Strange's company

(The story that he was forced to leave It Str at ford for deer stealing in the park of Sir Thomas Lucy at Charlecote is a fable; but there may truth Davenant's story that he held horses at the theater doors.) Shakspere had the advantage of being a ociated with Alleyne, the best tragic actor in England, and with Kempe and Pope, the best comedians. Greene, Kyd, Marlowe, Wilson, Peele, Lodge, Lyly, Munday, and others were all at this time writing plays for the different companies playing in the London theaters; and as early as 1589 or 1590 Shakspere was part author or reviser of some of the plays acted by his own company, Lord Strange's men. was this collaboration that induced Greene, his rival playwright, to allude to him in his "Groatsworth of Wit" as "an upstart crow beautified with our feathers, that, with his Tiger's heart wrapped in a player's hide, supposes he is as well able to bombast out a blank verse as the best; and, being an absolute Johannes-fac-totum, is in his own conceit the only Shake-scene in a country." About 1593 he ceased to work as a collaborator, and in reviving the plays produced at this period seems to have taken out the work of the other hands, substituting lines of his own. In 1593 Lord Strange's men played at the Rose Theatre. At Lord Strange's death in this year the company became "The Chamberlain's," and with Shakspere and Burbage played at "The Theatre." After this time Shakspere was Shaktas one of the chief actors in the best company in London, and its acknowledged play-writer, and attained fame as a poet as well. His son Hamnet having died in 1596, Shakspere went for a short time to Str at ford. He obtained a grant of arms, and in 1597 bought New Place. In this year the Chamberlain's Company removed to "The Curtain," and about this time Ben Jonson began to write for them. Shakspere lived at this time in St. Helen's, Bishops gate, with occasional absences in Str at ford. In 1598 he played in Ben Jonson's "Every Man in his Humour." The Globe plays were first produced here. In 1601 the Chambena Theatre was opened in 1599, and after this Shakspere's Company traveled, having become obnoxious to the court for playing "Richard II." They played at Oxford and Cambridge, and also went to Scotland. In this year Shakspere's father died. The turbulent quarrel known as "the war of the theaters," which had raged since 1599 between Jonson, Dekker, Chapman, Marston, Shakspere, and others, seems to have been composed about 1602. The plays produced between these years are filled with bitter personal allusions. In this latter year the Chamberlain's Company went back to the court. In 1603 the theaters were closed on account of the plague; the queen died; and the chamberlain's men took the name of "The King's Company." In 1605 Shakspere invested money in a lease of the tithes of Bishop ton, Welcombe, Str at ford, and, Old Str at ford. In 1607 his daughter Susanna married John Hall, a physician at Str at ford, and his brother Edmund died. His mother died in 1608. In 1610 he retired from the theater, and was living in Str at ford in 1611. In 1613 he bought a house near Black friars Theatre, his brother Richard died, and it is thought that at this time Shakspere sold his shares in the Globe and Black friars theaters. Little is known of his life in Str at ford after his retirement from the stage, but his name appears in documents until 1615. On Feb. 10, 1616, his daughter Judith married Thomas Quiney, a vintner. Shakspere died the following April (it is supposed on the 23d, which is also celebrated as his birthday). Shakspere's poems are "Venus and Adonis" (entered on the "Stationers' Register" 1593), "The Rape of Lucrece" (1594), "Sonnets" (not published till 1609, but conjectured to have been written 1594-98), "A Lover's Complaint" (published with the "Sonnets," probably written about 1594). The sonnets are 154 in number, and were published with a dedication by the publisher, Thomas Thorpe, to "Mr. W. H.," "their only begetter," about whom controversy has raged. The "Pa ionate Pilgrim" was first published in 1594. A volume called "Poems: written by Wil. Shakespeare, Gent was published in 1640. It contains many now known others. In 1796 the famous Ireland forgeries were published (see Ireland , W. Н. ). The authenticity of Shakspere's plays was first discu ed in 1848 by J. C. Hart in "The Romance of Yachting." He was followed by others, notably by Mi Delia Bacon in 1857 and by Nathaniel Holmes in 1866 and 1888, and by Ignatius Donnelly, all striving to prove that Bacon was the author of the plays. About 500 works have appeared on the subject. In the following list the date of first production of the plays is given as nearly