Fountain of Arethusa

See Arethusa. Foster, Stephen Collins. Born at Pittsburg, Fountain of Castalia. See Castalia . Pa., July 4, 1826: died at New York, Jan. 13, Fountain of Self-Love, The. See Cynthia's 1864. An American song-writer and popular Revels. composer. He was the author of "Old Folks at Home," "Oh, Susannah!" "Nelly was a Lady," "Old Kentucky Home," "Camp town Races," "Old Dog Tray," "Come where my Love lies Dreaming," etc. Fother gill (foTH'er-gil), Je ie. Born at Manchester in 1856: died at London, July 30, 1891. An English novelist. She wrote "The First Violin" (1878) and other works. Fother in gay (forH'er-in-gā). A village in North amp tons hire, England, situated on the Nen 9 miles southwest of Peter borough. In its castle Richard III. was born and Mary Queen of Scots was imprisoned, tried, and executed. Fother in gay, The. The stage name of Emily Costigan. See Costigan . Foucault (fö-kō'), Jean Bernard Léon. Born at Paris, Sept. 18, 1819: died there, Feb. 11, 1868. A distinguished French physicist, noted for his investigations in optics and mechanics. He demonstrated the rotation of the earth by means of a graduated disk which was seen to turn while a pendulum freely suspended maintained its plane of oscillation. The gyroscope is his invention. Fouché (fö-sha'), Joseph, Duc d'Otrante. Born near Nantes, France, May 29, 1763: died at Triest, Austria, Dec. 25, 1820. A French revolutionist and later, under Napoleon, minister of police. He was a deputy to the Convention 1792-95; minister to the Cisalpine Republic in 1798, and to the Netherlands in 1799; minister of police 1799-1802, 1804-10, and 1815; and head of the provisional government after Waterloo. IMG:content-0425.png:[ocr errors] Foucher (fö-shā'), Simon. Born at Dijon, France, March 1, 1644: died at Paris, April 27, Fountain of Vaucluse. See Vaucluse . Fountain of Youth, The. A mythical spring supposed by some of the Indians of Central America and the West Indies to exist in a region toward the north called Bimini (which see). Its waters, it was said, would restore youth to the aged and heal the sick. It appears that, before the con quest, the Indians made expeditions to Florida and the Bahamas in search of this spring; and the Spaniards under Ponce de Leon, Narvaez, De Soto, and others penetrated far into the interior, seeking for it, during the early part of the 16th century. Similar myths have been found in India and in the Pacific Islands, and a fountain of youth is described in Mandeville's travels. Fountains Abbey. A Cistercian monastery of the 14th century, near Ripon, England, now the largest and most picturesque of English ecclesiastical ruins. The great church, almost perfect except for its roof, is in large part in the style of transition from the Norman to the Early English. It has a high, square Perpendicular tower, and a second transept at the extremity of the east end, like Durham. The interior is plain but for its beautiful wall-arcading. Among the monastic buildings are a vaulted cloister of two aisles 300 feet long, a chapter-house, and a refectory. Fouqué (fö-kā'), Friederich, Baron de la Motte. Born at Brandenburg in 1777: died at Berlin in 1843. A German poet and author. He served in the War of Liberation (1813), and later lived in Paris, Halle (where he lectured on modern history and poetry), and Berlin. In 1808 appeared the drama " Sigurd der Schlangentödter" ("Sigurd the Dragon-slayer"). "Der Zauberring" ("The Magic Ring") is a romance of the age of chivalry. His principal work is the romantic story "Undine," which appeared in 1811. He was the author of numerous lyrics, among them the patriotic song begin IMG:content-0426.png:[ocr errors] IMG:content-0427.png:[blocks in formation] Fourdrinier (för-dri-nēr'), Henry. Born in London, Feb. 11, 1766: died at Mavesyn Ridware, near Rugely, Sept. 3, 1854. An English paper-maker and inventor, with his brother Sealy Fourdrinier (died 1847), of an improved paper-making machine which produces a continuous sheet of paper of any size from the pulp. This machine, which was perfected in 1807, is an improvement upon one invented and patented by a French man, Louis Robert, clerk in the establishment of M. Didot, the printer and paper-maker, in 1799. Four ich on (fö-re-shôn'), Martin. Born at Viviers, Dordogne, Feb. 9, 1809: died at Paris, Νον. 24, 1884. A French naval officer. He became vice-admiral in 1859, and president of the council for naval affairs in 1864. At the outbreak of the Franco German war he was appointed to the command of the fleet destined for the North Sea. He sailed from Cher bourg Aug. 9, 1870, but, being destitute of ve els fitted anything, and returned to Cherbourg Sept. 12, 1870 operate in shallow waters, he was unable to accomplish He was elected to the National A embly in 1871, and became a senator in 1876. Fourier (fö-ryā'), François Marie Charles. Born at Besançon, France, April 7, 1772: died at Paris, Oct. 10, 1837. A noted French socialist. His father was a draper at Besançon. He entered the army as a cha eur in 1793, but was discharged on account quently connected, in subordinate positions, with various commercial houses at Marseilles, Lyons, and elsewhere. He resided at Paris from 1826. He published in 1808 "Théorie des quatre mouvements et des destinées générales," in which he propounds the cooperative social system known from him as Fourierism. This system contemplates the organization of society into phalanxes or a ociations, each large enough for all industrial and social requirements, arranged in groups according to occupation, capacities, and attractions, living in phalansteries or common dwellings. He also wrote "Traité de l'a ociation domestique et agricole" (1822: published later as "Theorie de l'unité universelle) and "Le nouveau monde" (1829-30). of ill health after two years of service. He was subse Fourier, Baron Jean Baptiste Joseph. Born at Auxerre, France, March 21, 1768: died at Paris, May 16, 1830. A celebrated French mathematician. He was the son of a tailor. In 1786 he became profe or at the military school in Auxerre; later taught at the Normal School and the Polytechnic School in Paris; accompanied Bonaparte in the Egyptian expedition; became secretary of the Institut d'Egypte and one of the compilers of the "Description de l'Egypte"; and on his return to France was appointed prefect of Isère IMG:content-0428.png:[blocks in formation] writer, philosophy." He wrote a "Di ertation sur la recherche de la vérité, etc." (1673?), "De la sage e des anciens, etc." (1682), etc. Foucher de Careil, Count Louis Alexandre. Born at Paris, March 1, 1826: died there, Jan. 10, 1891. A French diplomatist and author. He was elected to the Senate in 1876, and was amba ador at Vienna 1883-86. He published "Leibniz, Des cartes, et Spinoza" (1863), "Hegel et Schopenhauer" (1862), "Goethe et son œuvre" (1865), etc. Foucquet (fö-ka), Jean. Born at Tours, 1415: died 1490. One of the earliest painters of the French school, court painter to Louis XI. In 1461 he painted the portrait of Charles VII. He also worked for the order of the Chevaliers de Saint Michel in 1474, and was charged with making a plan for the tomb of Louis XI. He was especially famous for his admirable miniatures, and was also a historical and portrait painter. Fougères (fö-zhar'). A town in the department of Ille-et-Vilaine, France, on the Nançon 27 miles northeast of Rennes. It has manufactures of shoes. It was one of the strongest places of Britt any and frequently besieged, and ruins of a feudal castle still remain. Population (1891), 18,221. Fougerolles (fözh-rol'). A town in the department of Haute-Saône, France, 22 miles northeast of Vesoul. Population (1891), commune, 6.030. Foughard (fö'chärd). A place near Dundalk, Ireland, where, on Oct. 5, 1318, the Scots under Edward Bruce were defeated by John Berming ham. Bruce was killed. Foul ( i . e., dishonorable) Raid, The. The raid of the Duke of Albany on Roxburgh Castle and the town of Berwick in 1417, while Henry V. of England was absent in France. He was compelled by the Dukes of Exeter and Bedford to retire. Foula (fö'lä). A small island of the Shetland group, Scotland, west of the main group. Isle. Born at Paris, 1615: died in prison at Pignerol, Piedmont, March 23, 1680. A French official, superintendent of finance 1652-61. He was condemned for peculation in 1664, and im prisoned at Pignerol. Fouquier-Tinville (fö-kya'tan-vel'), Antoine Quentin. Born at Hérouel, Aisne, France, IMG:content-0429.png:[blocks in formation] Fourcroy (för-krwä'), Antoine François, Comte de. Born at Paris, June 15, at Paris, Dec. 16, 1809. A noted French