restored April 13, 1839, and held the post until Dec. 13, 1841. He was again president May 14, 1842, to Dec. 8, 1844, when he resigned. During his administration he had constant difficulties with Carrera, Rivero (rē-vārō), Mariano Eduardo de. Born at Are quip a about 1795: died at Paris, Nov. 6, 1857. A Peruvian naturalist. He received an elaborate education in Europe; conducted a scientific exploration in Venezuela 1823-25; and on his return to Peru at the end of the latter year was made director-general of mines. Later he was director of the national museum, and founded and edited scientific the "Memo rial de ciencias natura les." He was a member of Congre in 1832, governor of Junin in 1845 and of Tacna in 1849, and consul-general to Belgium in 1851. His works include "Anti guid a des peru an as" (with Tschudi, 1851), "Coleccion de me morias científicas" (1857), etc. River of Swans, The. The Potomac. Riveros (re-vā'ros), Galvarino. Born at Quinchao, Chiloé, 1830. A Chile an naval officer. In conjunction with Latorre he captured the Huascar, the last important Peruvian war-ve el, off Point Angamos (Oct. 8, 1879). (See Grau , Miguel .) Soon after he was made rear-admiral with command of the Chile an fleet, which he directed during the rest of the war. His operations included the bombardment of Callao (May 26, 1880) and Arica (June 5, 1880). River Plate Republics. See Platine States . Riverside Park. A narrow park running from 72d street to 130th street, New York, bordering Hudson River. It contains narrow lawns and the Riverside Drive, which runs through it to 128th street, and Grant's tomb. Its average width is about 500 feet. Rives (rēvz), William Cabell. Born in Nelson County, Va., May 4, 1793: died near Charlottesville, Va., April 26, 1868. An American politician. He was Democratic member of Congre from Vir. ginia 1823-29; United States minister to France 1829-32; United States senator from Virginia 1833-34 and 1836-45; minister to France 1849-53; delegate to the Peace Congre in 1861; and member the Confederate Congre . He published "Life and Times of James Madison" (1859-69), etc. Rivesaltes (rēv-zält'). A town in the department of Pyrénées-Orient a les, France, situated on the Agly 6 miles north of Perpignani, It is mune, 6,016. Population (1891), com Riviera (re-ve-ā'rä), or Riviera of Genoa. [It., 'coast.'] The narrow strip of coast which separates the Maritime Alps and the A pennines from the Mediterranean, between Nice and Spezia. It is celebrated for its fruitfulne and pictur esque scenery. The Riviera di Ponente (or Western Riviera) extends from Nice to Genoa, and the Riviera di Levante (or Eastern Riviera) from Genoa to Spezia. Riviera. That part of the valley of the Ticino, canton of Ticino, Switzerland, which extends from Biasca to Bell in zona. of Verona, Italy, 13 miles northwest of Verona. Here, Jan. 14, 1797, the French under Bonaparte defeated the Austrians under Alvinczy. Rivoli, Duc de. See Ma éna . Rivoli, Rue de. See Rue de Rivoli . Rixdorf (riks'dorf). A manufacturing village directly south-southeast of Berlin, Pru ia. It was partly founded by Bohemian emigrants in 1737. Pop ulation (1890), 35,702. Riyad. See Riad . Rizzio (rēt'sē-ō), or Riccio (rēt'chō), David. Killed at Edinburgh, March 9, 1566. A favorite of Mary Queen of Scots. He was a native of Piedmont, and in 1561 accompanied the Piedmontese amba ador to Scotland as his secretary. He entered the Scottish queen's service as a musician in 1564, and afterward became her French secretary and confidential adviser. He promoted the marriage of Mary with Darnley. The latter, however, failed to supplant him in Mary's confidence, and suspected him of being the cause of her refusal to share the government with him. He consequently organized a conspiracy of the Protestant lords against him, at the head of whom he burst into Holyrood Palace, wounded Rizzio in the queen's presence, and despatched him outside the chamber. Rjukanfos (ryökän-fōs). A cataract in the province of Bratsberg, Norway, in the MaanElf 80 miles west of Christiania: one of the finest in Europe. Height, about 800 feet. Road to Ruin, The. A comedy by Holcroft, produced in 1792. Roan Barbary. The favorite horse of King Richard II. IMG:content-0848.png:[blocks in formation] Roanne (rō-än'). A town in the department of Loire, France, situated on the Loire 42 miles northwest of Lyons: the Roman Rodumna. It leading industry is the cotton manufacture. It was an has varied manufactures and considerable trade. The ancient town of the Segusiani, and later a Roman station. Population (1891), commune, 31,380. North Carolina, formed by the union of the Dan Roanoke (ro-a-nok'). A river in Virginia and and Staunton at Clarkville, Virginia. It flows into Albemarle Sound. Length, including the Staunton, about 450 miles; navigable to Weldon. Roanoke Island. An island on the eastern coast of North Carolina, between Albemarle Sound on the north and Pamlico Sound on the south. Unsucce ful attempts to colonize it were made by Sir Walter Raleigh in 1585 and 1587. A victory was gained here by the Federals under Burnside over the Confederates, Feb. 8, 1862, resulting in the capture of the Con federate garrison. Length, about 10 miles. Roaring Forties, The. The notably rough part of the North Atlantic cro ed on the pa age from Europe to the ports of North America between the 40th and 50th degrees of north latitude. The term is also applied to the region between 40° and 50° south latitude in the South Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian oceans. Roaring Girl, The. A comedy by Thomas Dekker and Middle ton. It was probably written before May, 1605; produced in 1610; and printed in 1611. "The Roaring Girl" was Mary Frith, a notorious London char acter. Roatan. See Ruatan . Robber Council or Synod. See Ephesus , Coun- Robber Indians. See Bannock . etc. Rivière, Henri Laurent. Born July 12, 1827: killed by the Black