Swiss author, noted as a student of Dante

Among his works are "Dante Alighieri, seine Zeit, sein Leben und seine Werke” (1869), “Divina Com media" with commentary (1874–82), and editions of Ta o and Petrarch. Scawfell. See Scafell. Sceaux (so). A town in the department of Seine, France, 4 miles south of the fortifica tions of Paris. It was the scene of an unsucce ful sortie of the French Sept. 19, 1870. Population (1891), 3,567 . Scesaplana (shā-zä-pläʼnä). The highest moun tain of the Rhätik on, situated on the border of Vorarlberg and the canton of Grisons, Switzerland, 17 miles north-northeast of Coire. Height, 9,738 feet. Schächenthal (shach'en-täl). An Alpine valley in the canton of Uri, Switzerland, east of Altdorf: a side valley of the Reu . Schack (shäk), Count Adolf Fried rich von. Born at Brüsewitz, Germany, Aug. 2, 1815: died at Rome, April 14, 1894. A German poet, translator, and literary historian. Among his works are "Geschichte der dram at is chen Litteratur und Kunst in Spanien" (1845-46), "Poesie und Kunst der Araber in Spanien und Sicilien" (2d ed. 1877), translations from the Spanish and from Firdausi, and dramatic, epic, and lyric poems. Schadow (shä'do), Wilhelm Fried rich von. Born at Berlin, Sept. 6, 1789: died at Dü eldorf, March 19, 1862. A German painter and teacher of painting, son of J. G. Schadow. He became profe or at the Berlin Academy in 1819, and exerted great influence as the director of the Dü eldorf Academy 1826-59, becoming the founder of a modern school of German painters. See Over beck . Schadow, Johann Gottfried. Born at Berlin, May 20, 1764: died there, Jan. 27, 1850. A noted German sculptor, founder of the modern Berlin school of sculptors. His works include statues of Frederick the Great (Stettin), Blücher (Rostock), Luther (Wittenberg), and the quadriga on the Branden burger Thor (Berlin). He also wrote several works on art. Schafarik (shä'fä-rik) (Bohem. Šafařík), Paul Joseph. Born at Kobelyarowo, northern Hungary, May 13, 1795: died June 26,1861. A Slovak philologist, noted for his researches in Slavic speech, literature, and history. He was profe or at the gymnasium at Neusatz 1819-33, and its director 18191825; and was connected with the library of Prague 18411857. Among his principal works are "Slavic Antiquities" (1837), "History of the Slavic Language and Literature" (1826), "Slavic Ethnography" (1842), a collection of Slovak songs, and works on Bohemian and South Slavic philology and literature. Schafberg (shäf'berg). A mountain on the border of Salzburg and Upper Austria, 19 miles east of Salzburg. It is called "the Austrian Rigi" on account of its extensive view. Height, 5,840 feet. Schäfer, or Schaefer (shā'fer), Arnold. Born at See hausen, near Bremen, Oct. 16, 1819: died at Bonn, Pru ia, Nov. 20, 1883. A German historian, brother of J. W. Schäfer: profe or of history at Bonn from 1865. He wrote "Geschichte des Siebenjährigen Kriegs” (1867–74), etc. Schäfer, or Schaefer, He in rich. Bornat Schlitz, Germany, April 25, 1794: died at Gie en, Germany, July 2, 1869. A German historian, profe or of history at Gie en from 1833, and director of the university library from 1864. He wrote "Geschichte von Portugal" ("History of Portugal," 1836-54), "Geschichte von Spanien" (1831-67), etc. Schäfer, or Schaefer, Johann Wilhelm. Born at See hausen, near Bremen, Sept. 17, 1809 died at Bremen, March 2, 1880. A German historian of literature. His works include "Grundri der Geschichte der deutschen Litteratur" (1836), "Handbuch der Geschichte der deutschen Litteratur" (1842-44), "Geschichte der deutschen Litteratur des 18. Jahrhunderts" (1855), lives of Goethe and Schiller, etc. Schaff (shäf), Philip. Born at Coire, Switzerland, Jan. 1, 1819: died at New York, Oct. 20, 1893. A German-American church historian, theologian, and miscellaneous writer. He graduated at the University of Berlin in 1841, and in 1844 accepted a profe orship in the theological seminary of the German Reformed Church of the United States at Mercers burg, Pennsylvania: a post which he occupied until 1863. He was appointed profe or in Union Theological Seminary at New York in 1870, being elected president in 1887, and retired as profe or emeritus in the spring of 1893. He was president of the American committee for the revision of the authorized version of the Bible. Among his works are "History of the Christian Church" (new ed., Vols. I-IV, and VI, 1882-88), "Creeds of Christen dom" (1877), "The Person of Christ" (1865), "Through Bible Lands" (1878), and "Bible Dictionary" (1880). He edited "Christ i "Christ in Song" (1868), and, with others, "Library of Religious Poetry" (1881), "Schaff-Herzog Religious Encyclopædia" (3 vols. and supp. 1882-87), etc. Schaffhausen (shäf'hou-zen). 