Stone, Edwin Martin

Born at Framing ham, Stonemason of Cromarty. A pseudonym of Hugh Miller. Stone Mountain. A small village in De Kalb County, Georgia, about 12 miles east-northeast of Atlanta: noted for its isolated granite dome (about 2,200 feet high). Stone of the Sun. An Aztec monument, consisting of a piece of basalt twelve feet in diameter, carved with characters representing divisions of time, and supposed to serve as a calendar. It was carved about 1512, and is now built into the cathedral of the city of Mexico. Chavero is of opinion that it is a votive monument to the sun. It is also called the Aztec Calendar Stone . Stone River, Battle of. See Murfreesboro , Battle of. Stones of Venice, The. An art treatise by Ruskin, published in 1851. Stonewall Jackson. A nickname of General Thomas J. Jackson. See Jackson , Thomas J. Stoning ton (sto'ning-ton). A seaport in New London County, Connecticut, situated on Long Island Sound in lat. 41° 20′ N., long. 71° 54′ W. It is the terminus of a daily steamer line to New York city. It was defended against the British in 1814. Pop ulation (1890), 7,184. Stowe, Mrs. Story (stō'ri), Joseph. Born at Marble head, Ma ., Sept. 18, 1779: died at Cambridge, Ma ., Sept. 10, 1845. An eminent American jurist. He graduated at Harvard in 1798; began the practice of law in 1801 in Salem; was Democratic member of Congre from Ma achusetts 1808-09; was a ociate justice of the United States Supreme Court 1811-45; and was profe or of law at Harvard 1829-45. He published "Commentaries on the Law of Bailments" (1832), "Commentaries on the Constitution of the United States" (1833), "On the Conflict of Laws" (1834), "On Equity Jurisprudence" (1835-36), "Equity Pleadings" (1838), "Law of Agency" (1839), "Law of Partnership" (1841), "Law of Bills of Exchange" (1843), "Law of Promi ory Notes," Circuit Court decisions, and Supreme Court reports. His "Miscellaneous Writings" were edited by his son. Story, William Wet more. Born at Salem, Ma ., Feb. 19, 1819: died at Vallombrosa, Italy, Oct. 7, 1895. An American sculptor and poet, son of Joseph Story. Among his works are statues of Edward Everett (Boston), George Peabody (London), "Cleopatra," "Semi ram is" (New York), etc. He wrote legal treatises, several volumes of poetry, "Roba di Roma, or Walks and Talks about Rome" (1862), etc. Stosch (stosh), Albrecht von. Born April 20, 1818: died Feb. 29, 1896. A Pru ian general and state minister, chief of the imperial admiralty 1872-83. his collection of antique gems. Stone, William Leete. Born at New Paltz, N. Y., April 20, 1792: died at Saratoga Springs, N. Y., Aug. 15, 1844. An American journalist and author, editor and one of the proprietors of the New York "Commercial Advertiser" from 1821. He wrote "Letters on Masonry and Anti Masonry" (1832), "Tales and Sketches" (1834), "Ups and Downs in the Life of a Distre ed Gentleman" (1836), "Border Wars of the American Revolution," lives of Brant (1838) and Red Jacket (1840), etc. Stone, William Leete. Born at New York city, April 4, 1835. An American lawyer and historical writer, son of W. L. Stone (1792-1844). He has published the "Life and Times of Sir William John son" (1865), and written a "History of New York City" (1872), Campaign of Lieutenant-General John Burgoyne, Stoneham (ston'am). A town in Middle sex County, Ma achüsetts, 9 miles north by west of Boston. Population (1890), 6,155. etc." (1877), Stone haven (ston-hā'vn). A seaport, capital of the county of Kincardine, Scotland, situated on the North Sea 14 miles south-southwest of Aberdeen. Near it are the ruins of Dunnottar Castle. Population (1891), 4,497. Stone henge (ston'henj). A celebrated prehistoric monument in Salisbury Plain, Wilts hire, England, 8 miles north of Salisbury. The original plan seems to have included two concentric circles of upright stones inclosing two ellipses. In the middle there is a slab called the altar. Seventeen stones of the outer circle (16-18 feet high) are standing, in part connected by lintel-slabs resting on their tops. In the vicinity are many barrows and a race-course ("cursus"). We cannot leave this point without alluding to the question, whose temple Stone henge was, or whose it chiefly was. After giving it all the attention I can, I have come to the conclusion that we cannot do better than follow the story of Geoffrey, which makes Stone henge the work of Merlin Emrys, commanded by another Emrys, which I interpret to mean that the temple belonged to the Celtic Zeus, whose later legendary self we have in Merlin. It would be in vain to look for any direct argument for against such an hypothesis: one can only say that it suits the facts of the case, and helps to understand others of a somewhat similar nature. What sort of a temple could have been more appropriate for the primary god of light and of the luminous heavens than a spacious, open-air enclosure of a circular form like Stone henge? Nor do I see any objection to the old idea that Stone henge was the original of the famous temple of Apollo in the island of the Hyperboreans, the stories about which were based in the first instance most likely on the journal of Pytheas' travels. Rhys, Celtic Heathendom, p. 194. Stone man (ston man), George. Born at Busti, N. Y., Aug. 8, 1822: died at Buffalo, Sept. 5, 1894. An American general of cavalry. He graduated at West Point in 1846; was chief of cavalry in the Army of the Potomac 1861-62; was later division and corps commander in the Army of the Potomac; conducted a raid toward Richmond in 1863; took part in the Atlanta Americans under Anthony Wayne, July 16, 1779. Stora (stō'rä). The seaport of Philippeville, Algeria. miles northeast of Appenzell. Stothard (stoth'ärd), Thomas. Born at London, Aug. 17, 1755: died there, April 27, 1834. An English painter and illustrator. Among his paintings is the "Canterbury Pilgrims." He designed il ders of Appenzell and St. Gall, Switzerland, 5 lustrations for Shakspere, "Robinson Crusoe," "The Pilgrim's Progre ," Rogers's "Italy," etc. Storace (stō-rä'che or stō'rās), Anna (or Ann) Stötteritz (stėt'te-rits). A village in Saxony, 24 Selina. Born at London, 1766: died Aug. 24, miles southeast of Leipsic: the headquarters 1817. An English opera-singer, sister of Stephen of Napoleon in the battle of Leipsic (1813). Storace. She created the role of Susanna in Stoughton (stō'ton), Israel. Died at Lincoln, Mozart's "Nozze di Figaro." Storace, Stephen. Born at London, 1763: died England, 1645. An early colonist in Ma a- there, March 19, 1796. An English composer of operas, son of Stefano Storace, an Italian contraba ist. Among his works are "The Haunted Tower" (1789), "No Song no Supper" (1790), "The Siege of Belgrade" (1791), "The Pirates" (1792), and "The Iron Chest" (1796), with Colman. Stora Luleå (stō'rä löʻla-a). A river in northern Sweden which flows into the Gulf of Bothnia about lat. 65° 40′ N. Length, about 240 miles. Stora Luleå Lake. An expansion of Stora Luleå River in its upper course. Storer (sto'rèr), David