Flags before Hanoi, Tongking, May 19, 1883. A French naval officer and writer, commander of an expedition into Tongking 1882-83. Robbers, The. See Räuber , Die . Robbia (rob'bē-ä), Andrea dell a. Born in 1437: died about 1528. The nephew of Luca dell a Robbia, noted for his work in terra-cotta, the secret of which he inherited. He, with his son Luca, spent eleven years upon the frieze of the Ceppo hospital at Pistoia. He also executed the decorations of the Loggia di San Paolo at Florence, the medallions of the façade of the Hospital of the Innocents, the decoration of Or San Michele, and a long series of bas-reliefs executed for the churches of Arezzo, Prato, Pistoia, Siena, etc. He very rarely worked in marble: a marble Pietà is in the Church of Santa Maria delle Grazie, near Arezzo. Robert le Diable Robbia, Luca dell a (real name Luca di Simone di Marco dell a Robbia). Born at Florence about 1400: died at Florence (?), Sept. 22, 1482. A celebrated Italian sculptor. He was early apprenticed to Leonardo di Ser Giovanni, the best goldsmith of the city. In 1443 he made the first work in Robbia ware after long study and repeated experiments. At first he employed a simple combination of white figures with blue draperies and occasionally green in the backgrounds. He and his family afterward multiplied the number of colors and carried them into the flesh and draperies of their figures. The first bas-reliefs of Robbia ware are those of the Resurrection and Ascension in the lunettes of the doors leading into the sacristy of the Duomo. The earliest memorials of the first 43 years of his life are the bas-reliefs set into the side of Giotto's Campanile 1435-40, and 2 unfinished reliefs of the imprisonment and crucifixion of St. Peter. He made the well-known reliefs of singing boys for the screen of one of the organ-lofts of the cathedral 1431-40. Το 1445 belong the bronze doors of the sacristy of the Duomo. It is difficult to distinguish his works from those of Andrea and his four sons, Giovanni, Luca II., Ambrogio, and Girolamo. Among the most remarkable of those which may be attributed to Luca alone, or Luca and Andrea, are the altarpiece in the Church of the O ervanza near Siena (which represents the Coronation of the Virgin), a bas-relief over the door of the Church of San Pierino in the Via di Terra Vecchia in Florence, the ceiling of the Chapel of San Mini a to, some of the medallions on the outside of Or San Michele, a Virgin and Child, an Annunciation in the cloister of the Innocent i Hospital in Florence, a Madonna with two saints in the Via dell a Scala, a Coronation of the Virgin, an adoring Madonna formerly at Pisa, and a fountain in the sacristy of Santa Maria Novella. After lasting nearly a century, the school of Della Robbia After last Robbins (rob'inz), Ashur. Born at Wethers field, Conn., Oct. 26, 1757: died at Newport, R. I., Feb. 25, 1845. An American politician, Whig United States senator from Rhode Island 18251839. Robbins, Royal. Born at Wethers field, Conn., Oct. 21, 1788: died at Berlin, Conn., March 26, 1861. An American Congregational clergyman and author. He wrote a "History of American Literature" (1837), "Outlines of Ancient and Modern History" (1839), etc. Robert (rob'ért) I. [ME. Robert , Roberd , Robard , OF. Robert , Robart , F. Robert , Rupert , It. Ro berto , Ruberto , Ruperto , Sp. Roberto , Ruperto , Pg. Roberto , from OLG. Rödbraht , OHG. Hruodbert , etc., G. Rupert , Rudbert , Ruprecht (also Robert , from F.), lit. 'fame-bright,' illustrious.) Killed at So is sons, France, 923. King of France, son of Robert the Strong: chosen king in opposition to Charles the Simple in 922. Robert II. (sometimes called Robert I.), surnamed "The Pious." Born at Orléans, France, 971: died at Melun, France, 1031. King of France, son of Hugh Capet whom he succeeded an insurrection of the serfs and from famine. Robert I. (Robert Bruce: often called "Robert the Bruce" or "The Bruce"). Born July 11, 1274: died at Card ro , Scotland, June 7, 1329. King of Scotland: one of the national heroes of the country. He was known before his acce ion as Earl of Carrick. He sided variously with the Scottish and English parties previous to 1304, when he united with Lambert on against Edward I. of England, who claimed the suzerainty of Scotland. He murdered the rival claimant Comyn at Dumfries in 1306, and was crowned king at Scone in March of that year. He was defeated and escaped to Ireland (1306), but continued the war against Edward II., whom he totally defeated at Bannock burn in 1314. He supported his brother Edward in 1317 in his attempt on Ireland; conquered Berwick in 1318; and invaded England several times. His title was recognized by England in the treaty of North amp ton in 1328. Robert II., "The Steward." Born about 1316: died 1390. King of Scotland, grandson of Robert Bruce, and first of the Stuart dynasty. He was regent under David II., his uncle, whom he succeeded in 1370 or 1371. Robert III. Died 1406. King of Scotland, son of Robert II. whom he succeeded in 1390. was at war with England in the latter part of his reign, The government was chiefly administered by his brother, the Earl of Fife (Duke of Albany), and by the earl's son, the Earl of Carrick (Duke of Rothesay). He Robert I., surnamed "The Devil." Died at Nicea, July 22, 1035. Duke of Normandy 10281035, younger son of Richard the Good. He supported the English athelings against Canute. He made a pilgrimage to Jerusalem, on the return from which he died. Lodge wrote a life of Robert before 1598, and many 1724: died at New York, July, 1802. grated to America in 1760, and in 1761 established himself as a bookseller at New York. In 1773 he founded a royalist newspaper, "The New York Gazetteer," which was discontinued in 1775 on the destruction of his pre by a party of American soldiers. In 1777 he established "Riving ton's New York Loyal Gazette," whose title was changed to "The Royal Gazette" in the same year. After the evacuation of New York by the British, he renamed his paper "Riving ton's New York Gazette and Universal Advertiser." It was discontinued in 1783. Rivoli (rē'vō-lē). 