physiologist and chemist. He was the son of an apothecary. He was elected deputy to the National Convention from Paris in 1792; labored in the extraction of saltpeter for use in the manufacture of gunpowder for the Revolutionary armies for eighteen months; took his seat in the A embly in 1793; was an influential member of the Committee of Public Instruction; prevented the execution of Darcet; and on the 9th Thermidor was made a member of the Committee of Public Safety. He was instrumental in the organization of the Ecole Poly technique (then l'Ecole des Travaux Publiques), the Ecole Normale, the Institut and the Musée d'His to ire Naturelle. He was a friend and colaborer of Lavoisier (whose death he was unjustly accused of countenancing) and other distinguished chemists. He published "Leçons d'his to ire naturelle et de chimie" (1781: rei ued under the title "Système des ist and sinologist. Fourneyron (för-nā-rôn'), Benoît. Born at St. Etienne, France, Oct. 31, 1802: died at Paris, July, 1867. A French engineer, chiefly known for his improvements in the construction of turbine water-wheels. Fournier (för-nya'), Édouard. Born at Orléans, France, June 15, 1819: died at Paris, May 10, 1880. A French littérateur and journalist. He wrote "Le vieux-neuf" (1859), etc. Fournier, Pierre Simon. Born at Paris, Sept. 15, 1712: died at Paris, Oct. 8, 1768. A noted French type-founder. He wrote "Table des proportions qu'il faut observer entre les caractères" (1737), "Manuel typograph i que" (1764-66), etc. Four P's, The. A "merry interlude" by John Heywood. The four P's were a "Palmer, a Pardoner, Poticary, and a Pedlar." It was 'probably written about 1540, and was printed some time before 1547. Four Prentices of London. A play by Thomas Heywood (1600). This play was ridiculed in "The Knight of the Burning Pestle" by Beaumont and Fletcher. Four Sons of Aymon. An old play relicensed by Herbert in 1624. Balfe wrote an opera with the same title in 1843. See Quatre Filz d'Aymon. Fourth Party, The. A name given about 1880 to a knot of English Conservatives, of whom Lord Randolph Church ill was the leading spirit. It frequently opposed the Conservative party. IMG:content-0430.png:[blocks in formation] in-the-Clay), Leicestershire, July, 1624: died Jan. 13, 1691. The founder of the Society of Friends. He was the son of Christopher Fox, a Puritan weaver, and in his youth was apprenticed to a shoemaker peculiar to the Society of Friends, the organization of which he completed about 1669. He made mi ionary journeys to Scotland in 1657, to Ireland in 1669, to the West Indies and North America 1671-72, and to Holland in 1677 and 1684, and was frequently imprisoned for in- fraction of the laws against conventicles, as at Lancaster and Scar borough 1663-66 and at Worcester 1673-74. He married in 1669 Margaret Fell, a widow, who was a woman of superior intellect and gave him much a istance in the founding of his sect. An edition of his "Works" was published at Philadelphia in 1831. Fox, Gustavus Vasa. Born at Saugus, Ma ., June 13, 1821: died at New York, Oct. 29, 1883. An American naval officer. He was appointed mid. shipman in the United States navy in 1838, served in the Mexican war, and retired in 1856 with the rank of lieu- tenant. He was a istant secretary of the navy 1861-66. Fox, Henry Edward. Born March 4, 1755: died at Portsmouth, July 18, 1811. An English general, brother of Charles James Fox. He en- tered the army in 1770, served in the British army in America throughout the War for Independence, and in 1793 was promoted major-general. He subsequently com- manded a brigade in Flanders, where he fought with dis- tinct i on against the French at Pont-à-Chin in 1794. He An Italian robber, a Bourbon partizan leader 1799-1806. Fra Diavolo, ou L'Hôtellerie de Terracine. A comic opera by Auber, words by Scribe, first produced at Paris, Jan. 28, 1830. The real Fra Diavolo was a Cal a brian bandit named Michele Pezza. was commander-in-chief of the forces in Ireland during Fragment a Vatican a (frag-men'tä vat-i-kā'- the revolution of Robert Emmet in 1803, and commanded nä). [L., 'Vatican Fragments.'] A collection of the British army in Sicily 1806-07. Const an tine, part of which has been Fox, Henry Richard Va all, third Baron legal documents, perhaps made during the life- Holland. Born at Winter slow House, Wilt preserved in a palimpsest in the Vatican Li- shire, Nov. 21, 1773: died at Holland House, brary. Oct. 22, 1840. An English politician, nephew Frähn (fran), Christian Martin. Born at of Charles James Fox. He succeeded his father Stephen, second Lord Holland, as Baron Holland of Holland in the county of Lincoln and Baron Holland of Foxley in the county of Wilts in 1774; took his seat in 1796 in the House of Lords, where he acted with the Whigs; was ap- pointed with Lord Auckland in 1806 to negotiate a treaty with the American plenipotentiaries Monroe and Pinck- ney; was sworn of the privy council in 1806; was lord privy seal 1806-07; and was chancellor of the duchy of Lancaster Nov. 25, 1830,-May 10, 1832, May 18, 1832,-Nov. 14, 1834, and April 23, 1835, until his death. Fox, Luke. Born at Hull, Oct. 20, 1586: died at Whitby in July, 1635. An English nav i- gator. He commanded an expedition in search of the northwest pa age in 1631, and wrote "North-west Fox, or Fox from the North-west pa age stracts of the Voyages of Cabot, Frobisher, Davis, Wey- mouth, Knight, Hudson, Button, Gibbons, Bylot, Baffin, Hawk ridge... Mr. James Hall's three Voyages to Groyn- land with the Author his owne Voyage, being the XVIth" (1635). Fox, Sir Stephen. Born March 27, 1627: died at Chiswick, Middle sex, Oct. 28, 1716. An English politician. He sided with the king in the civil war; took part in a isting Prince Charles to escape to Normandy; was made steward of the prince's household in 1654; received at the Restoration a number of lucrative offices, including that of paymaster-general; and entered Parliament in 1679. Fox, The. See Volpone . Fox Channel. An arm of the sea north of Hudson Bay and Southampton Island. Foxe, or Fox (foks), John. Born at Boston, Lin- colnshire, 1516: died at London, April, 1587. An English martyrologist. He studied at Magdalen Col- lege, Oxford, where he proceeded B. A. in 1537; became a full fellow in 1539; and proceeded A. M. in 1543. He re- signed his fellowship in 1545; became in 1548 tutor to the children of Henry Howard, earl of Surrey (a post which he retained five years); and in 1550 was ordained deacon. At the acce ion of Queen Mary he fled to the Continent to avoid persecution as a Protestant, and lived during her reign chiefly at Frankfort and at Basel, where he was em- ployed as a reader of the pre in the printing-office of Johann Herbst (Oporinus). He returned to Englande in 1559, was ordained priest in 1560, and in 1563 was made a prebendary in Salisbury Cathedral and given the lease of the vicarage of Shipton. His chief work is "Actes and Foxe, or Fox, Richard. Born at Ropesley, near Grantham, Lincoln shire, in 1447 or 1448: died probably at Winchester, Oct. 5, 1528. An English prelate. He studied at Oxford, Cam- bridge, and Paris. While at Paris he entered the service of Henry, earl of Richmond, soon after whose acce ion in 1485 as Henry VII. he was appointed lord privy seal. He became suffragan bishop of Exeter in 1487, being translated to the see of Bath and Wells in 1492, to of Durham in 1494, and to that of Winchester in 1501. He founded Corpus Christ i College, Oxford, 1515-16. Fox Islands. One of the groups of Aleutian Islands. Foy (fwä), Maxim i lien Sébastien. Born at Ham, Somme, France, Feb. 3, 1775: died at Paris, Nov. 28, 1825. A French general and orator. He served with distinction in the Peninsular Français (fron-sa'), Comte Antoine, called Français de Nantes. Born at Be a ure paire, Isère, France, Jan. 17, 1756: died at Paris, March 7, 1836. A French revolutionary politician and writer. He became a member of the A embly for the department of Loire-Inférieure in 1791; a member and one of the secretaries of the Council of Five Hundred in 1798; director-general of taxes in 1804; and peer of France in 1831. He wrote "Le man us crit de feu M. Jérôme" (1825), etc. Français, François Louis. Born at Plombières, Vosges, France, Nov. 17, 1814: died May 28, 1897. A French landscape-painter, a pupil of Gigoux and Corot, elected member of the Beaux Franc a villa Fontana (frän-kä-vēl'lä fon-tä'- nä). A town in the province of Lecce, Apu- lia, Italy, 22 miles west-southwest of Brindisi. Population (1881), 16,328. France (frans). [F. La France ; L. Gallia , later Francia , land of the Franks; It. Francia , Sp. Francia , Pg. França , G. Frankreich .] A country of western Europe, capital Paris, bounded by the English Channel, the Strait of Dover, and the North Sea on the north, Belgium and Lux- emburg on the northeast, Germany (partly separated by the Vosges), Switzerland (largely separated by the Jura and Lake Geneva), and Italy (separated by the Alps) on the east, the Mediterranean and Spain (separated by the Pyrenees) on the south, and the Bay of Biscay tion, and was the chief instrument in procuring the pa age of the Libel Act of 1792. He married in 1795 his mistre , Elizabeth Bridget Cane, otherwise Armistead or Armstead. and the Atlantic on the west. It extends from lat. 42° 25' to 51° 5' N., and from long. 7° 39 E. to 4° 50 W. The surface is mountainous in the south and east, level and hilly in the west and north. Besides the frontier with China, ending 1885), in Tunis and western Africa, and in Madagascar; the Centennial Exposition of 1889; the efforts to overturn the existing republic by royalists, Bonapartists, and Boulangists; the leaning toward Ru ia (to offset the Triple Alliance); and the Panama imbroglio, culminating in 1892. (See, further, Gaul , Burgundy , Normandy, and the other provinces; Franco - German War and other wars; French Revolution , and Napoleon .) The following is a statement of the incorporation of the provinces of France since the Caroling i an period: Gâtina is annexed to the crown 1068; viscounty of Bourges 1100; counties of Amiens and Ver man do is (in Picardy) annexed to the crown 1183 (finally about 1479); county of Valois annexed 1215 (final union 1515); Normandy about 1203; Anjou about 1204 (definitely 1480); Maine about 1204 (definitely 1481); Touraine annexed to the crown about 1204 (incorporated about 1584); Narbonne (eastern Langue doc) 1229; Blois and Chart res (in Orléanais) 1234 (Blois finally in po e ion of the crown 1498); Perche 1257; county of Toulouse 1271; Champagne 1335 (incorporated 1361); Montpellier acquired 1349 (); Aquitaine 1453: Berry 1465, and definitely 1601; duchy of Burgundy 1479; Britt any 1491 (incorporated France ranges (the Pyrenees, Alps, Jura, and Vosges), the chief mountains are the Cévennes in the south, Auvergne in the center, and the mountains of the Côte-d'Or (and their continuations southward). There are also the plateaus of the Morvan and Limous in in the interior, and Ardennes in the northeast. Britt any is broken and hilly. The highest moun tain in France is Mont Blanc. The chief river-systems are those of the Seine, Loire, Garonne, and Rhône. Parts of the Schelde, Meuse, and Moselle (Rhine) basins are in France. The largest lakes are Geneva (on the border), Annecy, and Bourget. France is the fourth European country in area and population. The leading agricultural products are grain and wine: next to these are beet-root, fruit and vegetables, and potatoes. The agricultural exports are butter, eggs, poultry, and cattle, especially to England. France has fisheries of oysters, cod, herring, mackerel, etc. The leading mines are iron and coal. Salt and building-stones are produced in large quantities. The chief manufactures are silk, cotton, woolens, linen, lace, chemicals, sugar, pottery, gla , paper, "articles of Paris," etc. The country holds the first rank in silk manufacture, and exports woolens, wine, silks, etc. France is subdivided into 87 departments. The government is republican, administered by a president (term 7 years) as executive, a senate (300 members), and a chamber of deputies (584 members). The prevailing language is French, but Basque is spoken in the southwest, Breton in the northwest, Flemish in the northeast, and Italian by a few in the southeast. The religions supported by the state are Roman Catholic (adherents numbering about 98 per cent. of all), Protestant (chiefly Calvin ist), and Jewish. Mohammedanism is supported in Algeria. The following are the principal colonial po e ions: in Africa-Algeria, Tunis (a French protector ate), Senegal and dependencies, French Sudan and Ivory Coast, French Kongo (Gaboon), Réunion, Mayotte, Bé, Sainte-Marie, Obok, Comoro Islands (protectorate), Madagascar (protectorate), French Sahara; in Asia-Pond i cherry, Tongking, Cochin-China, Annam (protectorate), Cambodia (protectorate); in America - French Guiana, Martin i que, Guadeloupe and dependencies, St. Pierre and Miquelon; in Ocean i a - New Caledonia, Tahiti, Marques as Islands, Tubuai Islands, Tuamotu Islands, Wallis, Raiatea, and some small acquisitions. France corresponds partly to the ancient Gaul. It was inhabited in the ear liest historic times by the Iberians (A quit an i ans and 1532); Auvergne incorporated 1532; Bourbon united to the crown 1523; Forez united to the crown 1532; bishop rics of Metz, Toul, and Verdun 1552 (formally ceded 1648 Rouergue 1525; Navarre and Béarn united with France 1589; Bre e, Bugey, and the pays de Gex all in 1601; part of Alsace 1648; Rou illon 1659; Dunkirk 1662; Artois 1659, 1668, 1678; Flanders 1659, 1668, 1678, 1713; FrancheComté (county of Burgundy) 1674-78; Strasburg 1681; Orange 1713; Lorraine 1766; Avignon and the Comtat Venai in 1791; remaining parts of Alsace about 1791; county of Montbéliard 1793; Nice and its territory and Savoy 1860. Of regions outside of France, Corsica was acquired 1768, Algeria 1830-47. At its height under Napoleon, France included Belgium, Holland, Germany west of the Rhine, northwestern Germany as far as the mouth of the Elbe and Lübeck, Valais in Switzerland, Piedmont, Liguria, Tuscany, and Latium; the kingdom of Italy (in northeastern Italy), the Illyrian provinces, and some smaller tracts were governed from France; and in French alliance or under French protection were the Rhenish Confederation (including the kingdom of Westphalia), Dantzic, Switzerland, the duchy of Warsaw, Neuchâtel, the kingdom of Naples, and various minor Italian states. Area of France, 207,301 square miles. Population (1891), 38,343,192. Population of French colonial po e ions, estimated, 35,000,000-37,000,000; the entire area is undetermined. France then the Western or Latin Francia, as dis tinguished from the German Francia or Franken-properly meant only the King's immediate dominions. Though Normandy, Aquitaine, and the Duchy of Burgundy allowed homage to the French king, no one would have spoken of by step, got po e ion of the dominions of their va als them as parts of France. But, as the French kings, step and other neighbours, the name of France gradually spread till it took in, as it now does, by far the greater part of Gaul. On the other hand, Flanders, Barcelona, and the Norman islands, though once under the homage of the French kings, have fallen altogether away, and have therefore never been reckoned as parts of France. Thus the name of France supplanted the name of Karolingia as the name of the Western kingdom. Freeman, Hist. Geog., p. 143. Francis I. and annexed to France (formally ceded by treaties of Nim wegen 1678-79). Franchi (frän'kē), Ausonio: pseudonym of Cristoforo Bonavino. Born at Pegli, near Genoa, Italy, Feb. 24, 1821. An Italian philosophical writer. He became a priest, but in 1849 abandoned the church on account of heterodox opinions, returning to it, however, in 1890. He became profe or of philosophy at the University of Pavia in 1860, and profe or at the Academy in Milan in 1863. The most notable of his works is "La filos of i a delle scuole it a liane" (1852), etc. Franchi, Fabian and Louis dei. Twin brothers, characters in Boucicault's play "The Corsican Brothers." The mysterious sympathy between them, a family inheritance, brings Fabian from his country home to Paris to avenge the death of Louis in a duel, revealed to him in a sort of vision at the time of its occurrence. Both parts are played by one actor. Franci (fran'sī). See the extract. Even so early as the reign of Lewis the Pious, one writer distinguished Franci and German i, meaning by the former the people of the Western Kingdom. Gradually the name was, in the usage of Gaul and of Europe, thoroughly fixed in this sense. The Merwings, the Karlings, the Capets, all alike called themselves Reges Francorum; Francus having of course totally changed its meaning in the meanwhile. Freeman, Hist. E ays, I. 189. Francia (fran's hia). The land of the Franks. The name varied in meaning with the extent of the Frankish power. Western Francia was Neustria, which grew into France. Eastern Francia became Franc on i a. As for the mere name of Francia, like other names of the kind, it shifted its geographical use according to the wanderings of the people from whom it was derived. After many such changes of meaning, it gradually settled