Humphreys. Born at Portland, Maine, March 26, 1804: died at Boston, Ma ., Sept. 10, 1891. An American physician and naturalist. He was a practising physician at Boston from 1826, and was profe or of obstetrics and medical jurisprudence at the Harvard Medical School, and its dean from 1854-68. He was a collaborator with Aga iz. He wrote "Fishes of North America" (1846), etc. Storer, Francis Humphreys. Born at Boston, Ma ., March 27, 1832. An American chemist, profe or in Harvard University (1870), and dean of the Bu ey Institution: author of sev eral works on chemistry. Stork, King. See Log , King . Storm and Stre . See Sturm und Drang . Storm King (stôrm king). A mountain on the western bank of the Hudson, above West Point. Height, 1,530 feet. Storms, Cape of. A name given by Bartholo- meu Dias to the Cape of Good Hope. Stornoway (stor'nō-wā). A seaport on the east- ern coast of the island of Lewis, He brides, in lat. 58° 11′ N., long. 6° 22′ W. It is the largest town in the He brides. Population (1891), 3,386. Storő (stō'rė). An island on the western coast of Norway, about 35 miles south of Bergen. Storrs (storz), Richard Salter. Born at Brain- tree, Ma ., Aug. 21, 1821. An American Con- gregational clergyman, noted as a pulpit orator. Since 1846 he has been pastor in Brooklyn. He was an ed- it or of the "Independent" 1848-61. His works include "Constitution of the Human Soul" (1857), "Conditions of Succe in Preaching without Notes" (1875), "John Wyc liffe and the First English Bible" (1880), etc. Storthing (stor'ting). [From Dan. Norw. storthing (Icel. storthing ), great or high court.] The national parliament of Norway. It is composed of 114 members, who are chosen by indirect election. The Storthing is convened every year, and divides itself into an upper house (Lagthing) and a lower house (Odelsthing). The former is composed of one fourth and the latter of three fourths of the members. See Lagthing and Odelsthing . Stor-Uman (stor-öʻmän). A large lake in Swe campaign of 1864; was captured in a raid in Georgia in 1864; and engaged in other raids and military operations. den, about lat. 65° N. Its outlet is the Umeå He was Democratic governor of California 1883-87. Elf. He commanded the Ma achusetts troops in the Pequot war, 1637. Stoughton, William. Born in England about 1631: died at Dor chester, Ma ., July 7, 1701. An American jurist, son of Israel Stoughton. He became lieutenant-governor of Ma achusetts in 1692, and later acting governor. As chief justice of the Superior Court he presided over the Salem witchcraft trials. Stour (stör). [L. Sturius.] 1. A small river in southern England, chiefly in Dor sets hire, which unites with the Avon at Christ church.2. A small river in Kent, England, which flows past Canterbury and empties into the North Sea at the Isle of Thanet.-3. A river on the boundary between E ex and Suffolk, England, which flows into the North Sea 10 miles southeast of Ipswich.-4. A river in Staff ords hire and Worcesters hire, England, which joins the Severn at Stour port. Stour bridge (ster'brij). A town in Worcesters hire, England, situated on the Stour 10 miles west of Birmingham. It has manufactures of gla , fire-brick, etc. Population (1891), 9,386. Stour port (ster'port). A town in Worcester shire, England, situated at the junction of the Stour with the Severn, 10 miles north by west of Worcester. Population (1891), 3,504. Stow (sto), John. Born at London in 1525: died there, April 6, 1604. A noted English historian and antiquary, son of Thomas Stow, a tailor. In 1561 he published "A Summary of Englische Chronicles," and in 1580 his "Annales, or a Generale Chronicle of England from Brute until the present yeare of Christ 1580." Stow is best known from his "Survey of London" (1598), the standard authority old London. Through the patronage of Archbishop Parker he was able to print the "Flores Hist or i arum" of Matthew of Westminster (1567), the "Chronicle" of Matthew Paris (1571), and the "Hist or i a Brevis" of Thomas Wal singh am (1574). In 1604 he was authorized by James I. to collect "amongst our loving subjects their voluntary contributions and kind gratuities." Stowe (sto). A village in Bucking hams hire, England, 3 miles northwest of Bucking ham: noted for its castle and park. Stowe, Calvin Ellis. Born at Natick, Ma ., April 6, 1802: died at Hartford, Conn., Aug. 22, 1886. An American educator and theological writer, profe or succe ively in Dart mouth College, Lane Theological Seminary (Ohio), Bowdoin College, and 1852-64 (of sacred literature) in And over Theological Seminary. He published "Introduction to the Criticism and Interpretation of the Bible" (1835), "Origin and History of the Books of the Bible" (1867 and 1887), translation of Jahn's "Hebrew Commonwealth" (1828). Stowe, Mrs. (Harriet Elizabeth Beecher). Born at Litchfield, Conn., June 14, 1811: died at Hartford, Conn., July 1, 1896. A noted Amer The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia: The Century Cyclopedia of names Stowe, Mrs. ican novelist and miscellaneous writer: daughter of Lyman Beecher, sister of H. W. Beecher, and wife of C. E. Stowe. She was educated at Hartford, Conn.; taught school there and at Cincinnati; and after her marriage lived in Cincinnati, Brunswick (Maine), work, "Uncle Tom's Cabin," was published in the Wash. And over, Hartford, Florida, and elsewhere. Her famous ington "National Era" 1851-52, and in book form in 1852. Among her other works are "Dred" (1856: also published as "Nina Gordon"), "The Minister's Wooing" (1859), "The Pearl of Orr's Island (1862), "Agnes of Sorrento (1863), "Old Town Folks" (1869), "My and I" (1872), "Pink and White Tyranny" (1871), "We and Our Neighbors (1875), "Sam Lawson's Fireside Stories" (1871), "Poganue People" (1878), "Key to Uncle Tom's Cabin" (1853), "Sunny Memories of Foreign Lands" (1854), "Lady Byron Vindi. cated" (1869), etc. Stowell, Baron. See Scott , William . Stow market (stō'mär-ket). A town in the county of Suffolk, England, situated on the Gipping 11 miles northwest of Ipswich. Population (1891), 4,339. Stow-on-the-Wold (sto'on-THE-wold'). Atown in Gloucestershire, England, 24 miles northwest of Oxford. It was the scene of the last battle of the English civil war, March, 1646, in which the Royalists under Astley were defeated. Strabane (strä-bān'). Atown in the county of Tyrone, Ireland, on the Mourne, opposite Lifford and the mouth of the Finn, 13 miles southwest of London derry. Population (1891), 5,013. Strabo (strā bō). ['Squint-eyed': from Gr.] Born at Amasia, Pontus, about 63 B. C.: died about 24 A. D. A celebrated Greek geographer. He traveled extensively, and wrote a geographical work, in 17 books, describing Europe (Books III.