1. A town in the province of Turin, Italy, 9 miles west of Turin. Population (1881), 6,339.-2. A village in the province Robbia, Giovanni dell a. Born about 1469: noted as a worker in terra-cotta. Andrea dell a Robbia, noted as a worker in terra-cotta and as an architect. None of the sons of Andrea dell a Robbia did so much in applying Robbia ware to architectural purposes as Girolamo, his fourth son, who was architect, sculptor, and painter, and had already obtained notice for his works in bronze and marble when he was taken to France by some Florentine merchants, and there found employment during the remaining 45 years of his life under four kings of the house of Valois. On his arrival he was employed by Francis I. to build the Château de Madrid in the Bois de Boulogne, which he decorated throughout with Robbia ware. This palace was leveled in the Revolution, and its beautiful terra-cottas were used to mend roads. Robert II. Born about 1056: died in prison 1134. Duke of Normandy, eldest son of William the Conqueror. He was several times in rebellion against his father; succeeded him in the duchy in 1087; was at war with William II.; mortgaged Normandy to him; took part in the first Crusade 1096-99; invaded England in 1101; and was defeated and taken prisoner by his brother Henry I. at Tinchebrai, 1106. Robert, Earl of Gloucester. Died about 1147. An illegitimate son of Henry I., and an adherent of Matilda against Stephen. Robert le Diable (ro-bar' le dyäʼbl). [F., 'Rob ert the Devil.'] An opera by Meyer beer, Robert le Diable libretto by Scribe, produced at Paris in 1831. See Robert I., surnamed "The Devil." Robert of Anjou, surnamed "The Wise." Born about 1275: died 1343. King of Naples, son of Charles II. whom he succeeded in 1309. He unsucce fully attempted to conquer Sicily. Robert of Brunne. See Manning , Robert . Robert of Gloucester. Lived in the second half of the 13th century. An English monk, the reputed author of a rimed "Chronicle of English History" (ed. by Hearne 1724). Robert of Jumièges. A Norman prelate, bishop of London, and archbishop of Canterbury 1051-52. Robert of Paris, Count. See Count Robert of Paris . Robert (rõ'bert), Ernst Fried rich Ludwig. Born at Berlin, Dec. 16, 1778: died at BadenBaden, July 5, 1832. A German dramatist and poet. Robert (rō-bar'), Hubert. Born at Paris, 1733: died there, April 15, 1808. A French painter, noted for his architectural paintings. Robert, Louis Léopold. Born at La-Chaux-deFonds, Switzerland, May 13, 1794: committed suicide at Venice, March 20, 1835. A Swi painter, noted for scenes from Italian life. Fisher the Adriatic Rep a pol it an Improvisator," of etc. Robert Elsmere (rob'ért elz'mēr). A novel by Mrs. phry Humphry Ward, publis rd, published published in 1888. Robert Guiscard (ges-kär'). Born about 1015: died in Ce Cephalonia, July 17, 1085. Duke of Apulia and Calabria, son of Tancred de Hauteville. He succeeded his brother Humphrey as leader of the Normans in Apulia in 1057; and in 1059 received the papal confirmation of the title of duke of Apulia and Calabria which he had previously a umed. In conjunction with his brother Roger, he conquered part of Sicily from the Saracens, capturing Palermo in 1072, and Salerno about 1077. He defeated Alexius Comnenus at Durazzo in 1081, and in 1084 captured Rome and delivered Pope Gregory VII. from the emperor Henry IV. Robert Macaire. A comedy by Frédéric Lemaître and Benjamin Antier, produced at Paris in 1834. It is the sequel of "L'Auberge des Adrets." See Macaire , Robert . Roberto Devereux (ro-ber'to dev-re'). 1. An opera by Donizetti, produced at Naples in 1837. The words are from Thomas Corneille's "Comte d'E ex."- 2. An opera by Mercadante, produced at Milan in 1883. Roberts (rob'ėrts), David. Born at Stock bridge, near Edinburgh, Oct. 24, 1796: died at London, Nov. 25, 1864. A British painter, noted for his landscapes and architectural paintings. In 1822 he went to London as a scene-painter, and was a ociated with Stansfield. In 1831 he was president of the Society of British Artists. In 1838 he visited the Holy Land. He was made an a ociate of the royal academy in 1839, and a royal academician in 1841. Roberts, Ellis Henry. Born at Utica, N. Y., Sept. 30, 1827. An American journalist and politician. He became editor of the Utica "Morning Herald" in 1850, and was Republican member of Congre from New York 1871-75, and treasurer of the United States 1897-. He wrote a history of New York for the "American Commonwealth Series" (1887). Roberts, Sir Frederick Sleigh, Baron Roberts. Born at Cawnpore, Sept. 30, 1832. A distinguished British general. He served in the Indian mutiny and in the Aby in i an war, and was distinguished in the Afghan war 1878-80. He gained the victory of Charasiab in 1879; made a celebrated march from Kabul to Kandahar in 1880; defeated Ayub Khan near Kandahar Sept. 1, 1880; and was commander-in-chief of the army in India 1885-93. He was created a baronet in 1881, and Baron Roberts in Jan., 1892. The soldiers in India nicknamed him "Bobs Bahadur" (which see). Roberts, George Washington. Born in Chester County, Pa., Oct. 2, 1833: killed at the battle of Murfreesboro, Dec. 31, 1862. An American general. He served in the West. Robertson (rob'ért-son), Agnes. Born at Edinburgh, Scotland, Dec. 25, 1833. A British actre . She gave concerts in public before she was 11 years old, and began her theatrical career at Hull when she was 16. She first appeared in London as Neri a in 1851. In 1853 she was married to Dion Boucicault. She came to America in that year, and acted at Montreal, New York, and Philadelphia. Robertson (robert-son), Charles Franklin. Born at New York city, March 2, 1835: died at St. Louis, May 1, 1886. An