Hayne, Paul

HAMILTON, editor and poet, was born in Charleston, S. C., 1830. Educated in his native city, he became editor of the South. Lat. Gazette (1552), of the Constitutionalist (1865), and of Southern Opinion (1867). In 1872 appeared his Legends and Lyrics, and in 1873 he edited the Poems of Henry Timred. Died July 6, 1886. Hay'nersville, in New York, a post-village of Ren elaer co., about 8 m. E.N.E. of Troy. Haynes, in Tenne ee, a post-office of Union co. Haynes'ville, in Maine, a post-township of Aroos chiefly of wide savannas, used for pasture lands. N. of it, enclosed between two mountain ranges, is the more productive plain of Vega Reale, little inferior in size to the foregoing. In the W. half of the island are the large plains of Artibonite and the Cul-de-Sac. The last named, E. of Port-au-Prince, is from 30 to 40 m. long, by about 9 broad, and was formerly one entire sugar-garden, though now almost wholly waste. H. is in most parts profusely watered; it has numerous rivers, the largest being the Yague, Yuna, Nieve, and Artibonite, which disembogue on the N., E., S., and W. coasts respectively. These are navigable for great part of their course; they are generally deep, and with tolerably wide mouths. Three lakes of considerable size exist at no great distance from the S. coast of Henriquillo; the largest is about 50 m. in circuit, and has salt-water, while the adjacent lake of Azney is fresh. - Nim . The climate of the lowlands is very unhealthy to Europe ans and N. Americans. The exce ive heats of the plains are, however, tempered by fresh sea-breeze at night. The temperature of course decreases with the elevation, and in the mountains the cold is often piercing. The year, as elsewhere between the tropics, is divided between the wet and dry seasons. The change of the seasons is accompanied by tempestuous weather; but hurricanes are not so frequent as in most of the other Antilles; nor are earthquakes common, though in 1770 a convulsion of that kind destroyed the town of Port-au-Prince. Geol., Min., dc. Little is known of the geology of this island. A limestone somewhat analogous to that of Cuba, containing vestiges of marine shells, is a prevalent formation., H. produces gold, silver, copper, tin, iron of good quality, and rock-salt. The principal copper mine yields an ore containing a considerable admixture of gold, and the sands of many of the rivers contain a good deal of gold-dust, small quantities of which are collected. The working of gold-mines has, however, entirely ceased. - Soil and Veget. The soil is almost universally a deep vegetable mould, the fertility of which is scarcely equalled. The mountains, even to their summits, are, according to Mackenzie, capable of cultivation. The greater part of the island is covered with dense forests of mahogany, logwood, iron-wood, cedars, and other large and useful trees, or an impenetrable underwood. The plantain, vanilla, potato, manioc, ., are indigenous, as is the palmetto, or cabbage-tree. The latter is truly the prop of the Haytian, who eats the upper portion of it, builds and covers his house with its various parts, and fashions his furniture out of its trunk.- Zool . Of several kinds of quadrupeds found by the first European settlers, the agouti is the only one remaining. Parrots and other birds of brilliant plumage, and water-fowl, are very abundant; the alligator, cayman, iguana, turtles, ., abound in the larger rivers; several kinds of serpents are met with; and the crustacea and testacea afford a pler tiful supply of food to the inhabitants of the coasts. - Prod. and Agric . Resources. Under the French regime, this island was cultivated with the greatest care, which was more than amply repaid by magnificent yields of produce. The growth of sugar engaged the largest share of attention, the immense capability of the soil an a king the average produce about 2,712 lbs. an acre, or nearly two thirds more than the general yield of the land in canes in Jamaica. The coffee-plantations were also exceedingly productive; and those of cotton, indigo, and cocoa had begun to be prolific sources of wealth to individuals, and of revenue to the state. Besides these staples, large quantities of maize, rice, pulse, and almost every description of vegetables required for domestic consumption, were grown. Cattle and hides were