-Χ.), Asia (XI-XVI.), and Egypt and Libya (XVII.). "The first two books contain a general introduction, in which the author reviews his principal predece ors, beginning with Homer and pa ing on to Anaximander, Hecatæus, Demo crit us, Eudoxus, Dicæarch us, Ephorus, Eratosthenes, Polybius, and Posei donium He also gives us his general notions of the figure different zones. According to him the earth is a globe, fixed in the centre of the universe, and its habitable por tion resembles a military cloak, and extends from Ireland to Ceylon." Strachey, William. Lived in the first part of the 17th century. An English colonist, secre tary of Virginia about 1610-12. He wrote "A True Repertory of the Wracke and Redemption of Sir Thomas Gates, upon and from the Islands of the Bermudas" (edited by Purchas), "For the Colony in Virginea Britannia: Lawes Divine, Morall, and Mart i all" (1612), "Historie of Travaile into Virginia Britannia" (published by the Hakluyt Society 1849). Strada, Alonzo de. See Estrada . Str a dell a (strä-del'lä). A town in the province of Pavia, northern Italy, situated on the Aversa 10 miles southeast of Pavia. Population (1881), commune, 8,630. Str a dell a. 1. An opera by Flotow. It was first produced as a short lyrical piece in Paris in 1837, and afterward rewritten and produced in its present form in Ham burg, Dec. 30, 1844, as "A le andro Str a dell a." 2. An opera by Nie der meyer, produced at Paris in 1837. Strakosch (strä'kosh), Maurice. Born at Lemberg, Galicia, 1823: died at Paris, Oct. 9, 1887. An opera and concert manager. He introduced Patti, Nil on, and other famous singers to American audiences. Strakosch, Max. Born 1835. An opera manager, brother of Maurice Strakosch, and partner in many of his ventures. Stralsund (sträl'sönd). A seaport in the province of Pomerania, Pru ia, situated on the Strelasund in lat. 54° 19′ N., long. 13° 5' E. It exports grain, and has varied manufactures. It contains a Rathaus and 3 large Gothic churches. The city was founded by the Prince of Rügen in 1209; was a Hanseatic town; was unsucce fully besieged by Wal lens tein in 1628; pa ed to Sweden in 1648; was several times captured; was defended unsucce fully by Schill against the French allies in 1809; and pa ed to Pru ia in 1815. Population (1890), 27,814. Str a to nice Louis XV., and designed by Pigalle. The marshal appears descending to the grave, to which he is conducted by Death, while France in the form of a beautiful woman seeks to hold him back. The University of Strasburg was founded in the first part of the 17th century; was suppre ed in the French Revolution; was refounded later as a French academy; and was refounded as a university in 1872. Connected with it are an observatory and a library of over 700,000 volumes. Near Argent or a tum the emperor Julian defeated the Alamanni in 357; but the town was later conquered by the Alamanni and by the Franks. Strasburg was confirmed as a free imperial city in consequence of the victory of the citizens over the bishop in 1262. The gilds obtained a share in the government in 1332. A wholesale execution of Jews took place in 1349. The town became one of the leading cities of the Empire; accepted the Reformation; was taken by the French in 1681 and confirmed to them in 1697; and was annexed with Alsace to Germany in 1871. The city was invested by the Germans in the middle of Aug., 1870; was bombarded Aug. 24 and succeeding days; and capitulated (after great damage to the city and cathedral) Sept. 28, with a garrison of nearly fares of London, extending southeast from Fleet street to Charing Cro . Originally the only route between the City and Westminster was by Watling street over Holborn Bridge. Later, when Ludgate was opened and Fleet Bridge built, a more direct way was made by the "Straunde" through the fens or marsh by the river side. The street became the fashionable quarter, and was, especially on the river side, built up with fine palaces monasteries (Bridewell, White friars, The Temple, Savoy, etc.). Strange (strānj), Sir Robert. Born in Mainland, Orkney, July 14, 1721: died at London, July 5, 1792. A British line-engraver. In 1735 he was apprenticed to an Edinburgh engraver, and in 17451746 he was in the Jacobite army. In 1748 he studied drawing under J. B. Descamps at Rouen; in 1749 was a pupil of Le Bas at Paris; and in 1750 returned to London, where he superintended the illustrations of Dr. William Hunter's work on the "Gravid Uterus" from red chalk drawings by Van Rymsdyck, published in 1774. In 1753 he engraved the "Magdalen" and "Cleopatra" of Guido, and 1760 went to Italy. He was elected meinber of the academies of Rome, Florence Parade and Paris, and was knighted in 1787. Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, The. A tale by R. L. Stevens on, published in 1886. Stranger (str an'jer), The. A translation from Kotzebue's "Misanthropy and Repentance," by Thompson, altered and improved by Sheridan. Strange Story, A. A novel by Bulwer Lytton, published during 1862 in "All the Year Round." IMG:content-0930.png:[blocks in formation] and performer. performers Str a dell a, A le andro. See Str a dell a , 1. Str a dell a, Defile of. A famous pa and strategic point between the Po and spurs of the A pennines, near Pavia. Strad i var i (strä-de-vä'rē), Antonio, Latinized Antonius Strad i var i us. Born at Cremona, Italy, about 1644 (?): died there, Dec. 17 or 18, 1737. A famous Italian maker of violins, the most celebrated of the masters of the art: a pupil of Nicolo Amati. His best violins were made about 1700-25. His sons Francesco and Omobono are also noted. Str afford (straford). A tragedy by Robert Browning, relating to the Earl of Str afford. It played their roledy prod it i on request, and he on its 1837. Str afford, Earl of. See Went worth , Thomas . Str afford Going to Execution. A painting by Paul Delaroche (1835), in Stafford House, London. The earl is kneeling beneath the prison window of Archbishop Laud, who extends his hands through the bars in ble ing, while the guards wait. Strahlegg (strä'lek). A glacier pa in the Bernese Alps, canton of Bern, Switzerland, leading from the Grimsel hospice to Grin del wald. Straits Settlements (strāts set'l-ments). A British crown colony in the Malay Peninsula. It comprises Singapore, Malacca, Penang (Dindings, Wellesley); and a protectorate is exercised over the native states of Perak, Selangor, Sungei Ujong, Pahang, Johore, and Negri Sembilan. Population of Straits Settlements proper (1891), 512,342. Strakonitz (sträʼkō-nits), Czech Strak on ice (strä-kō-net'se). A manufacturing town in Bohemia, situated on the Wattawa 61 miles southwest of Prague. Population (1890), commune, 5,419. Strap (strap), Hugh. A follower of Roderick Random in Smollett's novel of that name. He is a simple, disinterested fellow, ill treated by his mother. Str a parol a da Caravaggio (strä-pä-rō'lä dä kä-rä-väd'jō), Giovanni Francesco, known as Str a parol a. Born near the end of the 15th century: died about 1557. An Italian novelist. He published "Sonetti, strambotti, epistole e capitole" (1508), but is best remembered by his collection of stories called "Tredeci piacevoli nott i," drawn from many sources and published at Venice in two series in 1550 and 1554. Many editions were i