TRADE UNIONS

labor of the workers within one trade usually the skilled or York only. A trade union should be dist i the close guished from an industrial union, whi Brigadier is all the workers within a given industi 1866 to unskilled as well as skilled. Of the t for the trade union is the older form, bei) York, and a natural development, the industr: Government union being formed around the idea, bill syndicalism, which maintains that t He workers of each industry should own a: 1881control it together autonomous: by PresiBecause of their similarity in outwa: Navy. form to the old guilds of the middle ag: practice in some economists regard them as an ev of the lution of the guilds, but the guildsm charter were the master craftsmen employ i: In labor, while the trade union is based: Venthe wage system. The first trade unio: served as were organized in England and develo ed with the factory system. Before 1% they were illegal organizations, t dollar manufactures being influential enou; mint, in Parliament to have legislation pa : in 1873. through Parliament forbidding them, bi silver and they were organized, neverthele , were legal secret societies, and ‘until the repeal Such the antitrade union laws employed té July 22, rorism to gain their ends. Trade unico: Trade were organized in this country almost with early as in England, but it was not ft a silver after the Civil War that American in dust i developed sufficiently to create an atte: Mark dant labor movement, and when it di in the late sixties and early seventid incorit seemed for a time that American Jab man can organization would follow special line effect taking the form of fraternal orders, to the it did in the Knights of Labor. In 188 mark to however, there were enough Americe could at trade unions to form a national feder from tion; the American Federation of Labo goods which competed with and gradual would displaced the Knights of Labor. TH to think federation takes in the unions of Canas another as well, this covering the whole of ti the pro English speaking part of North Americ produced, In 1921 the American Federation ‘trade Labor represented a local membersh being in of 3,906,528, almost double the streng? character it had in 1914. Many intermediaz attained forms of organization intervene, hoy article ever, between the A. F. of L. and ti the individual members, such as nation meaning, and international unions, state feder distinctive tions and city or local labor councii dist in National, or international unions, a. of the federations of local unions within ti before same trade, such as bakery and confe to tionary workers or carriage and wage recognizes workers. A State federation of labor: from a union of all labor unions in the stat any regardle of trade. In large cities,, customers districts thickly populated by industri of a workers, trade councils are formed, th being similar to the state federation organizations TRADE WINDS, the currents of z and on the earth’s surface traveling fro: semi-skilled the high pre ure belt of the trop i to the low pre ure of the equatorial belt. Owing to the eastward rotation of the earth, they have a westward lag. In the N. hemisphere they are N.E., in the S. hemisphere S.E. winds. In March the positions are: N.E. (At28° 8. In September, N.E. (Atlantic) From March to July each belt swings northwards; from September to January southward. Lying in regions where rotational velocity increases only slightly towards the equator, and traveling from a restricted to more extended areas, they tend to curve westwards only slightly and are of a mild nature, with an absence of vortices or cyclones. Their steadine of strength and direction led to the name trade (trend).