American bishop of the Protestant Episcopal Church, and writer on American history. Robertson, Frederick William. Born at London, Feb. 3, 1816: died at Brighton, Aug. 15, 1853. A British clergyman and pulpit orator. He was the son of a captain in the Royal Artillery, and was educated at Edinburgh University. He tried law and the army, and finally matriculated at Oxford. In 1840 he was ordained and settled at Cheltenham. In Aug., 1847, he entered upon his famous ministry at Trinity Chapel, Brighton. His "Sermons," in separate series, were published in 1855, 1857, 1859, 1863, and complete in 1870; his "Lectures" in 1852 and 1858. Cla ics" in 1886, etc. Robertson, George Croom. Born at Aberdeen, 1842: died at London, Sept. 20, 1892. A Scottish metaphysician and educator. He graduated at the University of Aberdeen in 1861, and was made a istant profe or of Greek there in 1864, and profe or of the philosophy of mind and logie in University College, London, in 1866. From 1876 till 1892 he was editor of "Mind." He wrote a biographical study of Hobbes in the "Philosophical Robertson, James. Born in Fifes hire, Scotland, April 1, 1725: died March 4, 1788. A British governor and general. From 1758 to 1759 he served (as quartermaster-general) against Louis burg and Ticonderoga. From 1763 to 1765 he was stationed in New York. He was made major-general on Jan. 1, 1776, and commanded a brigade in the battle of Long Island. In 1779 he was appointed royal governor of New York, and was made lieutenant-general Nov. 20, 1782. Robertson, James Craigie. Born at Aberdeen, 1813: died July 10, 1882. A Scottish historian, a graduate of Cambridge (Trinity College) in 1834. He was vicar of Bekesbourne 1846-59, and became canon of Canterbury in 1859, and profe or of ecclesiastical Robinson, John Robin (rob'in). [ME. Robin , Robyn , from OF. Robin , dim. of Robert .] In Shakspere's "Merry Wives of Windsor," a page following Falstaff. Robin (ro-ban'), Charles or Charles Philippe. Born at Ja eron, Ain, June 4,1821: died there, Oct. 5, 1885. A French anatomist and physiologist. His works include "His to ire naturelle des végétaux parasites" (1853), "Anatomie micro scop i que" (1868), etc. He edited, with Littré, "Dictionnaire de médecine.' Robin Adair (rob'in a-dar'). A song and air. The latter first became popular in England in the last half of the 18th century: it is the Irish air "Eileen Aroon." English words were written for it, and there are several versions, all having "Robin Adair" as the refrain. Burns made a Scottish version, but it is not known who wrote the present song. Robin Adair is said to have been a real person of some local interest: a Robert Adair, an ancestor of the later Viscounts Moles worth, lived in County Wicklow in the early part of the 18th century. Robinetta (rob-i-net'ä). A painting by Sir Joshua Reynolds (identified as Mi Lewis, afterward the Hon. Mrs. Tollemache), in the National Gallery, London. It is a half-length of a seated girl with a bird on her right shoulder and her left arm resting on its cage. Robin Goodfellow. See Puck . history in King's College, London, in 1864. He published a "History of the Christian Church from the Robin Hood. See Hood , Robin . Age to the Reformation" (1854-75), and edited "Materials for the History of Thomas Becket, etc." (1871–81). Robertson, John Parish. Born at Edinburgh about 1793: died at Calais, France, Nov. 1, most of his life was spent in the Platine States of South America, where he was a merchant and at one time very wealthy. He was in Paraguay during the dictatorship of Francia. His works (written in conjunction with his brother, William Parish Robertson) include "Letters on Paraguay" (1838), "Francia's Reign of Terror" (1839), and "Letters on South America" (1843). Robertson, Joseph. Born at Aberdeen, May 17, 1810: died Dec. 13, 1866. A Scottish antiquary. He was educated at Marischal College, and was a news- paper editor at Aberdeen, Glasgow, and Edinburgh from 1839 to 1853. In 1853 he was appointed curator of the his- torical department of the Register House, Edinburgh. He published "Concilia Scotiæ: Ecclesiæ Scoticanæ Statuta" (1863), etc. Robertson, Madge. See Kendal , Mrs. ( Mar- garet Brunton Robertson ). Robertson, Thomas William. Born at Newark on the Trent, Jan. 9, 1829: died at London, Feb. 3, 1871. An English dramatist, son of a provin- cial actor and manager. In 1864 his first succe ful drama, "David Garrick," was produced at the Hay market with Sothern in the principal róle. Among his other plays are "Society" (1865), "Ours" (1866), "Caste" (1867), "Play" (1868), "School" (1869), “М. Р.” (1870). Robertson, William. Born at Borthwick, Scotland, Sept. 19, 1721: died near Edinburgh, June 11, 1793. A Scottish historian, and clergyman in the Church of Scotland. He became a royal chaplain in 1761; principal of the University of Edinburgh in 1762; and historiographer in 1764. His works include a "History of Scotland during the Reigns of Mary and James VI." (1759), "History of the Reign of the Emperor Charles V." (1769), "History of America" (1777), "An Historical Disquisition concerning the Knowledge which the Ancients had of India, etc." (1791), etc. Roberval (ro-ber-väl'), Gilles Per sonne or Personier de. Born at Roberval, in Beauvoisis, France, 1602: died at Paris, 1675. A French mathematician, best known from his methods of drawing tangents. Robeson (rob's on), George Maxwell. Born at Oxford, Warren County, N. J., 1827. An Ameri- can politician. He was secretary of the navy 1869-77, and Republican member of Congre from New Jersey 1879-83. Robeson Channel. A sea pa age in the north polar regions, between Hall Land in Green land on the east, and Grant Land on the west. Robes pierre (F. pron.ro-bes-pyar'), August in Bon Joseph, called "The Younger." Born at Arras, Jan. 21, 1763: guillotined in Paris, July 28, 1794. Brother of Maxim i lien Robes pierre, and a deputy to the Convention. Robes