ued, and the book has been a store house from which succeeding writers have obtained plots, etc. Shakspere and Molière are indebted to it, one of the stories is in Painter's "Palace of Pleasure," and there have been several French translations. The stories are told on separate nights by a party of ladies and gentlemen enjoy called "Str a parol a's Nights.' ing the cool air at Murano (Venice), and are frequently Strasburg (str as'berg), G. Stra burg (sträs'börg), F. Str as bourg (sträs-bör'). The capi of the Breusch and Ill, about 2 miles from the tal of Alsace-Lorraine, situated at the junction Rhine, in lat. 48°35′ N., long. 7° 46′ E.: the Roman Argent or a tum. It is a railway center, a fortre of the first rank, and an important strategic point. It has manufactures of beer, leather, tobacco, dyes, etc.; and exports beer, sausages, "fat liver pies," sauer-kraut, hops, etc. The cathedral is an interesting monument, founded in the 11th century, and not finished until the 15th. The west front and openwork tower and spire are famous: the front is very richly decorated with traceried windows and slender arcading, and has fine sculptured portals and a splendid rose, but it bears little relation to the remainder of the edifice, far above which it rises in a heavy square ma . The spire is 468 feet high. The 13th-century nave is 100 feet high, and excellent in design: the east end is of ma ive Romanesque, with an early crypt. The medieval gla is gorgeous in color, and the great astronomical clock (1842) is an artistic and scientific curiosity. The Church of St. Thomas is chiefly of the time of transition from Romanesque to Pointed, of ma ive and imposing architecture, and po e es good gla . It is chiefly remarkable, however, for the tomb of the Maréchal de Saxe, erected by ing force was under General von Werder. Population Strasburg. A village in Shenandoah County, Virginia, situated on the North Fork of the Shenandoah, 72 miles west of Washington. It was an important point in the Civil War. Near it occurred the battle of Fisher's Hill, or Wood stock, Sept. 22, 1864. Strasburg, Oath of. See the extract. This fact comes prominently forth in the famous oath of Stra burg, preserved by Nithard. That precious document has been commented upon over and over again as a matter of philology; it is no le valuable as a matter of history. It shows that in 841 the distinctions of race and language were beginning to make themselves felt. The Austrasian soldiers of King Lewis swear in the Old German tongue, of which the oath is an early monument; but of the language in which the oath is taken by the Neustrian soldiers of King Charles, the oath itself is, as far as our knowledge goes, absolutely the oldest monument. Freeman, Hist. E ays, I. 181. 'börg-än Strasburg-an-der-Drewenz (sträs börg der-drā'vents). A town in the province of West Pru ia, situated on the Drewenz 84 miles south southeast of Dantzic. Population (1890), 6,122. Strasburg-in-der-Uckermark (sträs'börg-inder-ök'er-märk). A town in the province of Brandenburg, Pru ia, 72 miles north-northeast of Berlin. Population (1890), 6,246. Stra burg (in Alsace). See Strasburg . Stra nitz (sträs'nits), Slav. Strážnice (sträzh'nēt'se). A town in Moravia, Austria Hungary, situated on the March 37 miles south southeast of Brünn. Population (1890), 4,719. Str at ford (str at'ford). A suburb of London, situated in E ex, on the Lea, 44 miles east-northeast of St. Paul's. Str at ford. The capital of Perth County, Ontario, Canada, situated on the Avon 58 miles west of Hamilton. Population (1891), 9,501. Str at ford de Redcliffe, Viscount. See Can ning, Str at ford. Str at ford-on-Avon (str at'ford-on-a'von), or Str at ford. A town in War wicks hire, England, situated on the Avon 8 miles southwest of Warwick: famous as the birthplace of Shakspere. It contains the Church of the Holy Trinity (Early English and Perpendicular styles), with the tomb of Shakspere; the house where Shakspere was born; and the New Place, the site of the house built by Sir Hugh Clopton in the time of Henry VII., and bought by Shakspere in 1597: Shakspere's house is now national property and has been suitably restored. The low gabled exterior, with its timber framing filled in with plaster, and the interior rooms, preserve their 16thcentury character. An interesting Shakspere Museum has been formed in the house. The Shakspere fountain was erected in 1887 by George W. Childs. Near by is Shottery, with Ann Hatha way's cottage. Population (1891), 8,318. Strath bogie (strath-bo'gi). A district in the northwestern part of the county of Aberdeen, Scotland. Strathclyde (strath-klīd'). A medieval Celtic kingdom, embracing in its greatest extent southwestern Scotland to the Clyde and northwestern England to the Mersey. The northern bria in its later histered part was finally annexed to Scotland in 1124. Called Cum Strath earn (strath-ern'). The valley of the Earn, in Perth shire, Scotland. Strath more (strath-mor'). An extensive plain in eastern Perth shire and For far shire, Scotland. [Gr. Strath Spey (strath spā). The valley drained by the Spey in the counties of Inverne , Elgin, and Banff, Scotland. Strato (strā tō), or Straton (str a'ton). Στρατών.] A Greek peripatetic philosopher, the succe or of Theophrastus in the presidency of the Lyceum in 288 в. с. ralist" because he declared the intervention of a deity in nature unnece ary. He was called "the natu Str a to nice (str at-ō-ni'sē). [Gr. Στρατονίκη .] Lived about 300 в. с. Daughter of Demetrius Pol i or cetes, and wife of Seleucus Nicator, and Str a to nice later of his son Antiochus I. Seleucus, discovering his son's pa ion for her, gave her to him, and at the same time made him king of the provinces of upper Asia. Stratton (str a (str at'n). A place in Cornwall, England, 26 miles southwest of Barn staple, where, in 1643, the Royalists defeated the Parliament a rians. Stratton, Charles Sherwood (sobriquet Tom Thumb). Born at Bridge port, Con,Conn., 1838: died at Middle borough, Ma ., 1883. An American dwarf, exhibited by P. T. Barnum in various parts of the world. He married in 1863 Mercy Lavinia Bump (Lavinia Warren), also a dwarf. When first exhibited he was about two feet high, but grew to a height of forty inches. Strau (strous), David Fried rich. Born at Ludwigsburg, Würtemberg, Jan. 27, 1808: died at Ludwigsburg, Feb. 8, 1874. A celebrated German theological and philosophical writer and biographer. He was educated at Tübingen and Berlin, and was "repetent" at the Theological Seminary and lecturer at the University of Tübingen 1832-35. He was deprived of his office on account of his "Leben Jesu," and received the position of teacher at the Lyceum of Ludwigsburg: this, however, he abandoned in 1836, and went to Stuttgart. In 1839 he was called as profe or of ment so his life nothing is known. He wrote epics and "Beispiele" (fables, stories, etc.). Strick land (strik'land), Agnes. Born about 1808: died July, 1874. 