down as the name for those parts of Germany and Gaul where it still abides. There are the Teutonic or Austrian Francia, part of which still keeps the name of Franken or Franc on i a, and the Romance or Neustrian Francia, which by various annexations has grown into modern France. Freeman , Hist. Geog., p. 121. France, Île de. See Île -de-France. France, Jacques Anatole Thibault (known as Anatole). Born at Paris, April 16, 1844. A Born 1450: died Jan. 5, 1518. An Italian painter. Marseilles and elsewhere in southern France. Roman set. France, Isle of. See Mauritius . Basques) and Celts (Gauls). Greek colonies were settled at Marseilles andere are and southern France ( Provincia ) was acquired by Rome. The conquest of all Gaul was effected by Cæsar 58-51 B. C., and the country was subdivided into Roman provinces, becoming Romanized and Christian. It was overrun in the 5th century by the West Goths, Burgundians, and Franks; but an invasion of the Huns under Attila was checked at Châlons (451). The Frankish monarchy (Me roving i an) was established under Clovis after his defeat of the Roman governor Syagrius near So is sons in 486. A Saracen invasion was checked by Charles Martel at Tours in 732. Caroling i ans came into power with the acce ion of Pepin the Short in 751. Pepin's son Charlemagne was crowned emperor of the West in 800; but the troubles after his death led to a division of the Frankish empire in the treaty of Verdun (843). The settlement of the North men in France took place in the begin ning of the 10th century, and the acce ion of the Capetian dynasty in 987. France took a leading part in the Crusades. The power of the crown was increased by various sovereigns, especially by Philip II., Louis IX., Philip IV., and Louis XI. The Hundred Years' War with England ex tended from about 1337 to 1453. The Valois branch of the Capetian house acceded in 1328, and continued with its branch Valois-Orléans till the acce ion of the Bourbons with Henry IV. (of Navarre) in 1589. The Huguenot wars lasted from 1562 to the Edict of Nantes, 1598. The power of the crown was greatly developed by Richelieu and Louis XIV. France took a leading part in the Thirty Years' War. There were various combinations of European states against Louis XIV. (the last in the War of the Spanish Succe ion). France took part in the War of the Austrian Succe ion. In the Seven Years' War it was defeated by England, losing large po e ions in America and India. It aided the United States in the Revolutionary War. The first French Revolution began in 1789, and the republic was established in 1792. Great increase of French territory and power resulted from the wars of the Revolution. The Directory was established in 1795, the Consulate in 1799, and the empire under Napoleon in 1804. Later events are the restoration of the Bourbons (1814); the Hundred Days of Napoleon (1815); the second restoration of the Bourbons (1815); the revolution of July and acce ion of the Orléans family (1830); revolution and establishment of the republic (1848); the coup d'état of Louis Napoleon (Dec., 1851); and the establishment of the second empire under Napoleon III. (1852). France took part in the Crime an war in the Austrian-Italian war of 1859. In the war of 1870-71 with the Germans (the so-called Franco-German war) France was severely defeated; the empire was overthrown (Sept., 1870), and was succeeded by the third republic; and France was obliged to cede Alsace-Lorraine (1871). This disaster was followed by the Communist civil war of 1871. More recent events have been the extension of French territory or influence in southeastern Asia (war French poet and miscellaneous writer. He is principally known from his critical articles in "La Vie Littéraire," "Le Globe," "Les Débats," "Le Temps," etc., and his novel "Le Crime de Sylvestre Bonnard" (1881). France Antarctique (frons on-tärk-tēk'). A name given by the French Huguenots to the short-lived colony on the bay of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 1555-67. Thevet and other authors extended the America. title to the whole of Brazil, and even to all South Francia (frän'chä) (Francesco Raibolini). The name Francia is probably an abbreviation of the full name Francesco. In his own day he was better known as a goldsmith than as a painter, and one of the most succe ful medallists of the time. In 1508 he came under the influence of Raphael. Of his frescos only two remain, much retouched, in the Oratory of St. Cecilia at Bologna. His easel-pictures and portraits in oil are numerous, and show the tendencies of Perugini and Raphael so strongly that some have long been attributed to one or the other painter. Francia (frän'sē-ä), José Gaspar Rodriguez, [F., 'equinoctial France.'] A name given by some authors of the 18th century to French Guiana. It was occasionally used in official documents. Francesca (frän-ches'kä), Piero dell a, surnamed di San-Sepolcro (from his place of birth). Born in Italy, 1420: died 1492. An Italian painter. He worked in Florence (1439-40), Arezzo, Rimini, Rome, and elsewhere. He wrote "De prospectiva pingendi." Francesca da Rimini (frän-ches'kä dä rēmēne). An Italian lady of the 13th century, daughter of Guido da Polenta, lord of Rimini, and wife of Giovanni Mala test a. The story of her love for Paolo, the young brother of her husband, and their subsequent death (about 1288) at the hand of the latter, has been told by Dante in a famous episode in the "Inferno." Silvio Pellico wrote a tragedy on the subject, and Leigh Hunt a poem. Boker also wrote a tragedy with the same title, which has been succe fully played. Noted pictures illustrating the story have been painted by Ingres, Cabanel, Ary Scheffer, George Frederic Watts, and others. Franceschina (frän-ches-kē'nä). The principal character in Marston's "Dutch Courtesan." The character of the pa ionate and implacable courtesan, Franceschina, is conceived with masterly ability. Few figures in the Elizabeth an drama are more striking le as a tigre ; whose care es are sweet as honey and than this fair vengeful fiend, who is as playful and pit i poisonous as aconite. Bullen. Franceschini (frän-ches-kē'nē), Bald a are. Born at Volterra, Italy, about 1612: died at Florence, 1681. An Italian painter. Franceschini, Marc antonio. Born at Bologna, Italy, April 5, 1648: died at Bologna, Dec. 24, 1728. An Italian painter. Franche-Comté (fronsh kôn-tā'). [F., 'free county.' An ancient government of eastern France. It was bounded by Champagne on the north west, Lorraine on the north, Montbéliard and Switzerland on the east, Gex, Bugey, and Bre e on the south, and Burgundy on the west. It was called in its earlier his tory Upper Burgundy, and often later was known as the county of Burgundy. Besançon and Dóle are the chief towns. The departments of Doubs, Jura, and HauteSaône correspond to it. It was part of the old kingdom of Burgundy. It became a countship in early times and a flief of the empire, was held at different times by Frederick Barb a ro a and Philip V. of France, and was definitely annexed to the duchy of Burgundy in 1884. It was conquered by Louis XI. of France in 1477; was ceded by Charles VIII. to the Hapsburgs in 1493, retaining local privileges under Spanish rule; was conquered by Louis XIV. 1668, but restored; and was again conquered in 1674 called Dr. Francia. Born in As unci on, 1761: guay. He was a lawyer, and in May, 1811, was made a member of the governmental junta which was formed after the expulsion of the Spanish governor. He quickly took the lead in affairs; was made consul in Oct., 1811; dictator for three years in 1814; and dictator for life in 1817. From the first he governed with absolute power, and his orders became the only law of the country. Aiming to cut off Paraguay from intercourse with the rest of the world, he restricted foreign commerce to a few absolutely nece ary articles. Except in rare instances nobody was allowed to leave the country, and this rule was enforced with the few foreigners who entered it. He regulated agriculture as pleased, and would not permit the accumulation of wealth. His real or supposed enemies were imprisoned and executed, often secretly and always without any real trial. Primary education was somewhat encouraged, and quarrels with the surrounding powers were avoided, so that during his rule Paraguay had no wars. Franciabigio (frän-chä-bē'jō), Francesco di Cris to fano. Born at Florence about 1480: died there, about 1525. An Italian painter, a pupil and imitator of Andrea del Sarto. Franc i on. See His to ire Comique de Franc i on . Francis (fran's is) I. (of Austria: Francis II. of the Holy