as po ible; but reference should be made to the separate entries. "Love's Labour's Lost" (1589: revised in 1597), "Two Gentlemen of Verona" (1591 and 1595), "Romeo and Juliet" (1591 and 1596), "Henry VI." (in three parts, 1592-94), "A Comedy of Errors" (1594), "King Richard III." (1594), "Titus Andronicus" (?) (1594), "A Midsummer Night's Dream" (1595), "King Richard II." (1595), "The Merchant of Venice" (1598), "King John" (1596), "Henry IV." (in two parts, 1597 and 1598), "Much Ado about Nothing" (1598), "As you Like it" (1599), "Henry V." (1599), "Merry Wives of Windsor" (1600), "Troilus and Cre ida" (1600), "Julius Cæsar" (1600), "Hamlet" (1601), "Macbeth" (1601), "All's Well that Ends Well" (1601), "Twelfth Night" (1602), "The Taming of the Shrew" (1603), "Othello" (1604), "King Lear" (1605), "Antony and Cleopatra" (1607), “Ti mon of Athens" (1607-08), "Coriolanus" (1608), "Pericles" (1608), "Cymbeline" (1609), "The Tempest" (1611), "The Winter's Tale" (1611), "King Henry VIII." (1613). The doubtful plays were first attributed to Shakspere in the 1664 i ue of the third folio: they are "The Two Noble Kinsmen," "Edward III.," "The London Prodigal," "Thomas Lord Cromwell," "Sir John Old castle," "The Puritan Widow," "Locrine," and "A Yorkshire Tragedy." "Arden of Fever sham," "The Birth of Merlin," and other plays have also been attributed to him. Some of the plays were printed in quarto during Shakspere's lifetime. The first collected edition was the folio of 1623; the second folio appeared in 1632, a third in 1663 and 1664, a fourth in 1685. Rowe i ued the first critical edition of the plays with the poems in 1709. Among the many later editions may be mentioned that of Pope (1725), Johnson (1765), Johnson and Steevens (1773), Malone (1790), Boydell's edition, revised by Steevens (1802), Bowdler's expurgated edition (1818), Knight (1838-43 and later), Collier (1841-44 and later), Hall i well (1853), Dyce (1857), Richard Grant White (1857-65 and 1883), Hudson (1860), Cambridge edition (1863-66), Globe edition (1864). Variorum editions have been edited by Reed (1803) and Boswell (1821), and notably by Furne (begun in 1877, unfinished in 1897). Shakspere of Divines, The. Jeremy Taylor. Shakspere of Germany, The. A name sometimes given to Kotzebue. Shakspere's Cliff. A cliff near Dover, England, bordering the Strait of Dover. It is graphically pictured in Shakspere's "King Lear." Height, 350 feet. Shaktas (shäk'taz). [Skt. shākta , relating to Shakti (which see).] In India, the worshipers of the divine power under its female representation. As Hinduism has resolved itself into two great systems (Shaivism and Vaishnavism), so the adherents of each of these are divided into two great cla es (the Dak shin a marg is and the Vamamargis). Both are Shaktas, but the first, the 'followers of the right-hand path,' worship Shiva and Vishnu in their double nature as male and female, do not show undue preference for the female or left-hand side of the deity, and are not addicted to mystic or secret rites; while the second, the Vamamargis, or 'followers of the left hand path, worship exclusively the female side of Shiva and Vishnu. The former find their Bible in the Puranas, the latter in the Tantras. The rites of the latter are orgiastic, and represent the most corrupt development of Hinduism. The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia: The Century Cyclopedia of names Shakti Shakti(shak'ti). In Sanskrit, 'strength, energy,' and then in Hindu religion the energy or active power of a deity personified as his wife and worshiped under various names. Fifty different forms of the Shakti of Vishnu besides Lakshmi are reckoned, and fifty of the Shakti of Shiva besides Durga or Gauri. Brah manism holds that the One Universal Self-existent Spirit is pure existence. The moment he becomes conscious, his nature becomes duplex; and this double nature is held to be partly male and partly female, the female constituting his left side. The male side of the god is believed to relegate his more onerous functions to the female; hence the female side of the personal god is more often propiti ated than the male. See Shaktas . Shakuntala (sha-kön'ta-lä). The heroine of the great drama of Kalidasa. She was the daughter of the sage Vishvamitra by the nymph Menaka and was until found by the sage Kanva, who brought her up in his hermitage as his daughter. In the drama she is seen in the forest by King Dushyanta, who has gone there to hunt. He induces her to contract with him a Gandharva marriage that is, one formed by a simple declaration of mutual acceptance. On leaving her to return to his capital, he gives her a ring. When Shakuntala goes back to the hermitage, she