74. An English historical writer. Her chief works are "Lives of the Queens of England" (12 vols. 1840–49), "Lives of the Queens of Scotland" (8 vols. 1850-59), "Bachelor Kings of England" (1861), and "Lives of the Seven Bishops" (1866). She also edited "Letters of Mary Queen of Scots," and wrote sev eral novels. String ham String ham (string'am), Silas Horton. Born at Middle town, Orange town, Orange County, N. Y., Nov. 7, 1798: died at Brooklyn, N. Y., Feb. 7, 1876. An American admiral. He served in the War of 1812, and in the Algerine and Mexican wars, and com- manded the expedition to the Hatter as forts in Aug., 1861. Ströbeck (strė'bek). A small village in the province of Saxony, Pru ia, near Halberstadt. Its inhabitants are renowned for their skill as che -players. Stroma (stro'mä). A small island of Scotland, situated in Pentland Firth between Caithne and the Orkneys. Stromboli (strom'bō-lē). One of the Lipari Isl- ands, north of Sicily: famous for its constantly dogmatics and church hist i och i app one pensioned, and soon driven from the place. He lived thereafter at Stuttgart, Darmstadt, and elsewhere. He miles west of Kirkwall. sought to prove that the gospel history is mythical in active volcano (height, 3,038 feet). Stromne (strom-nes'). A seaport on the western coast of Mainland, Orkney Islands, 13 Strömö (stre'mė). The chief one of the Faroe character. his works are "Das Leben ("Life of Jesus," 1835), "Die christliche Glaubenslehre, etc." Islands. ("Christian Doctrine of Belief," 1840–41), biographies of Schubart (1849), Märklin (1851), Frischlin (1855), Ulrich von Hutten (1858-60), Reimarus (1862), Voltaire (1870), "Das Leben Jesu für das deutsche Volk" (1864), "Der alte und der neue Glaube" ("The Old and the New Be lief," 1872), and controversial works. Strau , Eduard. Born at Vienna, Feb. 14, 1835. An Austrian composer of dance-music, son of Johann Strau (1804-49). In 1870 he became conductor of the court balls. He has composed more than 200 pieces of dance-music. Strau , Johann. Born at Vienna, March 14, 1804: died there, Sept. 25, 1849. An Austrian composer and conductor, famous for his dance music. In 1826 he became the conductor of a small orchestra at Vienna, which gave succe ful concerts, and he was engaged for six years at the "Sperl." The band was finally enlarged to 200 members, out of which a selection was made of a certain number who played music of the highest cla . He now began a series of tours, appearing for the first time in England in 1838. He raised dance-music (of which he composed about 250 pieces) to a high level. Strau , Johann. Born at Vienna, Oct. 25, 1825. An Austrian composer, son of Johann Strau (1804-49). He composed nearly 400 pieces of dance-music, among them the waltz "An der schönen blauen Donau" ("By the Beautiful Blue Danube"). Among his operettas are "Indigo, oder die vierzig Räuber" (1871), "Der Karneval in Rom," "Die Fledermaus," "Cagliostro," "Prinz Me thu salem," etc. Strau , Joseph. Born at Vienna, Aug. 22, 1827: died there, July 22, 1870. An Austrian of dance-music, son of Johann Strau (1804-49). He composed about 280 pieces of dance-music. Strömstad (strèm'städ). A small watering place on the southwestern coast of Sweden, near the Norwegian frontier. Strong (strong), Caleb. Born at North amp ton, Ma ., Jan. 9, 1745: died there, Nov. 7, 1819. An American politician, a leading patriot in the Revolution. He was a member of the Constitutional Convention of 1787; Federalist United States senator from Ma achusetts 1789-96; and governor of Ma achusetts 1800-07 and 1812-16. Strong, George Crockett. Born at Stock bridge, Vt., Oct. 16, 1832: died in New York city, July 30, 1863. An American general in the Civil War. He was a staff-officer under McDowell, McClellan, and Butler; and as brigadier-general was mortally wounded in the a ault on Fort Wagner, July 18, 1863. Strong, James. Born at New York, Aug. 14, 1822: died at Round Lake, N. Y., Aug. 7, 1894. An American scholar, acting president of Troy University 1858-61, and profe or of exegetical theology in Drew Theological Seminary, Madison, N. J., from 1868. He was one of the Old Testament revisers, and was a ociated with Dr. J. McClintock in editing the "Cyclopædia of Biblical, Theological, and Ecclesiastical Literature," becoming sole editor after McClintock's death. He has also published "A New Harmony and Exposition of the Gospels" (1852), a "Harmony" in Greek (1854), and various other works, chiefly religious. Strong, James Hooker. Born at Canandaigua, N. Y. April 26, 1814: died at Columbia, S. C., Nov. 23, 1882. An American admiral, dis tinguished as commander of the Monongahela in the battle of Mobile Bay in the Civil War. He was promoted rear-admiral in 1873; commanded the South Atlantic squadron 1873-75; and retired in 1876. Strong, William. Born May 6, 1808: died Aug. Strawberry Hill (str a'beri hil). Horace Walpole's country house, near Twickenham, Surrey. gave Clive a small house near it, which he called 1895 Cliveden, sometimes "Little Strawberry Hill." Streaky Bay (strēki bā). An inlet of the ocean, on the coast of South Australia, in long. 134° E. 19, 1895. An American jurist. He was Democratic member of Congre from Pennsylvania 1847-51; justice of the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania 1857-68; and a ociate justice of the United States Supreme Court 1870-80. He was a member of the Electoral Commi ion in 1877. Street (strēt), Alfred Billings. Born at Pough- Strong bow, Richard. See Clare , Richard de. keepsie, N.Y., Dec. 18,1811: died at Albany, N.Y., Strong Island, or Ualan (wä-län'), or Kusai June 2, 1881. An American poet and author, (kö-si'). An island of the Caroline Archipel State librarian of New York. Among his poems are "The Burning of Schenectady (1842)ma Tintings" (1844), "Fugitive Poems" (1846), "Frontenac" (1849). His other works include "Woods and Waters," on A dir on dack travel (1860), etc. Street, The. A popular name for the part of New York in and near Wall street, famous as a financial center. Strelasund (strā'lä-zönt). The narrow strait which separates Rügen in the Baltic from the mainland of Germany. Strelitz. See Neustrelitz . Strelna (stral'nä). A Ru ian royal palace, situated on the Gulf of Finland 12 miles west southwest of St. Petersburg. Strephon (stref'on). A shepherd, a character in Sir Philip Sidney's "Arcadia." In English poetry it is often a conventional name of a lover. Stretford (stret'ford). A town in Lancashire, England, situated on the Mersey 3 miles southwest of Manchester. Population (1891), 21,751. Stretton (stret'on), Hesba. The pseudonym of Sarah or Hannah Smith, an English novelist and juvenile writer. She has published nearly forty books under this name. Stricker (strik'er), Der. Lived in Austria about 1240. A Middle High German poet. of ago, Pacific Ocean, in lat. 5° 21′ N., long. 163° 1o E. It has an American mi ion. Length, about 10 miles. Strongoli (strong'gō-lē). A small town in the province province of Catanzaro, southern Italy, 36 miles northeast of Catanzaro: the ancient Poetelia. Stronsa (str on'sä), or Stronsay (str on'sā). An island of the Orkneys, Scotland eys, Scotland, northeast of Pomona. Length, 74 miles. Stronsa Firth. An arm of the sea between Stronsa and Pomona. Strontian (str on's hi-an, locally str on-tē'an). A village in Argylls hire, Scotland, situated on Loch Sunart 20 miles north by west of Oban. The metal strontian (found there) was named from it. Strop hades (str of'a-dez). [Gr. Στροφάδες, turning ing islands: see the def.] A group of small islands west of the Peloponnesus, Greece, in lat. 37° 14′ N., long. 21° E.: the modern Strivali or Stamphane. Hither the sons of Boreas were said, in Greek legend, to have pursued the Harpies, and here they turned back from their pursuit (whence the name). Str other (stroTH'er), David Hunter. Born at Martins burg, Va., Sept. 16, 1816: died at Charleston, W. Va., March 8, 1888. An Ameri Stuart can author and artist. Under the pseudonym "Porte Crayon" he contributed to "Harper's Magazine" illustrated articles, chiefly on the South. He was a Federal officer (colonel of cavalry) in the Civil War. Stroud (stroud). A town in Gloucestershire, England, 26 miles northeast of Bristol: famous for its cloth manufactures. Population (1891), 9,818. Strozzi (strot'sē), Bernardo. Born at Genoa, 1581: died at Venice, 1644. An Italian painter, surnamed "I Capuccino" ("The Capuchin') and "Il Prete Genovese" ("The Genoese Priest'). Strudel (strö'del), Der. [G., 'the whirlpool.] A whirlpool in the Danube, near Grein in Upper Austria: formerly very dangerous. Length, 900 feet. Struensee (strö'en-zā), Count Johann Fried rich von. Born at Halle, Germany, Aug. 5, 1737: executed at Copenhagen, April 28, 1772. A German-Danish politician. He was educated as a physician; was appointed physician to Christian VIL of Denmark in 1768; became the favorite of Queen Caroline Matilda (sister of George III. of England), and in 1771 the most influential minister; introduced various reforms; and was overthrown by a conspiracy in 1772. Struldbrugs (struld brugz). An immortal race, inhabitants of Luggnagg, an imaginary land described in "Gulliver's Travels" by Swift. Struma (strömä), or Karasu (kä-rä'sö). A river in Bulgaria and Turkey which flows through Lake Tachyno (the ancient Cerci nites), and empties into the Ægean Sea 50 miles east of Saloniki: the ancient Strymon. Strutt (strut), John William, third Baron Rayleigh. Born Nov. 12, 1842. A noted English physicist. He studied at Trinity College, Cambridge, of which he became a fellow in 1866; was profe or of ex per i mental physics at Cambridge 1879-84; and became profe or of natural philosophy at the Royal Institution in 1888. He has recently discovered a new element, argon, in the atmosphere. Strutt (strut), Joseph. Born in E ex, England, Oct. 27, 1742: died at London, Oct. 16, 1802. An English engraver and antiquary. He published "The Regal and Ecclesiastical Antiquities of England" (1773), "Horda-Angel-Cynnan" (1774), "The Chronicle of England" (1777-79), "Biographical Dictionary of Engravers" (1785-86), "Complete View of the Dre and Habits of the People of England" (1796-99), "Sports and Pastimes of the People of England" (1801). Struve (strö've), Fried rich Georg Wilhelm von. Born at Altona, Germany, April 15, 1793: died at St. Petersburg, Nov. 23, 1864. A noted German-Ru ian astronomer, director of the Dorpat observatory 1817, and afterward (18391862) of the Pulkowa observatory. He is especially noted for his researches on double stars, and for his work in geodesy. He published "Stellarum duplicium mensuræ micrometricæ" (1837), "Stellarum fixarum, imprimis compos it arum posit i ones med iæ" (1852), "Are du mé ridien entre le Danube et la Mer Glaciale" (1861), etc. Struve, Gustav von. Born at Munich, Oct. 11, 1805: died at Vienna, Aug. 21, 1870. A German republican agitator. He took an active part in the revolutionary movements in Baden 1848-49, and published works on politics, history, etc. Struve, Otto Wilhelm von. Born at Dorpat, Ru ia, May 7, 1819. A Ru ian astronomer, son of F. G. W. von Struve, and his succe or as director of the Pulkowa observatory. He has discovered about 500 double stars and a satellite of Uranus, and has published important researches on comets, nebulæ, Saturn, etc. Stryj (strē). A river in Galicia, Austria Hungary, which joins the Dniester 31 miles southeast of Lemberg. Length, over 100 miles. Stryj, or Stry (stre). A town in Galicia, Austria-Hungary, situated on the river Stryj 39 miles south of Lemberg. It was nearly destroyed by fire in 1886. It has cattle-markets. Population (1890), commune, 16,515. Strymon (strī'mon). [Gr. Στρυμών .] The ancient name of the Struma. Strymonicus Sinus (str i-mon'i-kus si'nus). In ancient geography, an arm of the Egean Sea, on the coast of Macedonia, east of the peninsula of Chalcid ice: the modern Gulf of Conte a. Strype (strip), John. Born at Stepney, near London, Nov. 1, 1643: died at Hackney, Dec. 11, 1737. An English biographer and histori cal writer. He was educated at St. Paul's School and at Cambridge, and in 1669 was made perpetual curate of They don-Bois in E ex. His works fill 13 folio volumes. They include "Memorials of Archbishop Cranmer" (1694), "Annals of the Reformation in England" (1709-31), an edition of Stow's "Survey of London" (1720), "Ecclesiastical Memorials" (1721), and lives of Sir Thomas Smith, Aylmer, Cheke, Grindal, Matthew Parker, and Whitgift. Stuart, or Stewart, or Steuart (stü'ärt). A royal family of Scotland and England. It was descended from a family which for several generations held the office of high steward of Scotland (whence the name). Walter, the sixth high steward, married Margaret, Stuart daughter of Robert Bruce, and on the death of Margaret's brother David II. in 1871, the only child of this marriage succeeded as Robert II. The Stuart sovereigns of Scot land were Robert II., Robert III., James I., James II., James III., James IV., James V., Mary Queen of Scots, and James VI. James IV. married Margaret, daughter of Henry VII. of England, and on the failure of direct heirs at the death of Elizabeth, the last of Henry VIII.'s descendants, in 1603, James VI. of Scotland, Margaret's great grandson, succeeded to the of England as The Stuart sovereigns of England and Scotland jointly were James I., Charles I., Charles II., James II., Mary (consort of William III.), and Anne. Stuart (stu'ärt), Arabella. Born about 1575: died in the Tower of London, Sept. 27, 1615. A daughter of Charles Stuart, earl of Lennox (younger brother of Darnley), and cousin of James L. She was the next heir after James to both the English and Scottish crowns. "Lady Margaret Douglas, the mother of Darnley and his brother, having been the daughter of Archibald, sixth earl of Angus, by Margaret, queen dowager of James IV., James VI. (I. of England) was thus nearest heir of the junior English branch by a double descent, Arabella Stuart being next heir by a single descent," ( Encyc . Brit . ) Sir Walter Raleigh was