other articles of extensive export; and large shipments of mahogany, dye-woods, ., found their way to foreign countries. One of the first effects of the revolution of 1800-3, which abolished negro slavery, was an enormous decrease in the amount of agricultural produce. To us saint l'Overture (q. v.), however, by an enforced system of labor, partially remedied this state of things, an example followed by his succe ors, Des salines and Chris top he. After the acce ion of Pétion, however, agricultural activity ceased, the inherent idlene of the negro was allowed full scope, and the productive economy of the island settled into a semi-barbarous and deplorable condition. What is wanted to restore to this fine island its former commercial and industrial prosperity, is emphatically a strong and civilized governing power. - Com . The foreign trade of H. is entirely in the hands of American and European merchants, toward whom, however, the most restrictive policy is adopted. The coasting-trade, on the other hand, wholly belongs co laytian citizens. The interior is usually supplied with imported goods by means of hucksters, generally females, who act as agents for the foreign merchants, with whom they balance accounts weekly. Beasts of burden are commonly used for the conveyance of goods, the roads, except in the N.W., being generally bad, and carriages few. The principal articles of export from H. are the agricultural products of the island, of which coffee is the most important. Other products are cocoa, cotton, tooacco, ., while the forests yield mahogany, logwood, and other cabinet timbers, which form part of the exports. To these may be added hides, fustic, wax, honey, fruits, and orange-peel. The total value of exports in 1891 was $12,400,000; of imports, about $14,200,000. Of the latter about $5,000,000 came from the U. S., consisting of provisions, dry goods, lumber, ready-made clothing, soaps, perfumeries, . H. entered the Postal Union in 1881. Seven lines of steamers visit Port-au-Prince, the Atlas Line often carrying 8,000 boxes of oranges and 5,000 bunches of bananas on a trip. A national bank exists at Port-au-Prince, with branches at the seven open ports of the republic, and with a cash capital of $2,000,000 -Govt . The executive of the Haytian government is formed of a president and 5 ministerial bureaux, viz.,1. Foreign Affairs, Justice, and Public Instruction; 2. Finance and Commerce; 3. Interior and Agriculture; 4. General Police; and, 5. War and Marine. The leg is lative power rests in a Senate and Chamber of Representatives. The president, who must be 35 years of age at the time of his election, holds his office for life, commands the army and navy, makes war, peace, and treaties, subject to the sanction of the Senate, and appoints all public functionaries, . The Senate consists of 36 members, above 30 years of age, each chosen by the Chamber of Representatives from lists furnished by the president. The Senate sits 9 years; and its previous members are reëligible after a tapse of 3 years. The Chamber of Representatives consists of 50 members, chosen every 5 years by the electoral colleges of the respective communes. Its members must be 25 years of age; and each receives $200 a month, besides $1 per league for travelling expenses. The se ion of the Chambers is limited to 3 months annually. The High Court of Justice, composed of 15 judges, has jurisdiction over all charges preferred by the legislative bodies against their own members, or against the high state functionaries. There is no appeal from its decision; but the accused has the privilege of rejecting two thirds of his judges. There are 8 provincial, civil, and criminal courts. The legal code is a modification of the French colonial laws. St. Domingo is governed by a president, under whom is a vice-president and a cabinet of 4 ministers, viz., of Justice, Foreign Affairs and Agriculture, War, and Finances and Commerce It has, like Hayti, a Senate and Chamber of Representatives, and a similar constitution. - Religion . The Roman Catholic is the established religion; but all other sects are tolerated both in H. and San Domingo.-Finances. Civil wars and the struggles between H. and San Domingo have long kept Haytian finances in very precarious shape, though of late years there has been some improvement. In 1890 the Republic of H. had a national debt of $13,500,000; and a revenue of $7,322,076, nearly all of which was made up from customs receipts.