does not heed the approach of the testy sage Durvasas, who pronounces upon her the curse of being forgotten by her beloved. Relenting, however, Durvasas promises that Dushyanta shall remember her on seeing the ring. Shakuntala sets out to join her husband, but on the way bathes in a sacred pool and loses the ring. The king does not recognize her, and she is obliged to return to the forest, where she gives birth to Bharata. A fisherman catches a fish in which he finds a royal ring, which is taken to the king with the fisherman, who is thought to have stolen it. On seeing the ring the king recognizes it, remembers Shakuntala, and goes in quest of her. The play exists in two recensions, one known as the Devanagari, the other as the Bengali, of which the former is thought to be the older and purer. It was from the latter that Sir William Jones made his celebrated translation of 1789, which, translated into German by Forster in 1791, so excited the admiration of Herder and Goethe, Monier-Williams has published an exquisite and masterly translation of the Devanagari recension. Shaler (shā'ler), Nathaniel South gate. Born at Newport, Ky., Feb. 22, 1841. An American geologist and paleontologist. He graduated at the Lawrence Scientific School (Harvard) in 1862; served in the Union army during the Civil War; and was profe or of paleontology at Harvard from 1868 to 1887, when he be came profe or of geology. Among his works are " A First Book in Geology" (1884), "Kentucky" (1884: in American Commonwealths series), "The Interpretation of Nature" (1893), etc. dsor," Shallow (shal'ō). A solemn, insignificant country justice in the "Merry Wives of Windsor," and in the 2d part of "King Henry IV.," by Shakspere. He has lofty pretensions to having been a roaring blade in his youth, and is a satire on Sir Thomas Lucy, the author's old Str at ford enemy. Phelps made a great hit in London in this part. Shalmaneser (shal-ma-nē'zér). [A yr. šul man- asarid , the god Shulman is the leader.] The name of four A yrian kings. The first reigned about 1330 B. C. From an inscription of A sur nazir pal (884-860 в. с.) it is known that he founded the city of Calah (modern Nimrud), which he made his residence, and that he extended the boundaries of the A yrian empire in the northwest. The second reigned 860-824 B. C. He was warlike and enterprising like his father A sur nazir pal, and Israel took place. The monuments of him are the "black obelisk," about 7 feet high, with 190 lines of cuneiform writing and representations of war-scenes in bas-relief, discovered by Layard in the Nimrud mound; two bull colo i covered with inscriptions, found in the same places under him the first extoll is i on and a monolith, found in bronze coverings of his palace doors decorated with scenes of games, sacri and ants waraars, of his reign, in repou é work, discovered by Hormuzd Ra am in Balawat. From these monuments we learn that Shalmaneser II. invaded Babylonia, conquering the city of Babylon and other cities. He then directed his against the confederation of the Syrian kings to which also Ahab of Israel belonged, and defeated it in the battle of Karkar. In 842, after the defeat of Hazael of Damascus, received tribute from Sidon, and Jehu Israel. The last four years of his reign were occupied with the re bellion which one of his sons had aroused, and which his other son put down two years after his father's death. The third reigned 782-772 B. C. During the ten years of his reign he made six expeditions against Armenia (Urartu), one against Damascus, and one against Chatarika (the biblical Hadrach). The fourth reigned 727-722. He is known from the Old Testament. He undertook an expedition in to the west, or on which occasion Hosea, king of Israel, who be came tributary to his predece or, Tiglath-Pileser III., repeated the a urance of his submi ion and brought him presents. But, soon after the departure of the A yrian king, Hosea sent an emba y to the Egyptian king Shabe (biblical So) offering him his alliance, whereupon Shalmaneser IV. appeared before Samaria, took the faithle Hosea captive, and laid siege to the city (2 Ki. xvii.). From the cuneiform inscriptions it is known that Shalmaneser IV. himself met with his death during the siege, and that it was his succe or, Sargon, who succeeded in taking Samaria after a three years' siege. Shamaka. See Shemakha . Shamash (sha'mash). In the A yro-Babylonian pantheon, the god of the sun. He is called the "light of the gods," the "illuminator of heaven and earth," and especially the "great judge of heaven and earth." His wife is Aa, the "lady of mankind," the "lady of the countries." The principal seats of his worship were Sippara (the biblical Sepharvaim) and