Roman Empire). [The E. name Francis was formerly also Frauncis , from OF. France is , F. François , Sp. Pg. Francisco , It. Francesco, G. Franciscus, Franz, from ML. Franciscus , Frankish, of France, from Francus, Frank, Francia , France.] Born at Florence, Feb. 12, 1768: died at Vienna, March 2, 1835. Emperor of Austria, son of the emperor Leopold II. whom he succeeded in 1792. He joined in 1793 the first coalition against France, but was forced by the succe es of Napoleon in Italy to conclude (Oct. 17, 1797) the peace of Campo-Formio (which see). In 1799 he joined the second coalition against France, but in consequence of the victories of Napoleon at Marengo (June 14, 1800), and Moreau at Hohenlinden (Dec. 3, 1800), he accepted (Feb. 9, 1801) the peace of Lunéville, which in the main confirmed the peace of Campo-Formio. He joined the third coalition against France in 1805, but was forced by the victory of Napoleon at Austerlitz (Dec. 2, 1805) to conclude (Dec. 26, 1805) the peace of Presburg, by which Austria was deprived of Venetia and Tyrol. Having already proclaimed himself hereditary emperor of Austria in 1804, he formally abdicated the crown of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806. He declared war against France in 1809, but was forced by the victory of Napoleon over the archduke Charles at Wagram (July 5-6, 1809) to conclude (Oct. 14, 1809) the peace of Vienna, by which Austria lost 32,000 square miles of territory. His daughter Maria Louisa married Napoleon in 1810. He sided with France against Ru ia in 1812, joined the Allies in 1818, and acquired by the Congre of Vienna more territory than he had lost in his previous wars with France. Francis I. He joined the Holy Alliance in 1815, and the remainder of his reign was devoted to a policy of reaction under the guidance of Metternich. Francis I. Born at Cognac, France, Sept. 12, 1494: died at Rambouillet, France, March 31, 1547. King of France, son of Charles, count of Angoulême, and cousin-german of Louis XII. He succeeded to the throne in 1515. In the same year he conquered by the victory of Marignano (Sept. 13-14) Milan, the sovereignty of which he claimed by inheritance through his great-grandmother Valentina Visconti. In 1516 he concluded a concordat with the Pope which rescinded the pragmatic sanction of 1438, and vested in the crown the right of nominating to vacant benefices. He was an unsucce ful candidate for the imperial dignity in 1519, and the remainder of his reign was chiefly occupied by four wars against his victorious rival, the emperor Charles V., who advanced claims to Milan and the duchy of Burgundy. During the first war, which broke out in 1521, he was taken captive at Pavia in 1525, and kept prisoner until the peace of Madrid in 1526. During the second war, which broke out in 1527, he was supported by the Pope, Venice, and Francesco Sforza. It was concluded by the peace of Cambray in 1529. The third war broke out in 1536, and was ended by the truce of Nice in 1538. The fourth war, which broke out in 1542, was terminated with the peace of Crespy in 1544, which left him in po e ion of Burgundy while the emperor retained Milan. During the last two wars his principal ally was Soliman the Magnificent, sultan of Turkey. Francis II. Born at Fontainebleau, France, Jan. 19, 1544: died at Paris, Dec. 5, 1560. King of France, eldest son of Henry II. whom he succeeded in 1559. He married Mary Queen of Scots in 1558. Francis I. (Stephen). Born Dec. 8, 1708: died at Innsbruck, Tyrol, Aug. 18, 1765. Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, son of Leopold, duke of Lorraine. He married in 1736 Maria The res a of Austria, whose co-regent he became on her acce ion in 1740 to the hereditary dominions of the house of Austria, He was elected emperor in 1745. Francis II., Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire. See Francis I. , Emperor of Austria. Francis I. Born at Naples, Aug. 19, 1777: died at Naples, Nov. 8,1830. King of the Two Sicilies, son of Ferdinand I. whom he succeeded in 1825. Francis II. Born Jan. 16, 1836. King of the Two Sicilies, son of Ferdinand II. whom he succeeded in 1859. He was driven from his dominions (which were annexed to those of Victor Emmanuel) in 1860. Francis (fran's is). In Shakspere's "Much Ado about Nothing," a friar. Francis, Convers. Born at West Cambridge, Ma ., Nov. 9, 1795: died at Cambridge, April 7, 1863. An American Unitarian clergyman and biographer. He became profe or of pulpit eloquence at Harvard in 1842, a position which he retained until his death. He wrote the e ays on John Eliot and Sebastian Rasle in Sparks's "Library of American Biography." Francis, James Good all. Born at London in 1819: died at Queen scliff, Victoria, June 25, 1884. An Australian politician. He emigrated to Tasmania in 1834; removed subsequently to Melbourne: became a member of the lower house of the Victorian legislative a embly in 1859; was commi ioner of trade and customs 1863-68; was treasurer of Victoria 1870-71; and was prime minister 1872-74. Francis, John. Born at London, July 18, 1811: died there, April 6, 1882. An English publisher. He became a junior clerk in the office of the "Athenæum" in Sept., 1831, and was busine manager and publisher of that paper from Oct. 4, 1831, until his death. He was prominently connected with the agitation for the repeal of the duty on newspaper advertisements (1853), of the stamp duty on newspapers (1855), and of the paper duty (1861). Francis, John Wake field. Born at New York, Nov. 17, 1789: died there, Feb. 8, 1861. An American physician and medical and biographical writer. He published "Old New York" (1857), etc. Francis, Philip. Born about 1708: died at Bath, March 5, 1773. An Irish author. He took the degree of B. A. at Trinity College, Dublin, in 1728, and after having been for a time curate of St. Peter's, Dublin, went to England, where he obtained the rectory of Skeyton in Norfolk in 1744. He was afterward tutor to Charles James Fox, whom he accompanied to Eton in 1757, and was rector of Barrow in Suffolk from 1762 until his death. He published the following translations from Horace: "Odes, Epodes, and Carmen Seculare of Horace in Latin and English" (1742), and "Satires, Epistles, and Art of Poetry" (1746). Francis, Sir Philip. Born at Dublin, Oct. 22, 1740: died Dec. 23, 1818. The reputed author of "Junius's Letters," son of Philip Francis (1708-73). He was educated at St. Paul's school; became a junior clerk in the secretary of state's office in 1756; was amanuensis to Pitt 1761-62; was first clerk at the War Office 1762-72; went out to India in 1774 as one of the council of four appointed to control the governor general of India; returned to England in 1781 (having left India in 1780); entered Parliament in 1784; and about 1806 was made K. C. B. He wrote numerous papers, under various pseudonyms, in support of the Whig party, and has been accredited with the authorship of "Junius's Letters," chiefly on the evidence adduced by Charles Chabot, who compared the handwriting of Junius with that of Francis. Francis Borgia, St. See Borgia , St. Francesco . Francis Joseph I. Born at Vienna, Aug. 18, 1830. Emperor of Austria, eldest son of the archduke Francis Charles by the prince Sophia, daughter of Maximilian I. of Bavaria. He succeeded to the throne Dec. 2, 1848, on the abdication of his uncle Ferdinand I. He found at his acce ion wide-spread revolutions in progre in Italy and Hun. gary. The pacification of Italy was accomplished by the decisive victory of Radetzky over Charles Albert of Sar dinia, at Novara, March 23, 1849. The emperor took part Franc on i a, Middle le er brethren, Minorite Friars. They were both offshoots of the August in i an monks; both were Austin Friars, whether Black Friars or Grey Friars. The Do mini cans were in black; and the Francis cans went in coarse grey gowns, bare-footed and bare-headed. Morley, English Writers, III. 309. Francisco (fran-sis'kō). [See Francis .] 1. A lord in Shakspere's "Tempest."