German language

Kant esteem as a metaphysician, and for a long time employed Baumgarten's works as the foundation of his lectures. He wrote "De non null is ad poem a pertinent i bus" (1735), "Esthetic a Acroamatic a" (1750-58), "Metaphysic a" (1739), etc. Baumgarten, Hermann. Born April 28, 1825: died June 19, 1893. A German historian and publicist, profe or of history in the University of Strasburg 1872-89. He has written a "Geschichte Spaniens zur Zeit der Französischen Revolution" (1861), "Geschichte Spaniens vom Ausbruch der Französischen Revolution bis auf unsere Tage" (1865-71), "Karl V. und die deutsche Reformation" (1889), etc. Baumgarten, Konrad. One of the Unterwalden patriots, famous in the William Tell legend. Baumgarten, Michael. Born at Haseldorf, Holstein, March 25, 1812: died at Rostock, Mecklenburg-Schwerin, July 21, 1889. A German Protestant theologian, profe or of theology at Rostock 1850-58. He was elected to the Reichstag in 1874, 1877, and 1878. Baumgarten, Sigmund Jakob. Born at Wolmirstedt, near Magdeburg, March 14, 1706: died at Halle, July 4, 1757. A German Protestant theologian, profe or at Halle 1730-57. Baumgarten-Crusius (-krözē-ös), Ludwig Fried rich Otto. Born at Merseburg, July 31, 1788: died at Jena, May 31, 1843. A German Protestant theologian, profe or at Jena from 1812. He was the author of "Lehrbuch der Dogmengeschichte" (1831-32), "Kompendium der Dogmenge schichte" (1840-46), etc. Baumgartner (boum'gärt-ner), Andreas, Baron von. Born at Friedberg, Bohemia, Nov. 23, 1793: died near Vienna, July 30, 1865. profe or of physics at the University of Vienna in 1823; An Austrian scholar and politician. He became was minister of commerce, trade, and public works, 18511855; and became president of the Academy of Sciences at Vienna in 1851. Baumgartner, Gallus Jakob. Born at Altstätten, Switzerland, Oct. 18, 1797: died at Saint Gall, Switzerland, July 12, 1869. Swi historian and politician. He wrote "Die Schweiz in ihren Kämpfen und Umgestaltungen von 1830-50" (1853-66), etc. Baumgärtner (boum'gart-ner), Karl He in rich. Born at Pforzheim, Baden, Oct. 21, 1798: died at Baden-Baden, Dec. 11, 1886. A noted German physiologist, profe or of clinical medicine at Freiburg 1824-62. He was the author of "Beobachtungen über die Nerven und das Blut" (1830), "Lehrbuch der Physio logie" (1853), etc. Baumstark (boum'stärk), Anton. Born at Sinzheim, Baden, April 14, 1800: died March 28, 1876. A German cla ical philologist, profe or of philology in the University of Freiburg 1836-71. Baumstark, Eduard. Born at Sinzheim, Baden, March 28, 1807: died April 8, 1889. A German political economist and politician, a brother of Anton Baumstark. Baur (bour), Albert. Born at Aix-la-Chapelle, July 13, 1835. A German historical painter of the Dü eldorf school, profe or of history painting at Weimar 1872-76. Baur, Ferdinand Christian. Born at Schmiden, near Canstatt, June 21, 1792: died at Tübingen, Dec. 2, 1860. A distinguished German Protestant theologian and biblical critic, the founder of the "Tübingen School," profe or at Blaubeuren, and, after 1826, profe or of theology at Tübingen. He was noted for profound scholarship, strength in constructive criticism, and boldne in innovation. His theories of apostolic and post-apostolic Christianity were revolutionary, resolving its history into a speculative proce of conflicting tendencies (Petrinism and Paul in ism) from which the supernatural and miraculous is eliminated. Among his works are "Das man i chais che Religions system" (1831), "Die christliche Gnosis, etc." (1835), "Die christliche Lehre von der Versöhnung (1838), "Die christliche Lehre von der Dreieinigkeit" (1841-43), "Der Gegensatz des Katholizismus und Protestant is mus," "Paulus" (1845), "Lehrbuch der christ lichen Dogmengeschichte" (1847), "Kritische Untersuchungen über die kanonischen Evangelien" (1847), "Das MarkusEvangelium" (1851), "Das Christ ent hum und die christliche Kirche der drei ersten Jahrhunderte" (1853). Bavay