Larsa (modern Senkereh). Shamba (shäm'bä). See Kabail . Shamo, Desert of. See Gobi . Shamokin (sha-mō'kin). A borough in North umber land Co County, Pennsylvania, ia, 50 miles northwest of Reading. It is important important as the center of a coal-mining region. Population (1890), 14,403. Shamyl. See Schamyl. Shandon (shan'don), Captain. A witty, sweet tempered, but intemperate literary hack who lives in the Fleet Prison: a character in Thackeray's "Pen dennis." His original was William Maginn. Shandy (shan'di), Captain. See Toby , Uncle . Shandy, Shandy, Tristram. See Tristram Shandy. Shanghai (shang-hi'). A city and seaport in the province of Kiangsu, China, situated on the river Wusung, at the junction of the Hwangpu, and near the Yangtse, in lat. 31° 15′ N., long. 121° 29′ E. It is one of the chief ports of the empire, exporting tea, silk, etc. It contains an important foreign quarter inhabited by British, Americans, French, etc. It became a treaty port in 1843. It was taken by the rebels and held temporarily in 1853. Population, estimated, about 400,000. Shasu Chad, Sudan, which it joins from the south: source unknown. Length, 700 miles (?). Shark Bay (shärk ba). An inlet of the Indian Ocean, on the western coast of West Australia. Sharkiyeh (shär-ke' 'ye). The easternmost province of Lower Egypt. Area of the cultivated region, 905 square miles. Population (1882), 464,655. Sharon (shar'on). A borough in Mercer County, western Pennsylvania, situated on Shenango River 64 miles northwest of Pittsburg. It has important iron manufactures. Population (1890), 7,459. Sharon, Plain of. In Bible geography, a plain in western Palestine, extending along the coast from the vicinity of Joppa to Cæsarea or Carmel. It was celebrated for its fertility. Sharp (sharp), James. Born at Castle Banff, May 4, 1618: murdered on Magus Muir, near St. Andrews, May 3, 1679. A Scottish prelate, archbishop of St. Andrews. In 1637 he graduated at King's College, Aberdeen; in 1643 was chosen a regent of philosophy in St. Leonard's College, St. Andrews; and in 1648 he was appointed minister of Crail in Fifes hire. He was a leader of the Resolutioners against the Protesters. In 1656 he went to London to counteract the influence of the Protesters with the Protector. In Feb., 1660, he visited London again to watch the movements of Monk. He was well received by Monk and sent to Charles II. at Breda, ostensibly to advocate the Presbyterian cause. He was in confidential communication with Charles and Clarendon, a isted in the restoration of Episcopacy in Scotland, and for his treachery was appointed archbishop of St. Andrews in Aug., 1661. When Lauderdale became supreme, Sharp coöperated in pa ing the National Synod Act of 1663, the first step in subjecting the church to the crown. In 1667, with Rothes, he was the governing power in Scotland. Their tyranny and cruelty provoked a rising of the Covenanters. On July 10, 1668, an attempt to a a inate him was made by Robert Mitchell, a preacher. He was murdered by a number of Covenanters while on his Shankara (shang'ka-ra), or Shank a raca rya (-ä-chär'ya). ['The teacher or doctor Shan- kara.'] One of the most renowned theologians of India. His exact date is uncertain: Wilson puts it in the 8th or 9th century A. D. Tradition generally makes him a native of Malabar. He is described as having led a wander- ing, controversial life, and as having gone toward the close of it to Kashmir and then to Kedarnath in the Himalaya, where he is said to have died at the age of 32. He is held to have worked various miracles, among others reanimat- ing and entering the dead body of King Amaru in order to become temporarily the husband of Amaru's widow that he might be able to argue with a Brahman on the wedded state, and was even regarded as an incarnation of Shiva, He is made the founder of the Dash nam i dan dins, or 'Ten- named Mendicants' (so called as divided into 10 cla es, way to St. Andrews. each distinguished by the name of one of the 10 pupils of Sharp, John. Born at Bradford, England, Feb. each of Shankara's 4 chief pupils), one of the principal 16, 1644: died at Bath, Feb. 2, 1714. An Eng- Shaiva sects. South Indian pandits represent him also as founder of all the 6 principal sects of Hinduism - viz., the lish prelate, archbishop of York. Shaivas, the Vaishnavas, the Shaktas, the Ganapatyas, the Sharp, Rebecca (Becky Sharp). One of the Sauras, and the Pash up at as-though falsely, as Shankara principal characters in Thackeray's "Vanity was opposed to all sectarian ideas. He is said to have es- Fair": a friendle girl, "with the dismal pretablished several maths, or monasteries, particularly one still flourishing at Sringiri on the Western