-2. A soldier in Shakspere's "Hamlet." - 3. In Mas singer's play "The Duke of Milan," the duke's favorite, a cold, vindictive hypocrite. Francis que (fron-sēsk'). See Millet , François in person in the campaign in Hungary, which was subju- ( Frans Mille ). gated with the a istance of the Ru ians, whose general, Francis Xavier. See Xavier , Francis . Rudiger, received the surrender of the Hungarian general Görgey at Világos, Aug. 13, 1849. In 1859 Victor Emmanuel, the succe or of Charles Albert, having secured the alliance of France, resumed the struggle for the liberation of Italy. The Austrian forces were overthrown by the French and Sardinians at Magenta June 4, and Solferino June 24, and Austria was forced to give up Lombardy in the preliminary peace of Villa franc a July 11, 1859, which was ratified by the peace of Zurich Nov. 10, 1859. In 1864, in alliance with Pru ia, he waged a war against Holstein, and Lauenburg from that kingdom. Disagree Denmark, which resulted in the severance of Schleswig, ment over the disposition of these duchies brought about the Austro-Pru ian war, in which Austria received the feeble support of a number of German states, while Pru ia secured the alliance of Italy. The Pru ians, on July 3, 1866, overwhelmed the Austrian army at Königgrätz (Sadowa). In Italy the Austrians were victorious at Custozza, and the Austrian fleet achieved a triumph at Li a. The emperor concluded peace with Pru ia at Prague Aug. 23, and with Italy at Vienna Oct. 3, 1866. Austria was ejected from the German Confederation, and was com pelled to give up Venetia. The unsucce ful i ue of this war forced upon the emperor a liberal internal policy. The Hungarians were conciliated by the so-called Ausgleich (compromise), effected by Beust and Deák in 1867, by which the Austrian empire was reconstituted on a dualistic basis. In Sept., 1872, during the ministry of Count Andrá y, he concluded with the German Empire and Ru ia the Dreikaiserbund for the preservation of the European peace. The Dreikaiserbund was practically di olved at the Congre of Berlin June 13-July 13, 1878, which permitted Austria to occupy the provinces of Bosnia and Herzegovina in opposition to the wishes of Ru ia. In 1883 he concluded the Triple Alliance with the German Empire and Italy. Francis Joseph married in 1854 the prince Elisabeth, daughter of Duke Maximilian of Franck (fronk), Adolphe. Born at Liocourt, France, Oct. 9, 1809: died April 10, 1893. A French philosopher. He became profe or of international law at the Collège de France in 1856, and founded the "Paix Sociale" in 1888. He published "Le com munis me jugé par l'his to ire" (1849)," "Philosophie du droit pénal" (1864), "Moral is tes et philosophes" (1871), and was the editor of "Dictionnaire des sciences philosophiques" (1843-49). Franck, Sebastian. See Frank . Francke (fräng'ke), August Hermann. Born at Lübeck, Germany, March 22, 1663: died at Halle, Pru ia, June 8, 1727. A German pietistic preacher and philanthropist. He founded at Halle in 1695 an orphan-asylum with which a printing pre and various schools were later combined. Franco (frän'kō), Giovanni Battista, surnamed Semolei. Born at Udine, 1510: died at Venice, 1561. An Italian painter. His most noted work is a "Baptism of Christ" in the Church of San Francesco dell a Vigna in Venice. Franco-German War, or Franco-Pru ian War. The war of 1870-71 between France and Germany. The immediate ostensible cause of it was the election of a prince of Hohenzollern to the Spanish throne. The following are the leading events: Declaration of war, July 19, 1870; battle of We is sen burg, Aug. 4, 1870; battle of Wörth, Aug. 6, 1870; battle of Spicheren, Aug. 6, 1870; battles around Metz (Colombey-Nouilly, Aug. 14; Vionville, Aug. 16; Grave lotte, Aug. 18); battle of Sedan, Sept. 1; surrender of the emperor and his army at Sedan, Sept. 2; proclamation of the French republic, Sept. the house of Bavaria. His only son, the crown prince 4; commencement of the siege of Paris by the Ger Rudolph, committed suicide (?) Jan. 30, 1889, at Mierling, near Vienna. The archduke Charles Louis, brother of Francis Joseph, became heir to the throne, but he renounced his right in favor of his son the archduke Francis Ferdinand, who is now the heir apparent. He was born at Gratz in 1863. Francis of A isi (äs-sēzē), Saint (Giovanni Francesco Bernard one). Born at A isi, Italy, in 1182: died at A isi, Oct. 4, 4,1226. A celebrated Italian monk and preacher. He turned, after a serious illne in his youth, to a life of ascetic devotion, and in 1210 founded the order of the Francis cans, whose rule was formally confirmed by Honor i us III. in 1223. After a visit to Egypt in 1219, on which he preached before the sultan, he retired as a hermit to Monte Alverno, where, according to the legend, he experienced the miracle of the stigmata. He was canonized by Gregory IX. in 1228, and is commemorated on Oct. 4. Francis of Paula (pou'lä), Saint. Born at Paola (Paula), Cosenza, Italy, 1416: died at Ple is-lez-Tours, Indre-Loire, France, April 2, 1507. An Italian monk, the founder of the order of Minims (first called Hermits of St. Francis) in 1436. The statutes of the order were confirmed, and Francis was appointed its superior-general, by Pope Sixtus IV. in 1474. Francis of Sales (sālz; F. pron. säl), Saint. Born at Sales, near Annecy, Savoy, 1567: died at Lyons, Dec. 28, 1622. A Savoyard, coadjutor bishop (1599) and later (1602) bishop of Geneva, founder with Madame de Chantal of the order of the Visitation in 1610. He wrote "Traité de l'amour de Dieu," etc. He is commemorated on Jan. 29. Francisca (fran-sis'kä). A nun in Shakspere's "Measure for Measure." Francis cans (fran-sis'kanz). An order of mendicant friars founded by St. Francis of A isi, Italy, authorized by the Pope in 1210, and more formally ratified in 1223. In addition to the usual vows of poverty, chastity, and obedience, special stre is laid upon preaching and ministry to the body and soul. Under various names, such as Minorites, Barefooted Friars, and Gray Friars, the order spread rapidly throughout Europe: among its members were Alexander of Hales, Duns Scotus, Roger Bacon, Occam, Popes Sixtus V. and Clement XIV., and other eminent men; and the order was long noted for its rivalry with the Do mini cans. Differences early arose in regard to the severity of the rule, which culminated in the 15th century in the division of the order into two great cla es, the Observantines or Ob servants and the Conventuals: the former follow a more rigorous, the latter a milder rule. The general of the Observantines is minister-general of the entire order. The order has been noted for mi ionary zeal, but suffered considerably in the Reformation and the French Revolution. The usual distinguishing features of the garb are a gray or dark-brown cowl, a girdle, and sandals. Dominic's theologians were called already Frati Predicator i; Francis therefore modestly placed himself and his companions below their order as the Frati Minori, mans, Sept. 19; surrender of Strasburg, Sept. 27; surreпder of Metz, Oct. 27; battle of Coulmiers, Nov. 9; battle of Beaune-la-Rolande, Nov. 28; sortie from Paris, Nov. 30; battle of Orléans, Dec. 2-4; sorties from Paris, Jan., 1871; battle of Le Mans, Jan. 12; battle of Lisaine, Jan. 15-17; surrender of Paris, Jan. 28; peace preliminaries at Versailles, Feb. 26; occupation of Paris by German troops, March 1-3; peace of Frankfort (which see), May 10, 1871. François (fron-swä'), Duc d'Anjou. Born 1554: died 1584. A son of Henry II. of France, a suitor for the hand of Queen Elizabeth of Eng land. François, Kurt von. Born at Luxemburg, Oct. 2, 1853. An African explorer. He served through the Franco-German war, in which his father, a German general, fell. In 1883 he accompanied the expedition of Wi mann to the Ka ai, and did excellent chartographic work. In 1885 he explored the Lulongo and Tshuapa rivers in company with G. Grenfell. Promoted captain while in Germany, he was sent to Togo-land in 1887, and penetrated beyond Salaga to the country of the Mo i. In 1889 he was placed at the head of the German troops in Damar a land, and in 1891 became acting imperial commi ioner. He has published "Die Erforschung des Lulongo und Tschuapa" (Leipsic, 1888). François de Neufchâteau (fron-swä' dẻ nẻshä-to'), Comte Nicolas Louis. Born at Saffais, Meurthe, France, April 17, 1750: died at Paris, Jan. 10, 1828. A French statesman, poet, and author. He was a member of the Directory 17971798, minister of the interior 1797 and 1798-99, and presi dent of the Senate 1804-06. Franc on i a (frang-kō'ni-ä), G. Franken (fräng'ken). [ML. Franc on i a, G. Franken , land of the Franks.] One of the four great duchies of the old German kingdom: also known as Francia . It lay chiefly in the valley of the Main, but extended west of the Rhine, being bounded by Saxony on the north and Alamannia or Swabia on the south. It broke up into various small districts (the Palatinate, Würzburg, Bamberg, etc.). In the division of the empire under Maximilian, it was made a circle. It now denotes a region whose center is further to the east than that of the ancient duchy. This is divided into Upper, Middle, and Lower Franc on i a (see below). France and Franc on i a are