pierre, Marie Marguerite Charlotte. Born Jan. 21, 1760: died at Paris, Aug. 1, 1834. Sister of Maxim i lien Robes pierre: memoirs of her brothers were published under her name by Laponnerave in 1835. Robes pierre, Maxim i lien Marie Isidore, sur- named "The Incorruptible." Born at Arras, May 6, 1758: guillotined at Paris, 10th Thermi- dor, year 2 (July 28, 1794). A celebrated French revolutionist. He was originally an advocate at Arras; Robin of Redes dale. The a umed name of Sir William Conyers, the leader of a peasants'insurrection in Yorkshire against Edward IV. in 1469. Robins (rob'inz), Benjamin. Born at Bath, England, 1707: died in India, July 29, 1751. An English natural philosopher and mathematician. He invented the ballistic pendulum, first described in his "New Principles of Gunnery" (1742), and made important discoveries regarding the flight of projectiles and the rifling of gun-barrels. In 1749 he was appointed engineer-general to the East India Company. Robinson (rob'in-son), Edward. Born at Southing ton, Conn., April 10, 1794: died in New York city, Jan. 27, 1863. An American biblical scholar. He graduated at Hamilton College; was instructor in And over Theological seminary 1823-26, and profe or there 1830-33; and was profe or in Union Theological Seminary (New York) 1837-63. From 1837 to 1839 he was in the Orient, traveling in Egypt, the Sinaitic peninsula, and Pal estine, largely in company with Dr. Eli Smith. The results of their investigations were published in his chief work, "Biblical Researches in Palestine and the Adjacent Countries" (3 vols. 1841, revised ed. 1867). He translated Gesenius's "Hebrew Lexicon" (1836), and compiled a " Greek and English Lexicon of the New Testament" (1836), "Greek Harmony of the Gospels" (1845), "English Harmony of the Gospels" (1846), and "Physical Geography of the Holy Land" (1865). He founded the "Biblical Repository (1831) and the "Bibliotheca Sacra" (1843). Robinson, Ezekiel Gilman. Born at Attleborough, Ma ., March 13, 1815: died June 13, 1894. An American Baptist clergyman and educator. He was profe or in the theological seminary at Coving ton (Kentucky), and 1853 at Rochester (New York), and became president of the theological seminary at Rochester in 1860, and was president of Brown University 1872-89. He published a revised translation of Neander's "Planting and Training of the Church" (1865), and edited the "Christian Review" 1859-64. Robinson, Frederick John, first Earl of Ripon. Born Nov. 1, 1782: died Jan. 28, 1859. An English statesman, younger son of the second Lord Grantham, He graduated at Cambridge in 1806; be came president of the board of trade in 1818; chancellor of the exchequer in 1823; colonial secretary in 1827; premier 1827-28; colonial secretary in 1830; lord privy seal 1833-34; and president of the board of trade 1841-43. Не was created Viscount Goderich in 1827, and earl of Ripon in 1833, Robinson, Sir Frederick Phillipse. Born in New York, 1763: died at Brighton, England, Jan. 1, 1852. A British general. He served in the American Revolution, the Peninsular war, and the War of 1812. Robinson, George Frederick Samuel, first Marquis of Ripon. Born Oct. 24, 1827. An English politician, son of the Earl of Ripon. He was secretary for war 1863-66, and for India 1866; lord president of the council 1868-73; chairman of the joint high commi ion to negotiate the treaty of Washington 1871; and governor-general of india 1880-84. Known at first by the courtesy-title Viscount Goderich, he succeeded his father as second earl of Ripon in 1859, and was advanced to the marquisate in 1871. Robinson, Henry Crabb. Born at Bury Saint Edmunds, May 13, 1775: died at London, Feb. 5, 1867. An English writer. From 1800 to 1805 he studied at Jena, Weimar, etc.; in 1807 was reporter of the "Times" in Spain (the first war correspondent); and in 1813 was called to the bar. In 1828 he was one of the founders of the London University. His "Diary, Remi Robinson, John was elected from Artois to the Third Estate of the States General in 1789; and became the leader of the Extreme Left in the Constituent A embly, and one of the leading orators in the Jacobin Club. His influence increased after the death of Mirabeau in 1791. He was elected deputy to the Convention in 1792; opposed the Girondins; became a member of the Committee of Public Safety in July, 1793; was identified with the "Reign of Terror"; attacked Danton and Hébert in 1794; was overthrown in the Convention July 27; and with his partizans, Saint-Just, Couthon, and others, was arrested and put to death. niscences, and Correspondence" was edited in 1869 by Dr. Sadler. He was a friend of Goethe, Wiel and, Words worth, Lamb, and other authors. Robinson, John. Born near Scrooby, Nottingham shire, 1575: died at Leyden, Netherlands, March 1, 1625. An English Independent minister. He entered Cambridge (Corpus Christ i College) in 1592, and was elected fellow in 1597 (?). He took orders, but was suspended by his bishop for puritanism. In 1604 he joined the Independents, and in 1606 became pastor of the Separatist congregation at Scrooby, England. In 1608 foucauld - Liancourt . he removed to Amsterdam, and in 1609 to Leyden. He was pastor of the English Separatist Church in the Nether. lands. His works were edited by Ashton in 1851. Robinson, Sir John Beverley or Beverly. Born in Lower Canada, July 26,1791: died at Toronto, Jan. 30, 1863. A Canadian jurist and politician. Robinson, John Cleveland. Born at Binghamton, N. Y., April 10, 1817: died there, Feb. 18, 1897. An American general. He served in the Mexican war, and was commi ioned brigadier-general of volunteers in 1862. He commanded a division at Fred ericks burg, Chancellorsville, and Gettysburg, and in the battles of the Wilderne and at Spottsylvania Court House. He was retired with the rank of major-general in 1869. He was lieutenant-governor of New York 1873-75. Robinson, John Thomas