WATER-COLOURS

arc a mixture of colouring substances (in the form of a fine powder) with gum arabic or some other soluble gum. When they are ' moist ’ there is also honey or glycerine in them. Of course all water-colours dry quickly, which makes them adapted to rapid work and, even when the colour is opaque [i.e. Chinese; white is mixed with light colours to give them body), the result is more transparent than any oil-painting. It was in England that water-colour painting was first really developed into an art—in the hands of Girtin and Turner. In the illumination of the old mi als the water-colours were all opaque. kinds—Highland Lowland. The Highland falls are only found in valleys composed of hard rock, for wherever the rock is soft, the water soon wears out a ravine; and they arc generally pretty and picturesque, but the volume of water is generally very small, though the height of the fall may be considerable. Moreover, these ' mountain ’ or ' Highland ’ falls change in vol me very greatly, almost running dry in summer and becoming a muddy torrent in winter. Lowland alls are not nearly so common, and not often very high, but their volume of water is sometimes enormous. They occur generally where a lower—and large river ‘drops’ from softer—one. a high rocky plateau to a perhaps from top to.bottom of the fall, the fall will become really a succe ion of falls. But where the lower strata are softer than the higher—ras at Niagara they will get worn away, and the fall will be perpendicular or even overhanging. By degrees the overhanging portion gets too heavy, and drops into the whirlpool below. Among the great falls of the world are the Grand Falls of Labrador (2000 feet), the Kukenam Fall in Guiana (1500 feet), the Victoria falls on the Zambesi (400 feet), and Niagara (169 feet). Besides these there are several well-known falls of very great ‘aggregate’ height, but they take more than one plunge. For instance, the Yosemite Fall takes three plunges in 2660 feet the Rosario Fail in Guiana takes two plunges in 2000; feet the Sutherland Falls in New Zealand take three in; 1904 feet; and Foyers, the highest in the United Kingdom, takes two in 205 feet. born in 1818, and died in 1891. She was ranked by so great an authority as Mr. G. F. Watts as one of the real artists of the century—on the strength of her pictures “ Spring ” and “Christmas ” and her book illustrations. A large number of her drawings were exhibited in London in 1892. 18th, 1815. Wellington had collected 50,000 infantry, 12,400 horse, and about 150 guns on the low rid go which cro es the Charleroi Road, 11 miles south of Bru els. Of this collection only one-third were British, and of that one-third many were raw levies; the other two-thirds were mainly Dutch-Belgians, and sympathized more or le with the French. About 15,000 men were deployed along the main ridge, which was not entrenched, and as many more formed a second line. About 14,000 were kept in reserve in two groups, and 6000 held the important advanced posts of Hougomont, La Haye Sainte, Papelotte, etc. About 4000 horse were held in reserve, and the rest were posted on the left flank and behind the centre and right. One-third of the guns were kept in reserve, one-third were in action in the very front, and the remaining third supported the rear of the centre and right. The right was strong as long as, but only as long as, the Hougomont post was held, but the left was weak but that was the side towards which the Pru ians were; approaching from Wav and occupied a similar ridge opposite. In front were 31.000 foot, in two lines, with 1700 horse on each flank. In the rear of the centre was a reserve of 10.000 (horse, foot, and guns), and behind that was another reserve of xi,ooo, composed of the Imperial Guard. About 5200 horse were ma ed, in two bodies, behind the main line of foot. Of the guns about 250 in number altogether—84 were placed im front of the main line of foot, about 100 were held in reserve, and the rest were with the cavalry behind the right and left centre. The men were all veterans, and all French. about 4 o'clock in the morning, and Wellington expected the battle to begin every minute. Napoleon waited till nearly mid-day, however, because he was told that the guns could not be moved till the ground had dried a little and the delay sealed his fate, though it also delayed; the arrival of the Pru ians by several hours. Hougomont and La Haye Sainte. The former was held by the British throughout the whole day, but the latter was captured by Ney about 6 p.m. 7.30 p.m. One column was shattered by the English guards, and the other by Adam's light brigade, supported by the guards. Pru ians the French lost 32,000, including prisoners. two o’clock, when the flight of a Belgian brigade left Picton’s weak division to bear unsupported the attack of the heavy French columns, but the Household Brigade and Pons on by's came to the rescue.