etymologically the same word; the difference in their modern forms is simply owing to the nece ity of avoiding confusion, which was avoided in early med iæval Latin by speaking of Francia occidental is and Francia oriental is, Francia Latina and Francia Teutonica. Freeman, Hist. E ays, I. 172. Franc on i a, Lower, G. Unterfranken und Aschaffenburg. A government district ("Regie rungs-Bezirk") in northwestern Bavaria. Capital, Würzburg. Area, 3,243 square miles. Population (1890), 618,489. Franc on i a, Middle, G. Mittelfranken. A government district in western Bavaria. Capital, Ansbach. Area, 2,923 square miles. Population (1890), 700,606. Franc on i a, Upper Franc on i a, Upper, G. Oberfranken. A government district in northeastern Bavaria. Capital, Bayreuth. Area, 2,702 square miles. Population (1890), 573,320. Franc on i a Mountains. A group of mountains in Grafton County, New Hampshire, west of the Presidential Range. Highest point, Mount Lafayette (5,270 feet). Franc on i an (frang-kō'ni-an). The German dialect of old Franc on i an territory in middle and western Germany, Belgium, and Holland, along the whole course of the Rhine from the confluence of the Murg to its mouth. Several minor dialectic divisions are recognized. Upper Franc on i an com prehends the dialect, called East Franc on i an, of the old Franc on i a Oriental is, and Franc on i an the dialect of the old Franc on i a Rhenensis. Middle Fran coni an is the dialect of the Moselle region and along the Rhine from Coblenz to Dü eldorf. With He ian and Thu ring i an they form the group specifically called Middle German, but are commonly included in the High German group. Lower Franc on i an, the progenitor of modern Dutch and Flemish, is the dialect of the lower Rhine re gion from Dü eldorf to its mouth. With Saxon and Frie sian it forms the group specifically called Low German. Franc on i an Alps. See Franc on i an Jura . Franc on i an Emperors. The line of German emperors from 1024-1125, comprising Conrad II., Henry III., Henry IV., and Henry V. Also called Salian Emperors. Franc on i an Jura (jöʻrä), or Franc on i an Alps. [G. Frankenjura , Fränkischer Jura, etc.] The continuation in Bavaria of the Swabian Jura. The mountains extend from the neighborhood of Donauwörth and Ratisbon on the Danube to the bend of the Main at Lichtenfels. Highest points, over 2,000 feet. Franc on i a Notch. A defile in the White Mountains of New Hampshire, west of the Franc on i a Mountains, traversed by the Pemigewa et River. Franc on i an Switzerland. A hilly district in Bavaria, northeast of Nuremberg, noted for its stalactite caverns and rock-formations. Height, about 1,600 feet. Franeker (frän'e-ker). A town in the province of Fries land, Netherlands, in lat. 53° 12′ Ν., long. 5° 32′ E.: seat of a university 1585-1811. Population (1889), 6,347. Frangipani (frän-je-pä'nē). A noble Roman family which came into prominence early in the 11th century, and for several centuries played an important part in Italian history as leaders of the Ghibelline party. Cenzio Frangipani produced a schism in the church by the election in 1118 of the antipope Burdino, who a umed the name Gregory VIII. Frank (frangk), Johann Peter. Born at Rothalben, Baden, March 19, 1745: died at Vienna, April 24, 1821. A German physician, noted especially for his contributions to sanitary science. He became profe or at Göttingen in 1784, at Pavia in 1785, and at Wilna in 1804, and wa was physician to the emperor Alexander of Ru ia 1805-08. He wrote "System einer vollständigen med i zin is chen Polizei" (1784-1827), "De cur and is hominum morbis" (1792-1800), etc. Frank (frängk), Joseph. Born at Rastatt, Baden, Dec. 23, 1771: died at Como, Italy, Dec. 18, 1842. A German physician, son of J. P. Frank: a supporter of the Brown i an system. He published "Grundri der Pathologie" (1803), etc. Frank, or Franck (frängk), Sebastian, of Wörd. Born at Donauwörth, Bavaria, about 1499: died probably at Basel, Switzerland, about 1542. A German popular writer and mystical theologian, an adherent of the Reformation. He wrote "Chronika" (1531), "Weltbuch" (1534: a cosmography), "Sprichwörtersammlung" (1541), etc. Frankel (fräng'kel), Zacharias. Born at Prague, Oct. 18, 1801: died at Breslau, Pru ia, Feb. 13, 1875. A German rabbi, director of the Hebrew Theological Seminary at Breslau after 1854. Frank enb erg (fräng'ken-berg). A manufacturing town in the district of Zwickau, Saxony, on the Zschopau 32 miles west-southwest of Dresden. Population (1890), 11,369. Frankenhausen (fräng'ken-hou-zen). A town in Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt, Germany, 55 miles west of Leipsic. Here, May 15, 1525, the insurgent peasantry under Thomas Münzer were signally defeated by Philip, landgrave of He e, at the head of an allied army. It has salt-works and manufactures of pearl buttons, etc. Population (1890), 5,944. Frank ens tein (fräng'ken-stin). A town in the province of Silesia, Pru ia, 37 miles south of Breslau. Population (1890), 8,127. Frank ens tein. A romance by Mrs. Shelley, published in 1818, named from the hero of the tale, who created a monster. The story is related by a young student, who creates a monstrous being from materials gathered in the tomb and the di ecting-room. When the creature is made complete with bones, muscles, and skin, it acquires life and com. IMG:content-0431.png:[blocks in formation] ern seas. strangles his bride, and finally comes to an end in the north Tucker man, Hist. of Eng. Prose Fict., p. 319. Frankenthal (fräng'ken-täl). A town in the Palatinate, 6 miles northwest of Mannheim. It has manufactures and nurseries. Population (1890), 12,901. Frankenwald (fräng'ken-vält). A mountainous region on the borders of northern Bavaria and the Thu ring i an states, connecting the Fichtel gebirge with the Thu ring i an Forest. Frankfort (frangk'fort), or Frankfort-on-the Main (man'). [G. Frankfurt -am- Main , F. Franc fort-sur-le- Mein . The name appears in the 8th century as Franc on of urd , ford of the Franks, said to have been so named by Charlemagne, who here forded the river and attacked the Saxons.] A city in the province of He eNa au, Pru ia, situated on the north bank of the Main in lat. 50° 6' N., long. 8° 41′ E.: originally a Roman military station. It is the financial center of Germany, and one of the most important banking cities world; has extensive commerce railways, the Main, and the Rhine; and has growing manufactures. Its horse and leather fairs are still of importance, and it was formerly noted for its book-trade. The cathedral is an important building of the 13th and 14th centuries, lately restored. Its pinnacled western tower is 312 feet high. The interior contains much of interest in sculpture, monuments, and good modern gla . In this church the emperors were crowned by the Elector of Mainz. Other objects of interest are the Römer (Kaisers aal Wahlzimmer), monuments of Gutenberg and Goethe (who was born here), house of Goethe, Römerberg, Saalhof, Church of St. Leon hard, Historical Museum, old bridge, library, Ariadneum, old tower, cemetery, bourse, opera house, Städel Art Institute (with a famous picture-gallery), and Rothschild Museum. Frankfort was a residence of the German kings under the Caroling i ans (Charles the Great, Louis the Pious, etc.). It became a free city, and was celebrated from the middle ages for its fairs. In 1356 it was recognized as the Wahlstadt (seat of imperial elections). In 1806 it was annexed by Napoleon to the Confederation of the Rhine, and granted to the prince primate Von Dalberg. It became the capital of the grand duchy of Frankfort in 1810; was made a free city in 1815, with small neighboring territories; and was the capital of the Germanic Confederation. It was the scene of outbreaks in 1848. Its siding with Austria in 1866 led to its annexation to Pru ia. Population (1890), 179,798. Frankfort, Council of. An ecclesiastical council held at Frankfort-on-the-Main in 794. It was called by Charlemagne for the purpose of considering the question of adopting the acts of the second Council of Nicæa (787), which had been sent by the Pope to the French bishops for approval, and which were rejected on the ground that they sanctioned the worship of images. This council, which was attended by bishops from Germany, Gaul, Spain, Italy, and England, including delegates from the Pope, is regarded by some as an ecumenical council. Frankfort, Grand Duchy of. A short-lived monarchy formed by Napoleon in 1810, consisting of the territories around Frankfort-on-the Main, Hanau, Fulda, Wetzlar, Aschaffenburg. It was di olved by the Congre of Vienna. Frankfort, Peace