1. A canton of Switzerland, situated north of the Rhine, and lying partly in the Swabian Jura and partly in the Klettgau. Capital, Schaffhausen. It is nearly surrounded by Baden, and is bounded also on the south by the cantons of Zurich and Thurgau. It has also two small exclaves north of the Rhine. It sends 2 members each and National councils. The lan guage is German, and the prevailing religion Protestant. It freed itself from Austrian rule in 1419; was allied to the Swi Confederates in 1454; became a canton in 1501; and received a democratic constitution in 1876. Area, 114 square miles. Population (1889), 37,783. 2. The capital of the canton of Schaffhausen, situated on the Rhine in lat. 47° 41′ N., long. 8° 38′ E. It has various manufactures, and contains the castle of Munoth, a cathedral, "Imthurneum," etc. It became a free imperial city in 1264, and pa ed later to the Hapsburgs. Population (1888), including Feuerthalen (canton of Zurich), 13,654. Schaffhausen, Falls of. A cataract of the Rhine, at Laufen, near Schaffhausen. about 60 feet; including rapids, about 100 feet. Width above the falls, about 375 feet. Height, Schäffle (shef'fle), Albert Eberhard Fried rich. Born at Nürtingen, Würtemberg, Feb. 24, 1831. A German political economist. He became profe or of political economy at Tübingen in 1861 and at Vienna in 1868, and was Austrian minister of commerce in 1871. He afterward removed to Stuttgart, and devoted himself wholly to literature. He has published "Die Nationalökonomie" (1861), the third edition of which was renamed "Das gesellschaftliche System der mensch lichen Wirtschaft" (1873), "Kapitalismus und Socialism us" (1870), "Quinte enz des Socialism us" (1874), etc. Schamir (shä'mer). A mysterious worm which, according to Persian and other traditions adopted by the Jews and woven around the legends of Solomon, was able to cut the hardest stone. It was about the size of a barleycorn, but nothing could resist its strength. It was with the aid of Schamir that Solomon built the temple, the stones of which were not hewn by human hands. In some versions it is called a stone. In early rabbinical fable it is not a worm, and is something more than a stone, being called a "creature." It is an impersonation of a mysterious force. The story pa ed over to the Greeks, and the force became a plant. In the English "Gesta Romanorum" it is again a worm called Thumare. Gervaise of Tilbury speaks of it in connection with Solomon as a worm called Thamir. The same legend in different forms is met with in Iceland and many other European countries. In some ing life. forms Schamir has the power of giving life or of paralyz It bursts locks and shatters stones; it opens in the mountains the hidden treasures hitherto concealed from men; or it paralyses, lulling into a magic sleep; or, again, it restores to life. I believe the varied fables relate to one and the same object and that, the lightning. S. Baring- Gould , Curious Myths of Mid. Ages, 2d ser., p. 144. Schamyl (shä'mil). Born 1797: died at Medina, March, 1871. A Caucasian leader. He was elected imam of the Lesghians in 1834, and acquired a complete ascendancy over all the tribes of Daghestan, which he led in a 30 years' struggle for independence against Ru ia. His last stronghold, Weden, was taken April 12, 1859, and he himself was surprised and captured in the following Sept. He was a igned a residence in the interior of Ru ia, and died on a pilgrimage to Mecca. Schandau (shän'dou). A town in the kingdom of Saxony, situated at the junction of the Kirnitsch with the Elbe, in the midst of the Saxon Scheffer, Ary Switzerland, 21 miles southeast of Dresden. It is a tourist center. Population, 3,155. Schanfigg (shän-fig'), or Schalfigg (shäl-fig'). An Alpine valley in the canton of Grisons, Switzerland, east of Coire, traversed by the Ple ur. Schar-Dagh (shär-däg'), or Tchar-Dagh. A mountain-range in the western part of European Turkey, on the eastern border of Albania: the ancient Scardus. It separates the valleys of the Drin and Vardar. Highest peak, 10,005 feet. Scharf (shärf), John Thomas. Born at Balti. more, May 1, 1843: died at New