accused of a plot to place her on the throne in 1603, She by James in consequence. married William Seymour in 1610, and was imprisoned Stuart, Charles Edward. See Charles Ed ward Louis Philip Casimir . Stuart, Gilbert. Born at Narragansett, R. I., 1755: died at Boston, July 27, 1828. A noted American portrait-painter. He was a pupil of West in London, and settled in the United States in 1793. He painted five whole-lengths and a number of other portraits of Washington, and also portraits of John Adams, J. Q. Adams, Jefferson, Madison, Story, Ames, Astor, etc. Of his portraits of Washington the so-called "Athenæum head," and its pendant the portrait of Mrs. Washington, were painted at German town, and were bought from Stuart's widow by the Washington A ociation and other gentlemen, who presented them to the Boston Athenæum in 18:31. Stuart copied them for General Washington, according to the statement of his daughter, keeping the originals by agreement, The "Gibbs Washington" is also in the same institution. Excellent specimens of his work are to be found in the Boston Museum of Fine Arts and the New York Historical Society, the latter including the portrait of Egbert Benson, painted in 1807. His great est works are the portraits of Judge Stephen Jones and of F. S. Richards of Boston. His best work in England is a portrait of Mr. Grant of Congalton skating, exhibited as a Gains borough in 1878. Stuart, Henry Benedict Maria Clement. Born at Rome, 1725: died at Frascati, Italy, July 13, 1807. A son of the Old Pretender. He was created cardinal in 1747, and a umed the title of Henry IX. of England on the death of his brother (the Young Pretender) in 1788. Stuart, James, second Earl of Murray or Moray. Born 1533: killed Jan. 21, 1570. Regent of Scotland: illegitimate son of James V. of Scotland and Margaret, daughter of Lord Erskine. At the age of 5 he was made prior of St. Andrews; and at 15 he routed an English force on the Fife coast. He Joined Knox on his return, and became the chief adviser of Mary Stuart on her acce ion. In 1562 he was created earl of Mar. Resigning this earldom, he was created earl of Murray or Moray. He opposed the Darnley marriage, and was outlawed. On the abdication of Queen Mary at Lochleven he was made regent. He defeated the queen at Lang side, and was murdered by one of her followers, Hamilton of Both well haugh, Stuart, James. Born at London, 1713: died Feb. 2, 1788. An English antiquarian, called "A then i an Stuart." He began, with Revett, "Antiquities of Athens" (1762: completed1816). Stuart, James Ewell Brown. Born in Patrick County, Va., Feb. 6, 1833: died at Richmond, Va., May 12, 1864. A Confederate cavalry general. He graduated at West Point 1854; was distinguished at the first battle of Bull Run; became the leading cavalry officer in the Army of Northern Virginia; conducted a raid around McClellan's army June, 1862; served in the Seven Days' Battles; captured Pope's camp and Mana as Junction Aug., 1862; was distinguished at Antietam and elsewhere in the invasion of Maryland; later in 1862 made a raid into Pennsylvania; commanded the extreme right at Fred ericks burg; succeeded Jackson as corps com mander at Chancellorsville; commanded a large cavalry force in the Gettysburg campaign; was distinguished further operations of 1863-64; and was mortally wounded at the battle of Yellow Tavern, near Richmond. Stuart, James Francis Edward, Prince of Wales: also called the Chevalier de St. George and the Old Pretender. Born at St. James's Palace, June 10, 1688: died at Rome, Jan. 1, 1766. Son of James II. of England and Mary of Modena. Suspicion was aroused by the circumstances of his birth, and it was believed by many that a fraud had been perpetrated: but that he was the child of the king and queen there is no doubt. When his father fled from the kingdom, the child was sent to France. He was proclaimed king of England (James III.) and Scotland (James VIII.) by Louis XIV. in Sept., 1701; made an unsucce ful attempt to invade Scotland with a French force in 1708; served in the French army, distinguishing himself at Oudenarde and Malplaquet; countenanced the unsucce ful Jacobite rising in Scotland in 1715, appearing there in person in the latter part of that year; and was driven out early in 1716. He soon retired to Rome. Stuart, John, third Earl of Bute. Born 1713: died March 10, 1792. An English statesman. He became a secretary of state in 1761, and was prime minister from May, 1762, to April, 1763. He was extremely unpopular. During his administration occurred the cap ture of Havana and of Manila, and the peace of Paris. Styria 3, 1765. An English antiquarian. He published some 20 works on the antiquities of England. Stundists (stön'dists). [ Bute. Stuart, John Mac Don all. Born 1818: died 1866. An Australian explorer. He conducted expeditions 1858-62, traversing Australia from south to north 1862. Stuart, Matthew, Earl of Lennox. Born in Scotland, 1510: died at Stirling, Sept. 4, 1571. bald, earl of Angus, and the queen dowager Margaret, marriage of Lord Darnley, his elder son, and Mary Stuart. He a isted in the imprisonment of the queen at Lochleven Castle in 1567, and was elected regent July 12, 1570. Stuart, Moses. Born at Will on, Conn., March 26, 1780: died at And over, Ma ., Jan. 4, 1852. An American philologist and theologian. He graduated at Yale în 1799; was a Congregational clergyman at New Haven 1806-10; and was profe or of sacred liter a ture in And over Theological Seminary 1810-48. His chief works are "Grammar of the Hebrew Language without Points" (1813), "Grammar of the Hebrew Language with Points" (1821), "Commentary on the Epistle to the Hebrews" (1827-28), "Hebrew Chrestomathy" (1829), "Commentary on the Epistle to the Romans" (1832), "Grammar of the New Testament Dialect" (revised edition 1834), "Hints on the Prophecies," "Philological View of Modern Doctrines of Geology," "Critical History and Defense of the Old Testament Canon" (1845), commentaries on the Apocalypse (1845), Daniel (1850), Ecclesiastes (1851), Proverbs (1852). He wrote also translations of German works, including Greek and Hebrew grammars. Stuart Island. A small island in Bering Sea, near the western coast of Alaska. Stubai Alps (stö'bi alps). A group of mountains in Tyrol, sometimes included in the Ötzthaler Alps. Stubaithal (stö'bi-täl). An Alpine valley in Tyrol, southwest of Innsbruck, famous for its sublime scenery. Stubbs (stubz), George. Born 1722: died 1806. An English anatomist and painter of horses. He went to Italy to study in 1751. In 1776 he published his celebrated work on equine anatomy. In 1778 he was made an a ociate of the Royal Academy, and a full member in 1781. Stubbs, William. Bornat Knaresborough, England, June 21, 1825. A distinguished English historian. He studied at Oxford (Christ Church), graduating in 1848. He was appointed regius profe or of modern history at Oxford in 1866, curator of the Bodleian Library in 1868, canon of St. Paul's in 1879, and bishop of