Ghats, near the cocity of poverty," whose object it is to rise in sources of the Tungabudra. The e ential fact of his life is that he molded the Uttaramimansa or Vedanta philosophy into its final form, and popularized it into a national religion. A large number of works are ascribed to him, of which the most important are commentaries on the Vedantasutras, the Bhagavadgita, and the principal Up an is hads. Shank a rav i jay a (shang-ka-ra-vi'ja-ya). [Skt., 'the triumph of Shankara."] The name of several Sanskrit works, but especially of a biography of Shankara (which see), by Anandagiri, recording his victories as a Vedantin over numerous heretics and refuting prevalent errors by a popular exposition of the Vedanta philosophy. On this work, see especially Kashinath Trimbak Telang in the "Indian Antiquary," Vol. V. Shanklin (shangk'lin). A watering-place situated on the southeastern coast of the Isle of the world. She is agreeable, cool, selfish, and entirely unmoral; "small and slight of person, pale, sandy-haired, and with green eyes, habitually cast down, but very large, odd, and attractive when they looked up." But the finest character in the whole novel is Mi Rebecca Sharp, an original personage, worthy to be called the author's own, and as true to life as hypocrisy, ability, and cunning can make her. She is altogether the most important person in the work, being the very impersonation of talent, tact, and worldline , and working her way with a graceful and executive impudence unparalleled among managing women. She indicates the extreme point of worldly succe to which these qualities will carry a person, and also the impo ibility of their providing against all contingencies in life. Whipple , E ays and Reviews, II. 407. Sharp, Timothy. The "lying valet" in Garrick's play of that name. Sharp, William, Born at London, Jan. 29, 1749: died at Chiswick, England, July 25, 1824. lent plates from Sir Joshua Reynolds and the old masters. Wight, England. Population (1891), 2,740. An English line-engraver. He executed excel Shannon (shan'on). The principal river of Ireland. It rises in the north; flows south and south west; traverses Loughs Allen, Ree, and Derg; and, form ing a wide estuary, empties into the Atlantic in lat. 52° 30' N. The chief tributary is the Suck. Length, about 250 miles; navigable for the greater part of its course (for large ve els to Limerick). Shannon, The. A British man-of-war which captured the American ve el of war Chesapeake off Marble head, Ma achusetts, June 1, 1813. See Chesapeake . Shansi (shän-se'). ['Mountainous west.] A province of northern China. Capital, Taiyuen fu. It borders on Mongolia on the north and on the Hwangho on the south and west; the surface is largely mountainous. Area, about 66,000 square miles. Popula tion, estimated, 11,000,000. Shan (shan) States. A group of Lao states, partly under British rule in Burma, partly independent, and partly under the rule of Siam. Shantung (shän-töng'). A maritime province of China. Capital, Tsinan. It borders on the Yel. low Sea and the Gulf of Petchili. The surface is gener ally level, except in the peninsular portion. Area, about 56,000 square miles. Population, 25,000,000. Shapur (sha-pör'), L. Sapor (sā pōr). [ Shah , king, and pur , son: 'son of the king.'] 1. In the Shahnamah, a warrior of Faridun.-2. The name of three Sa an i an kings. Sharezer (sha-re'zér). According to 2 Ki. xix. 37, Isa. xxxvii. 38, the son of Sennacherib who, with his brother A dram me lech, a a inated his father. In A by den us he bears the name of Nergilos, and it is not improbable that his complete name was Nergal-Sharezer (A yrian Nergal - sar - uçur , Nergal (the god of war) protect the king'). The name Sharezer occurs also as that of a Judean in the time of Darius (Zech. vii. 2). Shari (shä're). The chief tributary of Lake Sharper (shär per). A character in Congreve's "Old Bachelor." It is he who says: "Thus grief still treads upon the heels of pleasure Marry'd in haste, we may repent at leisure." Sharps burg urg (sh (shärps'berg). 1. A small town in Washington County, western Maryland, situated near the Potomac 12 miles south of Hagerstown. For the battle of Sharps burg, see Antietam .-2. A borough of Allegheny Co County, Pennsylvania, situated on the Allegheny River 5 miles northeast of Pittsburg. Population (1890), 4,898. Sharswood (shärz'wud), George. Born at Philadelphia, July 7, 1810: died at Philadelphia, May 28, 1883. An American jurist and legal writer. He became chief justice of the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania in 1867, and later chief justice. He edited various legal works, including "Black stone" (1859), and wrote "Profe ional Ethics," etc. May