Bautzen, Wendish Budi in (the official name until 1868). The capital of the governmental district of Bautzen and of Upper Lusatia, situated on the Spree 32 miles east of Dresden: one of the chief towns of ancient Lusatia. It has various manufactures and is the seat of a Roman Catholic bishopric. Population (1890), 21,516. Bautzen, Battle of. A victory gained by Napoleon, May 20 and 21, 1813, with about 140,000 troops (under Ney, Oudinot, Soult, and others: Ney with his 40,000 men was not present on the 20th) over the allied Ru ians and Pru ians about 90,000. The lo of the French was about 20,000; that of the Allies, about 13,000. Baux (bo), Les. A small town near Arles, France, remarkable for its castle and stone buildings. It was the capital of a powerful medieval countship. Bavaria (ba-va'ri-ä), G. Bayern or Baiern (bi'ern), F. Bavière (bäv-yar'). [ML. Bavaria , from Boarii , a tribe connected in name with the Boii. See Bohemia .] A kingdom of southern Germany, the second in area and population of the states of the German Empire. It consists of two unequal and disconnected parts, the larger eastern and the smaller western. The former or main portion is bounded by Pru ia on the northwest, the Thu ringian states on the north, the kingdom of Saxony on the northeast, Bohemia (separated by the Böhmerwald) on the east, Upper Austria and Salzburg on the east, Tyrol (separated by the Alps) on the south, Lake Con stance on the southwest, and Würtemberg, Baden, and He e on the west. It extends from lat. 47° 16° to 50° 33 N., and from long. 9° to 13° 48' E. The western portion is the Palatinate, west of the Rhine, bordering on He e, Pru ia, and Alsace-Lorraine. The country produces wheat, rye, oats, and other cereals, hops, potatoes, tobac co, wine, flax, etc.; has mines of coal, iron, salt; and has important and varied manufactures. It exports timber, wine, hops, grain, beer, etc. Bavaria contains 8 government districts (Regie rungs-Bezirke): viz., Upper Bavaria, Lower Bavaria, Palatinate, Upper Palatinate and Ratisbon, Swabia and Neuburg, Upper Franc on i a, Middle Franc on i a, and Lower Franc on i a. The capital is Munich. The government is a constitutional hereditary monarchy, with a king, an upper house, and a chamber of 159 deputies. Bavaria sends 6 representatives to the Bundesrat and 48 to the Reichstag, and furnishes 2 army corps to the imperial army. Over seven tenths of the population are Roman Catholic. The early inhabitants were formerly identified with the Boii. The southern part belonged to the Roman Empire. The League of the Boarii was formed from various German tribes. Bavaria was ruled by its dukes, the Agilolfinger, from about 560-788. It came un. der the supremacy of Austrasia, and in 788 its duke, Ta ilo III., was deposed, and it was incorporated with the Frank ish empire. Later it was one of the four great German duchies (and extended farther to the east and south-e. g., to Italy-than at present). The duchy of Bavaria pa ed to Welf IV. (I.) in 1070. In 1180, after the fall of Henry the Lion, it was granted by Frederick Barb a ro a to the (present) Wittelsbach dynasty. It was one of the circles of the empire. Duke Maximilian I. received the electoral dignity in 1623. The Upper Palatinate was annexed in 1628. The Rhine Palatinate was united with Bavaria in 1777. In 1806 Bavaria became a kingdom and joined the Confederation of the Rhine. It was obliged to cede terri. tory by the imperial delegations enactment of 1803, but received Würzburg, Bamberg, Augsburg, etc., and in 1805 Tyrol and other territories. It received Salzburg, etc., in 1809, but was obliged to cede Tyrol and Salzburg in 1815. In 1813 it joined the Allies. It received a constitution in 1818. It sided with Austria in 1866, was the scene of melbach, June 14, 1816: died at Leipsic, May 22, 1889. A German Protestant theologian. He of Leipsic in 1870. became profe or of theology in the University Baurés (bou-ras'). A tribe of Indians in northern Bolivia, occupying the