- Chief towns. In Hayti: Port-au-Prince, Cape Haytien, Go naives, St. Marc, Leogane, Jeremie, Aux Cayes, Jacmel, and Miragoane; all of which, excepting the latter, are seaports. In San Domingo are, St. Domingo (the cap.), Porto Plata, and Samana; the latter offered in 1870 to the U. States. Hist . The island of H. was discovered by Columbus, Dec. 5, 1495, at which time it is said to have been divided into 5 states. Having taken po e ion of it in the name of Spain, Columbus founded the town of La Isabella on the N. coast, and established in it, under his brother Diego, the first colony founded by Europe ans in the New World. The city of St. Domingo, which subsequently gave its name to the entire island, was founded in 1498. The aboriginal inhabitants were soon eradicated; and their place was at first very inadequately supplied by Indians forcibly carried off from the Bahama Islands, and adventurers from Spain and other European countries, and in the following century by the importation of vast numbers of negroes from Africa. The Spaniards retained po e ion of the whole island till 1665, when the French obtained a footing on its W. coast, and laid the foundation of that colony which afterwards became so flourishing. In 1691 Spain ceded to France half of the island, and, in 1776, the po e ions of the latter were still further augmented. It was not, however, till 1722, that the French part of the island began rapidly to advance to wealth and population. From 1776 to 1789 the colony had attained the acme of its prosperity; and its produce and commerce were then equal or superior to those of all the other W. India islands. Unhappily, however, this prosperity was as brief as it was signal; and the ruin that has overwhelmed the island may be said to be complete. To attempt to give any intelligible sketch, how slight soever, of the events by which this destruction was brought about, and by which the negroes of H. emancipated themselves from the dominion of the whites, and founded an independent state, would far exceed our limits. At the time of the French revolution, the negro element in the French part of St. Domingo were estimated at about 500,000. That a good deal of di atisfaction existed among them is certain; but there was no disposition to revolt, and the rash and injudiciou8 proceedings of the mother country, the debates and cruel administration of the colonial govt., and the deep rooted animosities of the whites and mulattoes, were the prominent causes of the revolution. The proscriptions, ruin, bloodshed, and atrocities by which it was accompanied and brought about, are, perhaps, hardly to be paralleled. In 1800 H. was proclaimed independent; and its independence was consolidated by the final expulsion of the French in 1803. This was effected by Des salines (7. v.), who erected the French or W. part of the island into an empire, of which he became emperor, with the title of James I. His despotism and cruelty soon rendered him universally detested. He was slain in an insurrection in 1806, and the island was then divided among several chiefs, the principal of whom were Chris top he (q. v.) in the N.W., and Pétion in the 8.W. In 1811 the former made himself be proclaimed king, unter the title of Henry I. Pétion continued to act as president of the republic till his decease in 1818, when he was succeeded by Boyer (q. v.), who, after the suicide of Chris top he in 1820, took po e ion of his dominions; and the Spanish portion of the country having, in 1821, voluntarily placed itself under his govt., he became master of the whole island. Boyer was deposed in 1843, when the state of San Domingo separated from IMG:content-0541.png:[graphic] Hazarder, n . One who hazards, or puts to chance. Hazardous, a. Containing hazard; that exposes to peril or danger of lo or evil; perilous; dangerous; daring; adventurous; venturesome; precarious; uncer- tain; as, a hazardous step, a hazardous attempt. Hazardously, adv . In a hazardous manner; with peril; with danger of lo or evil. Hazardousne , n. State or quality of being haz- Hayti, and formed itself into a separate republic, elect chance; liable to hazard; as, a " hazardable deter min a- ing Gen. Santana president in 1844. The next