Chester in 1884, and was translated to the see of Oxford in 1889. He is the author of "The Constitutional History of England in its Origin and Development" (1874-78), "The Early Plant a genets" (1876: "Epochs of Modern History" series), and "Seventeen Lectures on the Study of Mediæval and Modern History and Kindred Subjects" (1886); and has edited Benedict of Peter borough's "Gesta Regis Henrici Secundi Benedict i Abbatis: Chronicles of the Reigns of Henry II. and Richard I., 1169-92" (1867), "Select Charters and other Illustrations of English Constitutional History, from the Earliest Times to the Reign of Edward the First" (1870), "Memoriale Fratris Walter i de Coventria: The Historical Collections of Walter of Coventry: Edited from the MS. in the Library of Corpus Christ i College, Cambridge" (1872-73), "Memorials of St. Dunstan, Archbishop of Canterbury" (1874), "Radulfi de Diceto Decani Lud on i ens is Opera Historic a: The Historical Works of Master Ralph de Diceto, Dean of London" (1876), "The Historical Works of Gervase of Canterbury: Vols. I and II, The Chronicle of the Reigns of Stephen, Henry II., and Richard I. By Gervase, the Monk of Canterbury" (1879-80), "Chronicles of the Reign of Edward. I and Edward II." (1882-83), Students, The. A play printed in 1762, said by Genest to be "profe edly 'Love's Labour 's Lost' adapted to the stage," but it does not Stuhlwei enburg (stöl-vis's en-börg), Hung. Székes-Fehérvár (sa'kesh-fe'har-vär). The capital of the county of Stuhlwei enburg, Hungary, 37 miles southwest of Budapest: the Roman Alba regia or Alba regal is. It was the place of coronation of the kings of Hungary from the 11th to the 16th century, and was held by the Turks (with one interruption, 1601-02) from about 1543 to 1688. It has a cathedral. Population (1890), 27,548. Stukeley (stūk'li), Sir Thomas. Born at Lon- don about 1520: died at Alcazar-Quivir (Alca- zar), Aug. 4, 1578. A younger son in an old Devons hire family, who, after a life of adven- ture, died in the company of three kings on the battle-field of Alcazar. Peele made him the hero of his play "The Battle of Alcazar" (acted in 1588). Stukeley (stük'li), William. Born at Hol- beach, beach, Lincoln shire, Nov. 7, 1687: died March Leipsic in May, 1896. A German pastor and lyric poet. He published "From me Lieder," etc. Sturm und Drang (störm önt dräng). [G., 'storm and stre . A period in German literature (about 1770-80) noted for the impetuosity of thought and style of the younger writers: so named from Klinger's drama "Sturm und Drang." Among the representatives of this movement were Her der, Goethe (in "Werther"), Basedow, Klinger, Lenz, etc. Sturt (stert), Sir Charles. Died at Cheltenham, England, June 16, 1869. An English explorer in Australia. He discovered the Darling River in 1828, and the Murray River and Lake Alex and rin a 18301831, and conducted an expedition into the interior 1844-45. Sturt, Mount. [Named from Sir Charles Sturt.] A mountain of the Gawler Range, South Australia, south-southwest of Lake Gairdner. Stutly (stut'li), Will. A character in the Robin Hood cycle of English legend. Stuttgart (stöt'gärt). The capital of Würtemberg, situated on the Nesenbach, near the Neckar, in lat. 48° 46′ N., long. 9° 11′ E. It is the leading city in south Germany in the busine of book-publishing, and has manufactures of chemicals, dyes, musical instruments, drugs, sugar, etc. The new royal palace, begun in 1746, surrounds three sides of a square, and contains finely proportioned and decorated apartments with some good modern paintings and sculptures. The old palace, adjoining, is of the 16th century: it has cylindrical angle towers, and a picturesque arcaded court. Stuttgart also contains a noted academy of music, a royal library (of over 500,000 volumes), and an art museum. It was made the capital of all Würtemberg lands in 1482, and has developed rapidly in the present century. It was the seat of the "Rump Parliament" in 1849. Population (1890), 139,817. Stuyvesant (sti've-sant), Peter. Born in Holland, 1602: died at New York in Aug., 1682. The last Dutch governor of New York. He served in the West Indies; was for a time governor of Curaçao; and returned to the Netherlands in 1644. He was appointed director-general of New Netherlands in 1646, arriving at New Amsterdam in 1647. He conciliated the Indians; arranged a boundary line with the English colonists at Hartford in 1650; dismi ed a convention demanding popular reforms in 1653; took po e ion of the colony of New Sweden in 1655; was compelled to surrender the colony to the English in Sept., 1664; and sailed for the Netherlands in 1665, but returned and lived on his farm, the "Bouwerij" (Bowery), New York. Styles (stilz), Tom or John. A fictitious name formerly used by lawyers in actions of eject ment. Stylites. See Simeon Stylites. Stymphalides (stim-fal'i-dēz). [Gr. Στυμφα λίδες .] In Greek legend, a flock of fierce birds near Lake Stymphalus. They had brazen claws, beaks, and wings, and could discharge their own feathers like arrows. To kill them was one of the labors of Hercules. Stymphalus (stim-fa'lus). [Gr. Στύμφαλος.] In ancient geography, a district and lake in the northeastern part of Arcadia, Greece, near Mount Cyllene. Styr (ster). A river in Galicia and western Ru ia which joins the Pripet about lat. 52′ N. Length, about 250 miles. Styria (stir'i-ä). [G. Steiermark or Steyer mark , F. Styrie .] A crownland and titular duchy of the Cisleithan division of Austria-Hungary, bounded by Upper Austria and Lower Austria on the north, Hungary on the east, Croatia and Carniola on the south, Carinthia on the south and west, and Salzburg on the west. Capital, Gratz. It is divided into Upper Styria in the north and Lower Styria in the south. The surface is generally mountainous (the Alps, including the Styrian Alps and the Karawanken), and is traversed by the Mur and Drave: the Save is on its southern frontier. It is rich in agricultural products, has great mineral wealth (iron and coal, lead, zinc, also salt, etc.), and has important manufactures of iron and iron and steel articles. The prevailing religion is Roman Catholic. About two thirds of the inhabitants are Germans, about one third Slovenes. Styria has 23 members in the Reichsrat, and a Landtag of 63 members. The ancient inhabitants were the Celtic Taurisci. The country was a part of ancient Noricum and Pannonia. The Wends settled in it in the 6th century. It was conquered by Charles the Great; was erected from a margravate in touch a boosted the s burgs since 1282. It was several times invaded by the etc. in 1192; of Haps people. Together they were crushingly defeated by the Franks under Clovis. Subsequently the Suevi were settled about the head waters of the Danube, where their name is still preserved in Swabia (Schwaben). The Suevi who settled in Spanish Galicia in the 5th century were po ibly the Semnones. Styria which is considered to be of a peculiarly noxious char Raw lins on, Herod., III. 457, note. acter.