Jahde

See Jade. Jahde Jahn (yän), Otto. Born at Kiel, Pru ia, June 16, 1813: died at Göttingen, Pru ia, Sept. 9, 1869. A distinguished German philologist, archæologist, and musical and art critic, profe or at Leipsic 1847-51, and at Bonn 1855-69. He published Telephus und Troilus" (1841), "Die hellenische Kunst" (1846), editions of Latin and Greek cla ics, a life of Mozart (1856-59), etc. Jaihun (ji-hön'). The Persian name of the Oxus. Jaimini (jī'mi-ni). A Hindu saint and philosopher, said to have been the pupil of Vyasa, to have received from him the Samaveda, and to have founded the Purvamimansa school of • Hindu philosophy. Jainas (ji'näz), or Jains (jīnz). [From Skt. jin a , the victorious one.] A Hindu sect which numbers about 380,000, at least half of whom They the follow are in the Bombay Presidency Burrello the 'awakened.' A Jina is a sage who has reached omnis cience, and who comes to reestablish the corrupted law. There have been 24 Jinas, as Buddha had 24 predece ors. They succeeded each other at immense intervals, their stature and term of life always decreasing. Like the Buddhas, the Jinas became deities. They have godde es, Sha san a dev is, who execute their commands. Their images, sometimes colo al, especially in the Deccan, are numerous in the sanctuaries, which are almost all of a distinctive and elegant type. Next to the Jinas rank their immediate disciples, the Ganadharas, worshiped as guardian saints, and many deities borrowed from the Hindu pantheon, but who do not share the regular cultus. This cultus is akin to the Buddhist in having the same offerings and acts of faith and homage. Both use little bells. In both women have the same rights as men, and both practise confe ion, value pilgrimages, and devote four months of the year especially to fasting, reading their Scriptures, and meditation. The Jainas, like the Buddhists, reject the Veda as corrupt, to which they oppose their own Angas as the true Veda. They have no sacerdotal caste. They observe the rules.of caste among themselves, but without attaching to them religious significance. They have promoted literature and science, especially astronomy, grammar, and romantic literature. Like the Buddhists they are divided into a clerical body and a lay (Yatis, 'ascetics, and Shravakas, 'hearers'), but the monastic system is le developed. They have two principal sects: the Shvetambaras, 'having 'those having the itements, and the Dig am bar as sed to both clergy and laity. The first have the highest rank, but the second are more ancient. Both sects go back perhaps to the 5th century A.D. They are rather rivals than enemies. Another division is that into Northern and Southern Jainas, which, originally geographical, has extended to the canon and the entire body of traditions and usages. The Digambara Yatis now practise nudity only at their meals when these are taken in common. No Hindu sect is more rigorous in respect for from thing through the southern i as frequently practised religious suicide in the middle ages. The general doctrine of the Jainas is nearly like that of the Buddhists. They are atheists. The world is eternal. They deny the po ibility of a perfect being existing from all eternity. The Jina became perfect. As the Buddhists have their Adibuddha, the Jainas have also returned to a sort of deism in their Jinapati, a supreme Jina. Beings are animate and inanimate. Animate beings are composed of soul and body, and their souls are eternal-a point of deviation from Buddhism. Not existence but life is evil to the Jainas, and Nirvana is to them not annihilation, but entrance into endle ble edne . The Jina reveals the means, the Triratna, the 'three jewels, perfect faith in the Jina, perfect knowledge of his doctrine, perfect conduct. The parallelism of Buddhist and Jaina doctrine and usage extends also to the traditions in so many points that some have believed Vardhamana or Mahavira, 'the great hero,' the Jina of the present age, to be identical with Gautama; but Bühler thinks he has discovered data which prove that Mahavira was a real personage, distinct from Gautama, whose real name was Nirgrantha Jnatiputra, i. e. the ascetic of the Jnatis, a Rajput tribe. Still Jainism must, in view of the affiliation of its doctrines, be regarded as a sect that took its rise in Buddhism. The Scriptures of the Shvetambara Jainas are comprised in 45 works, in 6 groups, collectively called Agamas, and written in a Prakrit dialect called Ardhamagadhi; those of the Dig am bar as are in Sanskrit, and still little known. Jaintia Hills. See Khasi and Jaintia Hills . Jaipur. See Jeypore . Laral- tai Jais (jā'is). [Ar. al - taïs , the goat.] The third magnitude star & Drac on is: the "Nodus secund us" of the old catalogues. Jaisalmir, or Jaysalmir (ji-sal-mēr'), or Jes almir (jes him and learned of him. Jajce. See Jayce . IMG:content-0631.png:[blocks in formation] Jakob (yä'kop), Ludwig He in rich von. Born Jambavat (jäm'ba-vat). In Hindu legend, the at Wettin, near Halle, Pru ia, Feb. 26, 1759: chief of the bears who with the monkeys were died at Lauchstadt, near Merseburg, Pru ia, allies of Rama in his invasion of Lanka. July 22, 1827. A German philosopher and po- Jambres. See Jannes. Halle 1791-1807, and of political economy at Kharkoff in 1807, and at Halle 1816-27. He wrote "Grundri der allgemeinen Logik" (1788), "Lehrbuch der Nationalökonomie" (1805), etc. Jalalabad. See Jelalabad . Jalal uddin Rumi (ja-lâl öd-dēn' rö-mē'). Born at Balkh, 1207. A Persian poet. His father was the founder of a college at Iconium, to the direction of which his son succeeded after studies at Aleppo and Damascus. The great work of Jalal uddin is the Mesnevi, Jalandhar (jul'an-dhar), or Jullunder (jul' lun-der). 1. A division in the Panjab, British India. Area, 12,571 square miles. Population (1881), 2,421,881.-2. A district in the Jalan dhar division, intersected by lat. 31° 20′ N., long. 76° E. Area, 1,433 square miles. Pop- ulation (1891), 907,583.-3. The capital of the division and district of Jalandhar, 75 miles east by south of Lahore. Population (1891), 66,202. Jalapa, or Xalapa (Hä-läpä), Aztec Xalapan. [See the extract below.] The capital of the state of Vera Cruz, Mexico, situated about 60 miles northwest of Vera Cruz. Population (1895), 18,173. Jalapa (meaning 'place of water and sand') was an In- dian town at the time of the Conquest; and because of its position on what, for a long while, was the main road be- tween Vera Cruz and the City of Mexico it early became a place of importance. After the organization of the Repub- lic it was for a time capital of the State of Vera Cruz. Be- tween the years 1720 and 1777 a great annual fair was held here for the sale of the goods brought yearly by the fleet from Cadiz; whence is derived the name Jalapa de la Feria, frequently applied to the city in documents of the last century.