change was into that of an empire, President Soulouque ( q . v.) a uming the title of Emperor Faustin I. in 1849. Forced to abdicate in 1858, H. became once more a re- public under the presidency of Fabre Geffrard, in 1850; while the state of San Domingo gave itself up to Spain in 1861. In Sept., 1863, however, the Do mini cans rose in insurrection, expelled the Spanish authorities, and again proclaimed a republic, this time under the presi- dency of Col. Palengo. In 1867, an insurrection broke out in Hayti, under Gen. Salnave, and in March of the same year, President Geffrard resigned office, being suc- ceeded by Salnave, who was elected for a term of 4 years in the following June. In Nov., however, he, in his turn, had to encounter an insurrectionary crisis, and three rival presidents divided the island; Gen. Domin- gue in the S., and Gen. Ni age Saget in the N., while Salnave had command of Port-au-Prince (the cap.) and the centre. After a sanguinary civil war lasting over twelve months, Salnave succeeded, in 1869, in over- throwing his opponents, only to be himself overthrown in Jan., 1870, by a fresh insurrection headed by General Saget, which succeeded in capturing his last stronghold, together with himself, who, after an impromptu trial, was summarily shot. Saget was proclaimed president in the following March. Events in San Domingo during these years showed but little improvement over Hayti; after a three months' lease of power, Palengo was sup- planted, in June, 1865, by Gen. Pimentel, who was him- self in Aug. forced to make way for Gen. Cabral, who was, in turn, succeeded, in Dec., by Gen. Buenventura Baez. In 1868, a revolt broke out against his authority, and Laperon was proclaimed president by the insur- gents, who, however, were eventually crushed out. In Feb., 1870, a treaty was entered into between the U. States and Dominican govts., and a special envoy was dispatched by the latter to offer to the U. States a lease of the Bay of Samana, on the E. coast of the Dominican territory. This proposition was subsequently rejected by the U.S. Under Hippolyte (1889-96) the condition of Hayti improved; he was succeeded (1896) by Gen. Sam. In the same year Gen. Hereaux became president of the Dominican Republic. Hazard-table, n. (Games.) A table for playing hazard, and other games of chance. Hazardville, in Connecticut , a post-village of Hart- ford co., abt. 18 m. N.N.E. of Hartford. Haze, n. [Armor. aezen, vapor, exhalation; Hind. ko- has a, a haze.] Vapor which renders the atmosphere thick, though not so damp as in foggy weather. -v. n. To be thick or opaque with haze. Haze, v. a. To frighten or intimidate; to annoy by playing practical jokes upon; to irritate with captious or needle reproof; to punish by inflicting the perform- ance of a disagreeable or irksome duty; -chiefly used in a slang sense, by sailors, students, . Haytian (hashian), a. Relating to the Island of Hayti, West Indies. (Written also Haytien .) -n. A native or inhabitant of Hayti. ( Haitian is also used.) Hay'ton, in Wisconsin , a post-village of Calumet co., Hayward, in Minnesota , a post-township of Freeborn county. Hay'wood, or HAYWARD'S, formerly SAN LORENZO, in California, a post-village of Alameda co., about 20 m. E. S.E. of San Francisco. Pop . (1897) about 1,500. Haywood, in North Carolina, a W. county, adjoining Tenne ee; area, about 590 sq.m. Rivers . Big Pigeon river and some smaller streams. Surface, diversified, the Iron or Great Smoky Mountains bounding it on the N.W.; soil , generally fertile. Cap . Waynesville. Pop . (1890) 13,346. Hazebrouck, ( haz'brook ,) a town of France, dept. Nord, 25 m. W. of Lille. Manuf . Thread, cloth, leather, tobacco, linen, . Pop . 8,310 . Hazel, ( hā'zl .) [A. S. hæsl.] ( Bot .) The common name of the genus of plants Corylus , order Corylaceæ , of which the fruit is a nut in a leafy and laciniated cup, the en- larged involu- cre of the fe- male flower. The male flowers are in cylindrical catkins (Fig. 1256); the fe male flowers appear as mere clusters of colored styles at the extremities of buds; the male flowers are pretty conspic u ous, the female flowers are very small.