Romney. Born at Dublin, April 23, 1792: died Feb. 28, 1882. A British astronomer, the inventor of the cup anemometer. He was a fellow of Trinity College, Dublin. In 1823 he became astronomer at the Armagh Observatory. He was the author of the "Armagh Catalogue of Stars" (1859). Robinson, Mary. Born at Leaming ton, Feb. 27, 1857. An English poet. In 1888 she married M. Darmesteter, the French Orientalist. She has written "A Handful of Honeysuckles" (1878), "The Crowned Hippolytus" (1880), a translation of Euripi des (1881), "The End of the Middle Ages" (1889: a historical work), etc. Robinson, Mrs. (Mary Darby), known as Perdita. Born at Bristol, England, Nov. 27, 1758: died Dec. 26, 1800. An English actre , novelist, and poet. She went on the stage, for which she had previously been prepared by Garrick, on account of the lo of her husband's property, and in her third season was cast for Perdita, and attracted the notice of the Prince of Wales (George IV.). She left the stage for him, but he soon cast her off. Her profe ion being closed to her, she wrote poems and novels under the pen-name of Perdita. She afterward lived for nearly 10 years with Colonel Tarleton. Robinson, Richard. An actor of Ben Jonson's time, celebrated as an impersonator of female characters. He was known as Dick Robinson. The actor who was slain at the siege of Basing House by Major Harrison was William Robinson. Roca (ro'kä), Cape, Pg. Cabo da Roca (kä'bộ dã rõ kä). A headland in Portugal, west by north of Lisbon. It is the westernmost cape of the zontinent of Europe. Lat. of lighthouse, 38° 47′ N., long. 9°31′ W. Roca, Julio A. Born at Tucuman, July, 1843. An Argentine general and politician. He was minister of war under Avellaneda 1874-80, and in this capacity led, in 1879, a military expedition into Patagonia which did much to open up that region to settlement. From Oct. 12, 1880, to Oct. 12, 1886, he was president of the republic. Roca (rō'kä), Vicente Ramon. Born at Guayaquil about 1790: died there, 1850. An Ecuador i an politician. He was senator, one of the leaders of the revolution of 1845, a member of the provisional government formed that year, and president 1845-49. During this period there were several revolts by the partizans of Flores. Rocafuerte (rō-kä-fö-ār'tā), Vicente. Born at Guayaquil, May 3, 1783: died at Lima, Peru, May 16, 1847. An Ecuador i an statesman. He traveled extensively in Europe and North America, and was deputy from Guayaquil to the Spanish Cortes (18121814), where he opposed the government of Fernando VII. From 1824 to 1830 he was envoy of Mexico to the court of St. James's. He returned to Ecuador in 1833; was elected to Congre , and the same year led a revolution against Flores; and was defeated and captured in 1834. Flores par doned him and made him commander of the army, in which position he did efficient service. From 1835 to 1839 he was president of Ecuador, and his term was the most prosperous the country has ever known. Subsequently he held various important civil and diplomatic positions. Rocafuerte is regarded as the greatest of Ecuador i an states men. He published various works on political subjects. Roc a mad our (rō-kä-mä-dör'). A village in the department of Lot, France, situated 23 miles north-northeast of Cahors. It has a noted church and chapels, and is one of the most celebrated places of pilgrimage in France. Rocas (ro'käs). A reef in the Atlantic, situated northeast of Cape St. Roque, in lat. 3° 52′ S., long. 33° 49′ W. Being almost entirely covered during high tides, it is very dangerous to ships. Robinson, Mrs. (Therese Albertine Luise von Jakob): pseudonym Talvj. Born at Halle, Rocca, or Roca, Inca. See Inca Rocca . Pru ia, Jan. 26, 1797: died at Hamburg, April Roccasecca (rok-kä-sek'kä). [It., 'dry castle.'] 13, 1870. A German writer, wife of Edward A small town in the province of Caserta, Italy, Robinson and daughter of L. H. von Jakob. 59 miles northwest of Naples. She published translations of Servian folk-songs (1825-26), "Historical View of the Languages and Literature of the Slavic Nations" (1850), tales, etc. Robinson, William Erigena. Born near Cooks town, Ireland, May 6, 1814: died at Brooklyn, N. Y., Jan. 23, 1892. An American journalist and politician. He was a Democratic member of Congre from New York 1867-69 and 1881-85. He frequently wrote under the signature of "Richelieu." Robinson Crusoe (rob'in-son krö'sō). The hero of a famous story of that name by Defoe, published in 1719. See Selkirk . Robles (ro'blās), Francisco. An Ecuador i an general and politician, president Oct. 16, 1856. Peru declared war on Ecuador in 1858. Late in that year, Franco, commandant at Guayaquil, declared against Robles and made a treaty with the Peruvians. Robles refused to ratify this treaty, and resigned (1859) and left the country. Rob Roy (rob roi) (Robert McGregor or Campbell). ['Red Rob.'] Born in Buchanan parish, 1671: died at Balquhidder, Dec. 28, 1734. A Scottish outlaw. was younger son of Donald McGregor, a lieutenant-colonel in the army of James II. He got his name Roy from his red hair, and adopted Camp bell as his surname. After the acce ion of William III. he obtained a commi ion from James II., and in 1691 made a descent on Stir lings hire. In 1712 he was evicted and outlawed on a charge of embezzlement. He became a Highland freebooter, and was included in the Act of Attainder. Under the protection of the Duke of Argyll, he continued to levy blackmail on the Scottish gentry. He is the subject of a novel by Sir Walter Scott (published in 1818), of an opera by Flotow (1832), and of several plays. Robsart (rob'särt), Amy. A character in Sir Walter Scott's novel "Kenilworth." She is the unacknowledged wife of the Earl of Leicester, and, escaping from her place of concealment, follows him to Kenilworth, only to be disowned and sent back to die at the hand of Richard Varney. See Dudley , Robert . Robson (rob's