of. A definitive treaty of peace concluded between the German Empire and France at Frankfort-on-the-Main, May 10, 1871, which ratified the preliminaries of peace adopted at Versailles Feb. 26, 1871 (see Ver sailles , Preliminaries of ). Frankfort, or Frankfort-on-the-Oder (o'der). [G. Frankfurt - an - der - Oder .] A city in the province of Brandenburg, Pru ia, on the Oder 50 miles east by south of Berlin. It is an important commercial town, has three annual fairs, and was formerly the seat of a university (removed to Breslau in 1811). Near it is the battle-field of Kunersdorf. It is an ancient Wendish and later Hanseatic town. It was taken by Gustavus Adolphus in 1631, and by the Ru ians in 1759. Population (1890), 55,437. Frankfort (frangk'fort). The capital of Kentucky and of Franklin Co County, situated on the Kentucky River in lat. 38° 15′ N., long. 840 54' W. Population (1890), 7,892. Frankfurter Attentat (fränk för-ter ät-tentät'). [G., 'Frankfort Riot.'] A revolutionary outbreak by students in Frankfort-on-the-Main, a isted by peasants, April 3, 1833. Its occasion was the hostile attitude of the Bundestag toward the pre . Frankl (fränkl), Ludwig August von. Born at Chrast, Bohemia, Feb. 3, 1810: died at Vienna, March 14, 1894. An Austrian poet, of Hebrew descent. His chief poems are "Cristoforo Colombo" (1836), "Don Juan d' Austria" (1846), "Der Prim at or" (1862), "Tragische Könige" (1876). Collective editions of his works have been published under the titles "Gesammelte poetische Werke" (1880) and "Lyrische Gedichte" (5th ed. 1881). Frank land. See Franklin . Frank land (frangk'land), Edward. Born at Church town, Lancashire, England, Jan. 18, 1825. An English chemist. He became profe or Pure, Applied, and Physical Chemistry" (1877), etc. Frank land, Sir Thomas. Died Nov. 21, 1784. An English admiral. Franklin (frangk'lin). A city and the capital of Venango County, western Pennsylvania, situated near the junction of the Venango with the Alleghany, 65 miles north of Pittsburg. Population (1890), 6,221. Franklin. The capital of Williams on County, Tenne ee, situated on Harpeth River 17 miles south by west of Nashville. Here, Nov. 30, 1864, the Federals under Schofield defeated the Confederates under Hood. The lo of the Federals was 2,326; of the Con fed Franklin, previously Frank land. The name given to the State government constituted in eastern Tenne ee in 1784. Capital, Jones borough. Its governor, Sevier, was overthrown 1788 by the North Carolina authorities. Franklin, Benjamin. Born at Boston, Ma ., Jan. 17, 1706: died at Philadelphia, April 17, 1790. A celebrated American philosopher, statesman, diplomatist, and author. He learned the printer's trade in the office of his elder brother James, and in 1729 established himself at Philadelphia as edi tor and proprietor of the "Pennsylvania Gazette." Не founded the Philadelphia library in 1731; began the publication of "Poor Richard's Almanac" in 1732; was appointed clerk of the Pennsylvania a embly in 1736; became postmaster of Philadelphia in 1737; founded the American Philosophical Society and the University of Pennsylvania in 1743; and in 1752 demonstrated by experi. ments made with a kite during a thunderstorm that lightning is a discharge of electricity, a discovery for which he was awarded the Copley medal by the Royal Society in 1753. He was deputy postmaster-general for the British colonies in America 1753-74. In 1754, at a convention of the New England colonies with New York, Pennsylvania, and Maryland, held at Albany, he proposed a plan, known erates, 6,252. Population (1890), 2,250. as the "Albany Plan," which contemplated the formation of a self-sustaining government for all the colonies, and which, although adopted by the convention, failed of support in the colonies. He acted as colonial agent for Pennsylvania in England 1757-62 and 1764-75; was elected to the second Continental Congre in 1775; and in 1776 was a member of the committee of five chosen by Congre to draw up a declaration of independence. He arrived at Paris Dec. 21, 1776, as amba ador to the court of France; and in conjunction with Arthur Lee and Silas Deane concluded a treaty with France, Feb. 6, 1778, by which France recognized the independence of America. In 1782, on the advent of Lord Rocking ham's ministry to power, he began a correspondence with Lord Shelburne, secretary of state for home and colonies, which led to negotiations for peace; and in conjunction with Jay and Adams concluded with England the treaty of Paris, Sept. 3, 1783. He returned to America in 1785; was president of Pennsylvania 1785-88; and was a delegate to the constitutional convention in 1787. He left an autobiography, which was edited by John Bigelow in 1868. His works have been edited by Jared Sparks (10 vols., 1836-40) and John Bigelow (10 vols., 18871888). Franklin, Mrs. (Eleanor Ann Porden). Born July, 1795: died Feb. 22, 1825. An English poet, the first wife of Sir John Franklin, whom she married in 1823. Franklin, Lady (Jane Griffin). Born 1792: died at London, July 18, 1875. The second wife of Sir John Franklin, whom she married Nov. 5, 1828. She fitted out five ships between 1850 and 1857 to search for the mi ing Arctic expedition commanded by her husband. One of them, the Fox, brought back intelligence of its fate. She was awarded the gold medal of the Royal Geographical Society in 1860, in recognition of her services in the search for the mi ing explorers. Franklin, Sir John. Born April 16, 1786: died June 11, 1847. A celebrated Arctic explorer. He was the son of Willing ham Franklin of Spilsby in Lincoln shire. He entered the royal navy in his youth; served at the battle of Trafalgar in 1805, and in the expedition against New Orleans in 1814; commanded the brig frent in the Arctic expedition under Captain Buchan in 1818; commanded an exploring expedition to the northern coast of North America 1819-22; commanded a similar ex pedition 1825-27; was knighted in 1829; and was lieuten of chemistry College, Manchester, in 1851, in St. Bartholomew's Hospital in 1857, in the Royal Institution in 1863, in the Royal School of Mines in 1865, and in the School of Science, South Kensington, in 1881. He has published "Lecture Notes for Chemical Students" (1866), "How ant-governor Van Diemen's Land 1836-43. In 1845 he was appointed to the command of an expedition, consist ing of the Erebus and the Terror, Captain Crozier, sent out by the British admiralty in search of the northwest pa age. The expedition sailed from Green hi the, May 18, 1845, and was last spoken off the entrance of Lancaster Sound, July 26, 1845. Thirty-nine relief expeditions, public and private, were sent out from England and America in search of the mi ing explorers between 1847 and 1857. In the last-mentioned year the Fox yacht, Captain Leopold McClintock, was sent by Lady Franklin. McClintock found traces of the mi ing expedition in 1859, which confirmed previous rumors of its total destruction. From a paper containing an entry by Captain Fitzjames of the mi ing expedition, it was learned that Franklin died June 11, 1847, having in the previous year penetrated to within 12 miles of the northern extremity of King William's Land. Franklin, William. Born at Philadelphia, 1729: died in England, Nov. 17, 1813. An illegitimate son of Benjamin Franklin. He was royal governor of New Jersey 1762-76, and sided with the loyal Franklin, William Buel. Born at York, Pa., ists in the Revolution. Feb. 27, 1823. An American general. He was graduated at West Point in 1843, served in the Mexican war, and became a captain in the regular army in 1857 and a colonel in 1861. He commanded a brigade in Heint Franklin, William Buel zleman's division at the battle of Bull Run July 21, 1861, and commanded a corps at Malvern Hill July 1, and at Antietam Sept. 17, 1862. He led a grand division of Burnside's army at Fred ericks burg Dec. 13, 1862, and commanded a division of Banks's army in the Red River campaign of 1864. He resigned in 1866. Franklin's Tale, The. One of Chaucer's "Canterbury Tales." It is said in the prologue to be from a Breton lay. The story is that of Boccaccio's fifth novel of the tenth day in the "Decameron," and is introduced also in the fifth book of his "Filocopo." It relates the sorrows and triumph of Dorigen, the faithful wife of Ar viragus. The franklin who tells the tale is a white-headed Epicurean country gentleman: "With oute bake mete was nevere his hous, Of Fish and fle h, and that so plentenous It shewed in his hous of mete and drynke." Frankly (frangk'li). A character in Cibber's comedy "The Refusal, or The Ladies' Philosophy."