Boodhism

See BUDDHISM. Boodroum, or Bodrun, ( bood'room,) a small seaport town of Turkey in Asia, in Natolia, 96 miles N. of Smyrna; Lat. 37° N., Lon. 27° 20′ E.; supposed to be the site of the ancient Halicarna us. Many ruins of antiquity have been found here. Book, ( bük ,) n. [A.S. boc ; probably from bug an, to bow, to bend; to fold, in reference to the folded or rolled leaves of vellum, which was the material used to write upon.] A collection of sheets of paper, of printed matter, of manuscript, or in blank, folded and bound together. In the latter sense it is usually called a blank - book . -A printed or written literary composition, or a volume or collection of leaves containing intellectual matter; as, the Bible is the book of life. 'Tis pleasant, sure. to see one's name in print: A book sa book , although there 's nothing in't."-Byron. -A division, sub-division, or part of a literary work or treatise; as, the second book of the Iliad. "The first book we divide into sections. '-Burnet. (Com.) A register or volume in which a merchant or trader keeps his accounts, and records all his busine transactions; as, a cash- book . In the books of . In kind remembrance. "The gentleman is not in your books."-Shaks. (In a modern sense, this phrase is often applied to a debtor, or one who owes an account; as, he is still in my books .) - Without book . Trusting to memory; by repetition; without reading; as, "Sermons without book ." ( Hooker ) Without authority or proof; as, he argues without book . ( Hist .) B. is the general name of almost every literary composition, but in a more limited sense it is applied only to such compositions as are large enough to form a volume. Short and fugitive pieces are denominated pam phlets, in contradistinction to books , which are of greater length, and embrace more general or permanent topics. The dimensions of printed books are regulated by the size and form of the sheets of paper of which they are composed. A sheet, being folded in the middle, forms two leaves, or four pages; and a book of this size is called a folio . When the sheet is again folded, so as to make four leaves, or eight pages, it forms a quarto . The quarto, being folded acro , so as to make eight leaves, or sixteen pages, forms an octavo . By folding the sheet into twelve leaves, or twenty-four pages, we make a duodecimo; and if into eighteen leaves, or thirty-six pages, we form an octodecimo. Below this there are small books of different denominations, which are sometimes spoken of as pocket - editions . Booksellers are accustomed, in speech, to anglicize the terms for the size of books, with little regard to the proper terminations-as 4to, Svo, 12mo, 18то, 24то, 32mo, 48mo, . For a long period, printing-paper was made chiefly of three sizes, respectively called royal , demy , and crown; and according as any one of these was employed, the size of the book was large or small. As by means of the paper-making machine, paper is made in webs, and can be cut into every imaginable size of sheet, and as printing-machines can print very large surfaces, the sizes of books are now comparatively arbitrary; though, for convenience, the old names remain, with the difference, that in addition to the 12mo, a not very di imilar size, called the post - 8vo , has come extensively into use. The size of the present work is folio , though printed as quarto.- The materials of which B. have been composed have differed much in different nations, and in different stages of civilization. Plates of lead and copper, bricks, stone, and wood were anciently employed for this purpose. The most common material on which B. were written by the Greeks and Romans, was the thin coat or rind ( liber , whence the Latin name for a book) of the papyrus, called by the Egyptians Byblos , whence the Greek name for a book, biblion . Next to the papyrus, parchment was the substance most used for writing upon. The ancients wrote usually on only one side of the paper or parchment. The back of the paper, instead of being written upon, was usually stained with saffron color or the cedrus , which produced a yellow color. - As paper and parchment were dear, it was frequently the custom to erase or wash out writing of little importance, and to write upon paper or parchment again, which was then called Palimpsest us . - The paper or parchment was joined together so as to form one sheet, and when the work was finished, it was rolled on a staff, whence it was called a volumen . (See Fig. 230.) When an author divided a work into several books, it was usual to include only one book in a volume or roll, so that there was generally the same number of volumes as of books. In the papyri rolls found at Herculaneum, the stick on which the papyrus is rolled does not project from the papyrus, but is concealed by it. Usually, however, there were balls or bo es, ornamented or painted, called umbilici of IMG:content-0690.jpg:[graphic] IMG:content-0691.png:[graphic] first notice the operations through which a book pa es! in ordinary B. These are grouped under two main divisions-"forwarding," which comprehends every- thing nece ary to the folding of the sheet, and "finish- Fig . 