on), Frederick (real name Frederick Robson Brown hill). Born at Margate, England, 1821: died Aug. 12, 1864. An English actor. In 1853 he made his début at the Olympic in Wych street, London. He was a succe ful comedian. Robson, Stuart. Born at Anna polis, Md., March 4, 1836. An American comedian. He was a page in the Senate at Washington, and went on the stage at Baltimore in 1852. In 1855 he played at Washington, and in 1862 became a member of Laura Keene's company at New York. From 1877 to 1889 he acted in partnership with W. H. Crane. Robust i. See Tin to ret to . Roch (rok), or Rochus (ro'kus), Saint. Born at Montpellier, France, about 1295: died at Montpellier, 1327. A French Francis can, noted for his ministrations to the plague-stricken. Hewas canonized, and his feast is celebrated in the Roman Church Aug. 16. In England St. Roch's day was celebrated as a harvest-home. Rochambeau, Comte de. See Vimeure , Jean Baptiste Donation de. Rochambeau, Vicomte de. See Vimeure, Do natien Marie Joseph de . Rocha Pitta (rosh'ä pēt'tä), Sebastião da. Born at Bahia, May 3, 1660: died near the same place, Nov. 2, 1738. A Brazilian historian. He spent many years in collecting material for his "Hist or i a da America Portugueza" (1730, and subsequent editions). It was the first general history of Brazil, bringing the account down to 1724, and was long a standard. Rochdale (roch'dal). A parliamentary and municipal borough of Lancashire, England, situated on the Roch 11 miles north-northeast of Manchester. It has manufactures of flannels, woolens, cotton, iron, and machinery; and is the seat of a succe ful working-men's cooperative a ociation. It was founded in 1844. John Bright had his residence there. Population (1891), municipal borough, 71,458. Rochefort (rosh-for'). A seaport in the department of Charente-Inférieure, France, situated on the Charente, 9 miles from its mouth, in lat. 45° 57′ N., long. 0° 58′ W. It has an immense marine arsenal, with a hospital and other government establish ments, and a naval harbor. Its commerce is important. The principal industry is ship-building. It was selected by Colbert as an important naval station in 1666. The British fleet defeated the French near it in 1809. Napoleon was taken prisoner in the neighborhood by the British in July, 1815. There was a convict establishment here until 1852. Population (1891), 33,334. Rochefort, Henri (Victor Henri, Comte de Rochefort-Luçay). Born at Paris, Jan. 30, 1830. A French journalist, radical politician, and playwright. He contributed to the "Figaro," etc.; attacked the empire in his journal "La Lanterne" 1868; fled to Belgium in 1868: was elected to the Corps Législatif in 1869; founded the "Marseillaise" (1869), in which he continued his attack on Napoleon; was imprisoned in 1870; became a member of the government of national defense in 1870; and was a member of the National A embly in 1871. He sympathized with the Commune (1871); was arrested in May, 1871; was banished to New Caledonia in 1873; escaped to England in 1874; and was amnestied in 1880. He founded in Paris the "Intransigeant" in 1880. He was a bitter opponent of Gambetta and the Opportunists, and was a supporter of Boulanger. Roc he fou cauld, La. See La Roc he fou cauld . also in other stories in the "Entertainments." A roc's Rock Island Rochelle, La. See La Rochelle . Roches (rōsh), Col des. A pa in the Jura, on the borders of France and the canton of Neuchâtel, Switzerland, 11 miles west-northwest of Neuchâtel. Rochester (roch'es-ter). [ME. Rochester , AS. Hrofeceaster , Hrofesceaster , translated by ML. Hrofi or Hrobi civitas , city of Hrof (a man's name).] A city and seaport in Kent, England, situated on the Medway, adjoining Chas am and Strood, 26 miles east-southeast of London: the Roman Durobrive or Dorobrevum. It has considerable trade. It contains a ruined Norman castle. The cathedral is of very early foundation, but was rebuilt in the 13th century and later. The choir is Early English, handsomely arcaded, with square chevet. The clearstory of the nave is Perpendicular, with a very large west window. The ceiling is of wood. The cathedral has double transepts, and an ugly square tower over the first cro ing. The rece ed west portal is fine, and there is a remarkable crypt. The dimensions are 306 by 68 feet, and 120 acro the west transepts. It was a British and Roman town; was sacked by the Danes; and was besieged by William Rufus. Population (1891), 26,309. Rochester. [Named from Nathaniel Rochester.] A city, capital of Monroe County, New York, situated on the Gene see 7 miles from Lake Ontario, and on the Erie Canal, in lat. 43° 8′ Ν., long. 77°37′ W. It is an important railway center. It has manufactures of ready-made clothing, boots and shoes, flour, beer, tobacco, carriages, and furniture; an important trade in coal; and many nurseries. It contains the University of Rochester (Baptist, founded 1850), Baptist Theological Seminary, an observatory, and charitable and reformatory institutions. There are three falls of the Gene see within the city limits. It was settled in 1812, and inc or porated as a city in 1834. Population (1890), 133,896. Rochester. A town in Str afford County, New Hampshire, situated on the Salmon and Cocheco rivers, 28 miles east by north of Concord. Population (1890), 7,396. Rochester. A city, capital of Olmsted County, Minnesota, situated on the south fork of Zumbro River, 73 miles south-southeast of St. Paul. Population (1890), 5,321. Po Rochester, Earl of. See Wilmot , John. Rochester, Edward Fairfax. The principal character in Charlotte Brontë's "Jane Eyre." He is probably responsible for most of the muscular heroes in the world of fiction since his time. Rochester, Nathaniel. Born in West more land County, Va., Feb. 21, 1752: died at Rochester, N. Y., May 17, 1831. An American pioneer and Revolutionary officer. He was one of the chief colonizers of the Gene see valley (New