York, Feb. 28, 1898. An American historian. He served in the Confederate army and navy during the Civil War, and afterward engaged in journalism. He was admitted to the bar in 1874, and was appointed commi ioner of the land office of Maryland in 1884. Among his works are "History of Maryland" (1879), "History of the Confeder. ate States Navy" (1887), "History of Delaware" (1888). Scharnhorst (shärnʼhorst), Gerhard Johann David von. Born at Bordenau, Hannover, Nov. 12, 1755: died at Prague, June 28, 1813. A German general and military writer. He was in the Han over i an service until 1801, and then in that of Pru ia. He was director of a Pru ian military school 1801-03; served against the French 1806-07; was president of the commi ion for reorganizing the Pru ian army; and was director of the department of war 1807-10. He was severely wounded at Gro görschen in 1813. He wrote "Handbuch für Offiziere" (1781-90), etc. Scharwenka (shär-veng'kä), Philipp. Born at Samter, East Pru ia, Feb. 16, 1847. A German musician and composer, the brother of Xaver Scharwenka. He was a pupil of Kullak, and has taught in the latter's academy at Berlin. He is also a caricaturist. Scharwenka, Xaver. Born at Samter, East Pru ia, Jan. 6, 1850. A noted German pianist and composer. He was a pupil and teacher at Kullak's academy; and played in public at Berlin in 1869, and in England in 1879, and also in the United States. He es tablished a school of music in New York in 1891. He has published a number of pianoforte concertos, songs, sonatas, etc.; also a good deal of chamber-music. Schä burg (shes'börg), Hung. Segesvár (she'gesh-vär). The capital of the county of NagyKüküllö, Transylvania, situated on the NagyKüküllö in lat. 46° 10' N., long. 24° 47′ E. Here, July 31, 1849, the Ru ians under Lüders defeated the Hungarians under Bem. Population (1890), 9,618. Schaumburg (shoum börg). 1. A former countship of Germany, in the valley of the Weser. It was divided in 1648 between Lippe and He e-Ca el. The former part is now Schaumburg-Lippe. 2. A countship in Pru ia, on the Lahn. The title is now in the family of Oldenburg. Schaumburg-Lippe (shoum'börg-lippe). A principality and state of the German Empire, situated west of Hannover, and surrounded by Hannover, Westphalia, and the Pru ian part of Schaumburg. Capital, Bückeburg. The surface is level or hilly. It is a hereditary constitutional monarchy, and has 1 vote in the Bundesrat and 1 in the Reichstag. The prevailing religion is Protestant. The present line was founded in 1613, and was at first called BückeburgLippe. It was raised to a principality in 1807. It sided at first with Austria in 1866, but changed to the Pru ian side. Area, 131 square miles. Population (1900), 43,132. Scheat (she'at). [Ar.: a corruption of said, the arm or cubit.] A name given to the second-magnitude star ẞ Pegasi, sometimes called Menkib , and also to the third-magnitude star d Aquarii. As applied to the latter star the name is often spelled Skat . Schedir, or Shedir (shā'dėr or she'der). [Ar. al - çadr , the breast.] The second-magnitude star a Ca iopeiæ, in the breast of the figure. Scheele (shāʻle), Karl Wilhelm. Born at Stralsund, Dec. 2, 1742: died at Köping, Sweden, May, 1786. A celebrated Swedish chemist. He lived as an apothecary at Köping from 1777. He was the independent discoverer of oxygen, ammonia, and hydrochloric-acid gas, and discovered many other important substances, including manganese, chlorin, baryta, tartaric acid, Scheele's green, arsenic acid, glycerin, lactic acid, etc. His collected works were published in 1793. Scheffel (shef'fel), Joseph Victor von. Born at Karlsruhe, Baden, Feb. 16, 1826: died there, April 9, 1886. A German poet and novelist. He studied jurisprudence at Heidelberg, Munich, and Berlin. In 1850 he occupied a minor judicial position in Säckingen, and in 1852 in Bruchsal. Subsequently he traveled in Italy, and lived afterward at various places in Germany, Switzerland, and the south of France. In 1857 he was given the position of librarian at Donaueschingen. In 1872 he removed to Rudolfszall, on the Lake of Con stance, where he lived until his death. In 1876 he was ennobled. His first important work was the idyl "Der Trompeter von Sackingen" ("The Trumpeter of Säckingen"), which appeared in 1853. The historical novel "Ekkehard" is from 1855. "Frau Aventiure," a collection of lyrics, appeared in 1863, "Juniper us" in 1868, "Bergpsalmen ("Mountain