387. COVER OF MISSAL OF THE 15TH CENTURY. Enamel, ivory, and precious stones. (National Library, Paris.) warding. The sheets of a book are first folded in such a manner that the pages follow each other in consecutive order. In this operation the folder is guided by the "signatures" ( q . v.), which indicate the part of a sheet to be superimposed upon another. The labor is per- formed by folding-machines or by girls, who acquire in- credible dexterity by continued practice. The next operation has for its object to bring the loose and bulky sheets into a compact form, which was formerly acconi- plished by beating them with a broad-faced hammer upon a smooth, flat stone, but is now generally made by pa ing the sheets between the cylinders of a "smashing" machine. After this. the sheets are divided in "sections" composing a volume. The volumes are then adjusted and clamped up in the laying or cutting pre , for the operation of sawing the back , preparatory to sewing. The sewing is done at a well known appar- at us called the sewing-pre or frame. which, however, is now, to a great extent, superseded by a book-sewing machine of American invention, which effects an aver- age saving of one-half the cost of hand sewing, and is simple and perfect in its operation. When taken out of the sewing-frame or machine the fly-leaves are pasted on, and the back is covered with a coating of thin glue. When the glue is dry the back is rounded by beating with a hammer, and then the volume is placed between two feather-edged boards, above which the backs slightly project. These are then placed to- gether in a lying-pre , for the backing proce ; that is, the back of the book is well beaten until it projects a little over each side of the bevelled board, so as to form a groove or place for the mile board covers to lie in. The book is now ready for the boarding . The boards are attached by the ends of the bands, left for that purpose, being pa ed through holes in the sides of the boards The ends of the bands are then pasted down, and hammered flat and smooth. The volume is now put into the standing-pre , where it is submitted to a powerful pre ure for several hours. Thereafter it is again fastened into a lying-pre , for cutting or ploughing the edges with a knife-edged instrument called the plough, unle , as is now usually the case, the cutting of the edges is previously done by a large machine-cutting knife. Book'-case, n . An article of furniture; a case con- taining shelves for holding and preserving books. Book-debt. A debt recorded in a trader's books, as against a customer supplied with goods on credit. Book'-holder, n . The prompter in a theatre. Book'ish, a . Given to books or reading; fond of study; ancing the books and testing the accuracy of the ledger. Whose bookish rule hath pull'd fair England down." - Shaks. Book'ishly, adv . In the way of being addicted to books or much reading. Bookʻishne , n. Quality of being bookish, or ad- dicted to books; over-studiousne . Book'-keeper, n . (Com.) One who keeps account of mercantile or trading transactions; one who has the charge of the books of accounts in a commercial concern. Book'-keeping, n. ( Com .) The art, or science of keeping accounts, or recording monetary transactions of merchants, traders, or other persons engaged in pursuits connected with money. It has not only the C. posted to personal and property accounts, and the amounts Dr. and Cr. posted to nominal accounts into the ledger, and comparing them with the total amounts in the corresponding columns of the journal, it will be seen whether they agree; if they do not, it demonstrates that some entries must have been erroneously posted, which can then only be discovered by collating the books; but if the amounts do agree, then it affords at least strong presumptive evidence that the whole of the entries have been carried to the proper accounts. Experience and practice are occasionally suggesting minor improvements upon the forms of the cash-book, journal, and ledger, to suit particular cases, as well as upon the subsidiary books required for gathering together the facts preparatory to their being transferred in a condensed form into the journal; and, indeed, an intelligent book-keeper may accomplish much by a judicious cla ification of the facts in the auxiliary books; but the fundamental principles of the double-entry system of B. , notwithstanding such occasional facilities and improved arrangements in the working of it, remain perfect and unchanged; and after the length of time during which they have succe fully withstood all attempts at innovation or change, it may safely be affirmed that the system is the best hitherto discovered. We have already stated that the double-entry system of B. admits of universal application; and we may now observe that it is not confined to merchants' accounts, but is equally applicable to government accounts. One great desideratum in a system of B. for government accounts is centralization, which can alone be attained by a proper and well organized method of condensing the facts or elements of the accounts; and the Italian system unquestionably affords the most efficacious means of collecting and grouping the widely scattered elements of government accounts in a concise and intelligible shape, and ultimately exhibiting them in the clearest and most perfect state. Book-knowledge, ( book'nôl'ej.) n. Knowledge acquired from the reading of books. Book'land, Bock'land, n. ( Feudal Law .) See BOCLAND.