- The COMMON H. ( C. avella- na ) is a large a, female fiower; b, male flower; c, cob-nut; shrub or low d, filbert. Ha'zine , n. State or circumstances of being hazy; mental torpidity; forgetfulne . Ha'zle Grove, in Mi ouri , a village of Saline co. Ha'zlehurst, in Mi i ippi , a post-village of Copiah co., about 40 m. S. by W. of Jackson. Pop . (1890) 1,745. Ha'zle Patch, in Kentucky , a post-vill. of Laurel co. Ha'zleton, in Indiana , a post-village of Gibson co., on White river, about 13 m. S. of Vincennes. Pop. 608. Hazleton, in Iowa , a post-town of Buchanan co. Pop . (1897) about 1,500. Hazleton, in Mi ouri , a post-office of Texas co. Hazleton, in Pennsylvania , a thriving post-borough of Luzerne co., on Lehigh Val. R. R., 22 m. S. of Wilkes- barre; mines and ships anthracite in large quantities and has other important industries. Pop . (1897) about 13,500. Haz'lettville, in Delaware , a post-village of Kent co. Hazlewood, in Kentucky , a post-office of Ballard co. Hazlewood, in Minnesota , a village of Redwood co., on the Minnesota co., about 70 m. W. of Glencoe. Hazlewood, in Mi ouri , a village and township of Webster co., about 22 m. E. of Springfield. Hazlewood, in Ohio , a post-village of Hamilton co. Hazlewood, in S. Carolina , a township of Chester co. Haz'litt, WILLIAM, an English author and critic, в. 1778. Educated for the clerical profe ion, H. , after a brief attempt at an art career, decided to enter the paths of literature, and in 1805 produced his Principles of Human Action . This was the germ of a long and succe ful literary career, during which he gave to the world his Lectures on the Literature of the Elizabeth an Age; Table Talk; Lectures on the English Poets; The Spirit of the Age , and his well-known Life of Napoleon Bonaparte , (4 vols. 8vo., 1828.) D. 1830.- His son WIL- LIAM is also distinguished as a man of letters; and the hereditary tendency is further exemplified in his son, WILLIAM CAREW, B. 1834, author of the History of the Venetian Republic; British Columbia and Vancouver's Island; The Gold Fields of Cariboo ; and Remains of the Early Popular Poetry of England . Ha'zor. ( Script .) A chief city of northern Canaan, whose king, Jabin, at the head of an allied host, was de- feated by Joshua, ( Josh . xi. 1-13.) Hazor revived, how, ever, and for a time oppre ed the Israeli tes; but was subdued by Barak, fortified by Solomon, and remained in the po e ion of Israel until the invasion of Tiglath- pileser, ( Josh . xix. 36; Judg . iv. 2; 1 Kings ix. 15; 2 Kings xv. 29) It lay not far from Lake Meron. - It was also the name of cities in Judah and Benjamin, ( Josh . xv. 2-3; Neh . xi. 33;) and of an unknown region in Arabia, laid waste by Nebuchadnezzar. Ha'zy, a . Thick with vapor, but not so damp as in foggy weather; as, a hazy morning. "The hazy North." Thomson. tree, with a bell-shaped fruit-cup, which is somewhat two-leaved, open, and spreading. It is a native of Eu--Forgetful; having but a dimidea or recollection of; intel- IMG:content-0542.png:[graphic] rope, and much resembles C. American us , which grows in thickets and borders of fields, throughout the United States. Hazel-nuts yield, on pre ure, about half their weight of a bland fixed oil, often called nut -oil in England, the hazel-nut being popularly known by the term nut alone. But in France and in Germany it is walnut-oil which is usually called nut-oil. Hazel- nut oil has drying properties, and is much used by painters; it is also used by perfumers as a basis with which to mix expensive fragrant oils; and it has been employed medicinally in coughs. The wood of the hazel, although seldom large enough for the pur- poses of the carpenter, is very tough and flexible, and hazel-rods are therefore much used for making crates, hurdles, hoops for small barrels, . The thicker stems of H. are used for making charcoal, which is in great request for forges, is much esteemed for the manufac- ture of gunpowder, and is the kind preferred by artiste for crayons. Most of the cultivated varieties of the hazel-nut are known by the names of cob - nuts and filberts (c, d, Fig. 1256); the former generally of a roundish forms; the latter characterized by the greater elonga. tion and laciniation of the fruit-cup; the name filbert being indeed regarded as a corruption of full-beard. The Red Filbert , or Lambert's Nut , is remarkable for having the pellicle which surrounds the kernel of a crimson-red color. The finer kinds of H. are prop a- gated by grafting and by layers. Rods of hazel wood have been