York) and of the city of Rochester (which was named after him). Roche-sur-Yon, La. See La- Roche - sur -Yon. Rochet (rō-shā'), Louis. Born at Paris, Aug. 24, 1813: died there, Jan. 21, 1887. A French sculptor. Among his works are "Comte Ugolino et ses enfants" (1839), "Jeune femme pleurant" (1840), "Guillaume le Conquérant" (1851: at Falaise), "Napoléon Bonaparte, élève de Brienne" (1853: statuette), "Napoléon Bonaparte" (1855), "Mme. de Sévigné" (1857: at Grignan), "L'Empereur Dom Pedro I." (1861: large equestrian statue erected at Rio de Janeiro 1862), etc. Rochette. See Raoul - Rochette . Rochlitz (roch'lits). A town in Bohemia, situated on the edge of the Riesengebirge 62 miles northeast of Prague. Population (1891), commune, 7,391. Rochlitz. A town in the kingdom of Saxony, situated on the Zwickauer Mulde 28 miles southeast of Leipsic. Population (1890), 6,186. Rochlitz, Fried rich. Born at Leipsie, Feb. 12, 1769: died there, Dec. 16, 1842. A German musical critic and novelist. He founded the "All gem eine musikalische Zeitung" in 1798. Rochus. See Roch . Rock (rok), Captain. A fictitious name signed to notices, summonses, etc., by the leader of a certain band of Irish insurgents in 1822. Rockaway (rok'a-wa). A summer resort on the south coast of Long Island, southeast of Brooklyn. Rockaway, Far. A summer resort east of Rockaway. Rockaway Beach. A long beach on the south coast of Long Island, 10-12 miles southeast of Brooklyn. Rock ford (rok'ford). A city, capital of Winnebago County, northern Illinois, situated on Rock River 79 miles west-northwest of Chicago. It has varied and extensive manufactures, and is the seat of a female seminary. Population (1890), 23,584. Rock hampton (rok-hamp'ton). A town in Queensland, Australia, situated on Fitzroy River about lat. 23° 25′ S. Population (1891), 11,629. Rocking ham, Marquis of. See Went worth, Charles Watson. Rock Island (rok i'land). An island in the Mi i ippi, opposite the city of Rock Island. Rock Island It is the seat of a large United States arsenal and armory, and was the site of Fort Armstrong at the time of the Black Hawk war. Length, about 3 miles. Rock Island. A city, capital of Rock Island County, Illinois, situated on the Mi i ippi, opposite Davenport (in Iowa), in lat. 41° 28′ Ν. It is an important railway center, and the seat of a United States arsenal. Population (1890), 13,634. Roderick spent the rest of his life in pious acts of penance, and was slowly devoured by snakes in punishment for the sins he had committed, until at last his crime was washed out, "the body's pang had spared the spirit's pain," and isle, whence his countrymen long awaited his triumphant "Don Rodrigo" was suffered to depart to the peaceful return. Rock port (rok'port). A seaport in E ex County, Ma achusetts, situated at the extremity of the Cape Ann peninsula, 30 miles northeast of Bos ton. Population (1890), 4,087. Rockstro (rok's tro), William Smyth. Born about 1830: died July 2, 1895. An English composer, author of a "History of Music." Rocky (rok'i) Mountains. The most important mountain system in North America. The name is sometimes applied to the entire mountainous region in the western part of the continent, extending to the Pacific, but is generally restricted to the series of ranges which extend from Mexico through the United States north-northwest, and through British America, exclusive of the Sierra Nevada, Cascade Mountains, Coast Range, and ranges of the Great Basin. Among the chief ranges are the Cœur d'Alène Mountains, Bitter Root Mountains, Salmon River Mountains, Big Horn, Black Hills, Crazy Mountains, Sho shone Mountains, Wahsatch Mountains, Medicine Bow Range, Park Ranges, Front Range, Sawatch Mountains, and Elk Mountains. The system traverses Arizona, New Mexico, Utah, Colorado, Idaho, Wyoming, and Montana. The chief peaks are Pike's Peak, Long's Peak, Gray's Peak, Mount Harvard, Mountain of of the Holy Cro , Uncompahgre Peak, and Blanca Peak (14,463 feet, the highest in the system within the United States). The heights of the principal summits in British America are not definitely known, and it is doubtful if any peak rises above 13,000-14,000 feet, unle it be about the Alaskan region. Mount Brown, frequently represented to be 15,000-16,000 feet in elevation, has recently (1894) been shown to fall below 10,000 feet. Among the special features of the Rocky Mountains are the cañons and geyser springs (see Yellow stone National Park ), and the singular rock formations, in the shape of pinnacles, columns, etc., which have likened them to monuments (Monument Park, Garden of the Gods, near Colorado Springs). The "parks" (North, Middle, South, San Luis, etc.) are notable features. The system contains the sources of the Saskatchewan, Mi ouri, Platte, Arkansas, Rio Grande, Columbia, Colorado, and other rivers. Rocoux (rō-kö'), or Rocourt, or Rocour (rō "Othello," a foolish gentleman in love with Des demon a and duped by Iago.-2. In Middle ton's play "The Spanish Gipsy," a brutal ruffian whose repentance and reformation form the theme of the play. Rodewisch (ro'de-vish). A manufacturing town in the kingdom of Saxony, situated on the Göltzsch 14 miles south by west of Zwickau. Population (1890), 4,630. Rodez, formerly Rhodez (rō-dās'). [ML. Rutena , Ruthenis , Rutenica ; from the Ruteni : see the def.] The capital of the department of Aveyron, N., long. 2° 34′ E.: the ancient Sagodunum. It France, situated on the Aveyron in lat. 44° 21′ has considerable commerce and manufactures. The cathedral, founded in 1274, and carried on for two centuries, is large, and has by the north transept a tower 265 feet high. The nave is 110 feet high. The town was the capital of the Ruteni, and later of Rouergue. It was united to France under Henry IV. Population (1891), commune, 16,122. Rodgers (roj'érz), Christopher Raymond Perry. Born at Brooklyn, N. Y., Nov. 14, 1819: died at Washington, D. C., Jan. 8, 1892. An