forest region about the rivers Mamoré and Baurés, ranging eastward to the Guaporé. Formerly very numerous and powerful, they now number a few you sand, most of them gathered into mi ion villages and mixed with other tribes. By their language they resemble their neighbors the Moxós, and in a broader sense they belong to the great Arawak stock. They are agricultural and have fixed villages. Baurés (bou-rās'). A river in eastern Bolivia, a tributary of the Guaporé. Bause (bou'ze), Johann Fried rich. Born at Halle, Jan. 5, 1738: died at Weimar, Jan. 3, 1814. A noted German engraver on copper. He was for a time profe or of this art at the Academy of Art in Leipsic. Bausk (bousk). A town in the government of Courland, Ru ia, situated at the junction of the Mu e and Memel 40 miles south of Riga. Population, 7,085. Bau et (bo-sa'), Louis François de. Born at Pond i cherry, India, Dec. 14, 1748: died at Paris, June 21, 1824. A French ecclesiastic and man of letters. He became bishop of Alais in 1784, and cardinal in 1817; and was the author of a "His to ire de Fénelon" (1808-09), "His to ire de Bo uet" (1814), etc. Bautzen (bout's en). A governmental district in the kingdom of Saxony, corresponding nearly to Upper Lusatia. Area, 953 square miles. Population (1890), 370,739. and make a small ce ion of territory to Pru ia. It made a treaty with the North German Confederation in 1870, and entered the German Empire in 1871. Area, 29,282 square miles. Population (1895), 5,773,836. Bavaria. A bronze statue, 67 feet high, in the Theresienwiese, near Munich, designed by Schwanthaler. It was built by order of Ludwig I., and was finished in 1850. It stands before the Ruhmeshalle (Hall of Fame) and holds a wreath above its head. There is an interior ascent by a spiral iron staircase of sixty steps to the head, through apertures in which there is a fine view. Bavaria, Lower, and Bavaria, Upper. See Lower Bavaria and Upper Bavaria . Bavarian Alps. That part of the Alps which lies in southern Bavaria and in the adjoining lands of the Austrian empire. Bavarian Circle. One of the ancient ten circles of the old German Empire, now included in Bavaria and neighboring parts of Austria. Bavarian Forest. A mountainous region in the eastern part of Bavaria, north of the Danube, noted for its forests. It is a part of the Bohemian Forest. Bavarian Rigi. See Rigi . Bavarian Succe ion, War of the. A war between Austria on one side, and Pru ia, Saxony, and Mecklenburg on the other, 1778-79, due to the extinction of the Bavarian electoral house. It was ended (without fighting) by the Peace of Teschen, 1779. Bavay, or Bavai (bä-vā'). A town in the department of Nord, France, 14 miles east of Valenciennes. It is built on the site of Bagacum, the ancient capital of the Nervii. Bay City. A city, the capital of Bay County, eastern Michigan, situated on the Saginaw River, near its mouth, 110 miles northwest of Detroit. Population (1890), 27,839. Bay Islands. A group of islands in the Gulf of Honduras, belonging to Honduras. The largest is Ruatan. the four sons of Aymon. He po e ed magical powers, and the remarkable faculty of lengthening him- self to accommodate all his four masters at once, and many wonders are told of him. He is said to be still alive in the forest of Ardennes where he can be heard neighing on midsummer day. Boiardo introduces him in "Orlando In nam or a to," Ariosto in "Orlando Furioso," and Ta o in "Rinaldo" who is Renaud or Regnault, one of the four sons. The name became a common one for any horse, and is alluded to in many proverbial sayings the origin of which seems to be forgotten. "As bold as blind Bay- ard" is a proverb as old as the 14th century, applied to those who do not look before they leap. Bayard (bā'ärd; F. pron. bä-yär'), Chevalier de (Pierre du Terrail). Born near Grenoble about 1475: killed at the river Sesia, Italy, April 30, 1524. A French national hero, called “the knight without fear and without reproach," dis- tinguished in the Italian