long credited with magical properties by the credulous, it being believed that by the use of a divining rod made of them the location of water, min- erals, or buried treasure could be discovered in the earth. -Risk; venture; jeopardy; exposure; liability; peril; Ha'zel, n. Pertaining to the hazel, or resembling it; of danger. -A game at dice. -To incur, or bring on; as, he hazarded the lo of his life. To put in danger of lo or injury. "He hazards his neck to the halter." Fuller . -v. n. 10 try the chance; to adventure; to run the risk or danger. Hazel green, in Kentucky , a post-village of Wolfe co.. Hazel green, in West Virginia , a post-office of Ritchie county. Ha'zel Green, in Wisconsin , a post-village and town- ship of Grant co., about 12 m. N. of Galena. Ha'zelhurst, in Georgia , a post-town of Appling co., on Southern R. R. Pop . (1897) 320. Ha'zelly, a . Of the color of the hazel-nut; light brown. discourse; chief point or subject of argument, disquisition, .; a chapter or division; as, the heads of a sermon. "'Tis our duty... to satisfy ourselves on this head." Atterbury. -Crisis; pitch; culminating point; height; force; as, this evil has now grown to a head , "I have married her: the very head and front of my offending." Shaks. -State of a deer's horns by which his age is known. "A buck is called the fifth year a buck of the first head."-Shaks. -The frothy effervescence which rises on a gla of ale or pot of porter, or other liquor in a state of ebullition; as, give me a pint of beer with a head . - Mode of dre ing the hair; head-dre , or covering; as, a head of hair. "Ladies gain a point when they have teased their husbands to buy them a laced head."- Swift. -Power: military force; material strength; influence; as, one's apprehensions gain head. "My lord, the French have gathered head."-Shaks. -Resistance; succe ful opposition; spontaneous will or resolution. "Making another head to fight again."- Shaks . -Liberty; license; freedom from restraint or control. "He gave his able horse his head."-Shaks. ( Naut .) The forward part, or fore extremity of a ship. It is generally applied to the cutwater, which is adorned with a figure or billet. -pl. ( Building.) Tiles laid at the eaves of a house. Head of Water. (Civ. Engineering .) The height which a column of water is submitted to; it is measured from the upper surface of the lower stream to the upper surface of the reservoir producing the pre ure. The effective pre ure will be that indicated by this height, diminished by the friction that the column of water undergoes in the pipes, and through any change of direction that may take place in them. By the head. ( Naut .) A term implying that a ship's head is depre ed in the water; as, she draws 16 feet by the head. - Head-sails, head yards. (Naut.) The sails and yards applying to the foremast of a ship. - Head and ears, deeply; completely; entirely; with the whole being; as, he is head and cars in love. To be altogether submerged; as, they are head and ears in debt, to be soused head and ears in water, . - Head and shoulders , by forcible means; violently. "They bring in every figure of speech, head and shoulders, by main force." - Felton. Head of Gra y, in Ky . , a post-village of Lewis coa Head of Island, in Louisiana , a post-village of Living stone co. Head of Sas's afras, in Maryland , a vill. of Kent co., morion; a casque. pain is of a remittent, shifting, nature, shooting from point to point, and is felt most at night, when the The head. - Understanding; force of mind. patient is warm in bed. - See RHEUMATISM. Head-band, n . A fillet or band for the head. The band at each end of a bound book. BORS-HOLDER. - The crest on a fowl's head. "Among birds... a most beautiful head-dre ."-Add is on. Head'ed, a. Furnished with a head; - used in composition; as, double- headed , thick- headed , long- headed , clear-headed, . - Having a top or head matured by growth; as, a headed cauliflower, - led; directed; as, a headed mob, Head'er, n. One who heads, as nails, casks, . -A plunge head foremost into deep water; as, I went down to the shore to take my morning header. -One who leads or directs a clique, party, or mob. (Building.) In masonry, stones extending over the thickne of a wall; and, in bricklaying, the bricks which are laid lengthwise acro the thickne of the wall are called headers .