campaigns of Charles VIII., Louis XII., and Francis I. He was espe- Bayard (bi'ärd), James Asheton. Born at Philadelphia, July 28, 1767: died at Wilming- ton, Aug. 6, 1815. An American statesman. He was Federal member of Congre from Delaware 1797- 1803; United States senator 1805-13; and commi ioner to negotiate the treaty of Ghent, 1814. Bayard, James Asheton. Born at Wilming ton, Del., Nov. 15, 1799: died there, June 13, 1880. An American politician, son of James Asheton Bayard. He was Democratic United States senator from Delaware 1851-64 and 1867- 1869. Bayard, Jean François Alfred. Born at Cha- rolles, Saône-et-Loire, March 17, 1796: died at Paris, Feb. 19, 1853. A French dramatic writer. He is said to have written, partly in conjunction with others, 225 pieces. Among them are "La reine de seize ans" (1828), "Le gamin de Paris" (1836), etc. Bayard, Nicholas. Born at Alphen, Holland, about 1644: died in New York city, 1707. An American colonial officer, secretary of New York province in 1673 (under the Dutch), and mayor of New York city (under Governor Don- and drew up the Dongan charter (which see). gan). He was a member of the governor's council, Bayard, Richard Henry. Born at Wilming- ton, Del., 1796: died at Philadelphia, March 4, 1868. An American Whig politician, a son of James Asheton Bayard, United States senator from Delaware 1836-39 and 1839-45, chargé d'af- Bayard, Thomas Francis. Born at Wilming- ton, Del., Oct. 29, 1828. An American states- man, a son of James Asheton Bayard. He was Democratic United States senator from Delaware 1869-85; president pro tempore of the Senate 1881; member of the Electoral Commi ion 1877; unsucce ful in obtaining dency 1880 and 1884; and secretary of state 1885-89. He was appointed amba ador to England in 1893, and was the first to hold that diplomatic rank. Bayazid. See Bajazet . Bayazid (bi-ä-zēd'), or Bayezid (bī-e-zēd'). A small town in the northeastern corner of Asiatic Turkey, south of Mount Ararat. It was taken by Bayer (bi'er), August von. Born at Rorschach on Lake Con stance, May 3, 1803: died at Carls- ruhe, Feb. 2, 1875. A German painter of histori- cal and architectural subjects. Bayer, Gottlieb Siegfried. Born 1694: died at St. Petersburg, Feb. 21, 1738. A German Orientalist. He became profe or of Greek and Roman antiquities at St. Petersburg in 1726. Bayer, Johann. Born at Rain, in Bavaria, about 1572: died at Augsburg, 1660. A German astron- omer and Protestant preacher, surnamed from his eloquence "os protestantium" ('the Prot- estants' mouth [piece]'). He was the author of "Uranometria" (1603), enlarged and reprinted under the title "Coelum stellatum christianum" (1627). This work was the first complete and convenient chart of the hea- vens, representing the then existing state of astronomical knowledge. Bayer was the first to adopt the method of designating the stars by the Greek letters, etc., in the order of their magnitude. Bayer, Karl Robert Emmerich: pseudonym Robert Byr. Born at Bregenz, Austria, April 15, 1835. An Austrian novelist. He entered the military academy at Neustadt in 1845, became lieutenant in a regiment of hu ars at Milan in 1852, and retired from tonierungsbilder” (1860), "Österreichische Garnisonen" military service in 1862. Among his works are "Kan; (1863), "Anno Neun und Dreizehn" (1865), number of Baylen, Duke of. See Castaños . Bayley (ba'li), James Roosevelt. Born in New York city, Aug. 23, 1814: died at Newark, N. J., Oct. 3, 1877. An American Roman Cath- olic prelate. He was made first bishop of Newark in 1853, and was archbishop of Baltimore 1872-77. He wrote a "History of the Catholic Church in New York" (1853), etc. Bayley, Sir John. Born at Elton, Hunting- donshire, Aug. 3, 1763: died near Seven oaks, Kent, Oct. 10, 1841. An English jurist and legal and religious writer. He became judge of the King's Bench in 1808, was removed to the Court of Exchequer in 1830, and resigned from the bench in 1834. He wrote "A Short Treatise on the Law of Bills of Exchange, Cash Bills, and Promi ory Notes" (1789), etc. Bayley, Richard. Born at Fairfield, Conn., 1745: died on Staten Island, N. Y., Aug. 17, 1801. An American physician, appointed pro- fe or of anatomy in Columbia College in 1792, and of surgery in 1793. Baylies (bā'liz), Francis. Born at Taunton, Ma ., Oct. 16, 1783: died there, Oct. 28, 1852. An American politician, member of Congre from Ma achusetts 1821-27. He wrote a "Memoir of the Colony of New Plymouth." social-political novels, as " Der Kampf ums Dasein (1869), Baylor (ba'lor), Frances Courtenay (Mrs. and the dramas "Lady Gloster" (1869), and "Der wunde George Sherman Barnum). Born at Fayette- Fleck" (1875). ville, Ark., Jan. 20, 1848. An American nov- This Side," two short magazine stories, which were pub- Bayern. The German name of Bavaria. elist. She has written "The Perfect Treasure" and "On Bayes (bāz). A character in Bucking ham's lished in book form as one narrative under the title "On farce "The Rehearsal," dramatic coxcomb. Both Sides" (1886), and other works. He was at first called Bilbo, and was made to ridicule Bayly (ba'li), Ada Ellen: pseudonym Edna Sir Robert Howard; but the piece having been laid aside Lyall. Born at Brighton, England. An Eng- Bayly, Ada Ellen lish novelist. Among her works are "Won by Waiting" (1879), "Donovan" (1882), "Autobiography of a Slander" (1887), "Knight Errant" (1887), "A Hardy Norseman" (1889). Bayly (ba'li), Thomas Haynes. Born at Bath, England, Oct. 13, 1797: died at Cheltenham, April 22, 1839. An English song-writer, dramatist, and novelist. He wrote "Perfection," and other plays, many popular songs (among them "The Soldier's Tear," "I'd be a Butterfly," "We met-'t was in a Crowd"), and the tales "The Aylmers," "A Legend of Killarney," etc. Bayne (ban), Peter. Born in Ro -shire, Scotland, Oct. 19, 1830: died Feb. 10, 1896. A Scotch littérateur and journalist. Baynard's (bā'närdz) Castle. A strong fortification on the Thames just below Black friars, founded by Baynard, a follower of William the Conqueror, and forfeited to the crown by one of his succe ors. It was burned in the Great Fire, 1666. Bazaine (bä-zān'), François Achille. Born at Versailles, Feb. 13, 1811: died at Madrid, Sept. 23, 1888. A French marshal. He served Beardsley, Samuel which extends from Tremont street along the north side of the Common and Public Gardens westward. It is noted as a street of residences, and city. himself at Solferino; took part in the Mexican expedi. tion, and became commander-in-chief in Mexico in 1863; was made marshal in 1864; withdrew from Mexico in 1867, and was made commander of the Imperial Guard in 1869. He commanded a corps at the beginning of the Franco-German war, was made commander of the Army of the Rhine Aug., 1870, and was defeated before Metz, Grave lotte, etc., and besieged in Metz, which he surrendered, with 173,000 men, Oct. 27, 1870. For this surrender he was tried before a tribunal under the presidency of the Duc d'Aumale, and condemned to degradation and death. The sentence was commuted to 20 years' imprisonment, and he was incarcerated near Cannes Dec., 1873, whence he escaped Aug. 9-10, 1874. He resided later in Madrid, and wrote several works on the Metz episode. Bazalgette, Sir Joseph William. Born 1819: died March 15, 1891. An English engineer. As chief engineer to the Metropolitan Board of Works he designed and executed (1858-65) the system of drain age now in operation in London, as also (1863-74) the Victoria, the Albert, and the Chelsea embankments. Bazan, Don Cæsar de. See Don César de Baynes (bānz), Thomas Spencer. Born at Wellington, Somersets hire, March 24, 1823: died at London, May 30, 1887. A British philo- sophical writer, appointed profe or of logic, rhetoric, and metaphysics at St. Andrew's in Bazan . 1864. He was a istant editor of the London "Daily Bazard (bä-zär'), Saint-Amand. Born at News," and editor of the 9th edition of the "Encyclopædia Paris, Sept. 19, 1791: died at Courtry, near Britannica."