KOO, VI-KYUIN WELLINGTON

(1888), a Chinese statesman; 6. in Shanghai © was educated in various schools in Penihbis the United University. States and ta 909 graduated He from hold China, and, in 1915, was appointed minister to Mexico. In the same year he was appointed minister to the United States, serving until 1922. He served on many commi ions connected with Chin-| ese affairs, and took a prominent part in} the Conference on the Limitation of Armaments. In 1923, he was appointed minister of foreign affairs for the Chinese Republic. He wrote several books on| diplomacy and other subjects. | town, Beideioues Pru ia; ei an e work of Muhammad himself. A ' divine inspiration is claimed for “tt Ro believers more rigid and absolute than the Christian Church has ever claimed for the Bible. The K. for Muhammadans is uncreated, having existed eternally in in the mind of God until it was revealed to Muhammad; the K. therefore, exists Heaven, and that on earth is only a ‘copy.’ Itis composed of chapters, called | Svras, though the exact meaning of the word is uncertain.» It, ‘covers a great | Variety of subjects, and confusion is pro- | duced by the suras having sometimes got | Out of their original order; but even when | this is preserved, change is often abrupt. Muhammad, too, was a mystic rather | than a systematic thinker, so the ‘chaotic’ character (as it has been called) of the | book is not surprising. The K. is fiercely | Monotheistic, and the worship of Christ as Son of God is therefore denounced. The K. attacks Jews more than Christ- | bave come but little into contact. 6 beginning of 29 of the suras certain letters stand, the meaning of which both native and European scholars have endeavored. to discover, but without succe . The | first sura has been called the ‘Lord’s, Prayer’ of Muslims. That portion of the | K. which is concerned with women is the least edifying of the whole. It has been disputed whether Muhammad himself could write—probably he could a little; but his thoughts and revelations were certainly written during his lifetime, | whether by his own hand or another. At his death the K. was both scattered and fragmentary. ‘These were collected, and there was ae ae che the betes were ordered by oe Caliph act i Bs be burnt, and the one was copied by | Zaid. of. Which From go back this all to the existing I. cent. MSS. after (some the Flight) are derived, though sometimes other readings are found. But it is fairly | certain our K.contains no interpolations. Several medieval and modern commentaries exist. province, Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, W. of | White Nile; area, variously estimated at | from 41,000 to 130,000 sq. miles; rolling | plains, 1,300 to 1,900 ft., with isolated peaks rising to 2,600; no rivers; millet, gums; cattle and camels reared; exports gum, hides, ivory, gold. K. belonged in turn to rulers of Senaar, Darfur, Egypt; pa ed under control of reorganized Sudan Government, 1899. Pop. over five millions, including persons of Arab, Turkish, Egyptian, and negro descent. 127° 40’ E.), peninsular country, E. coast of Asia; lies between Yellow Sea and Sea of Japan. Surface is mountainous, traversed from N. to S. by range which rises to height of over 8,000 ft.; drained by Han, Tai-dong in W., Yalu, Tumen in N., and other streams. Chief towns, mate of great extremes; there is a summer rainfall. See Map of Asia. Principal industry is agriculture; about 5,600,000 acres are under cultivation, but agricultural methods are extremely primitive. Korea produces rice, wheat, and other grains, tobacco, cotton, cattle. There is some whale-fishing, and many small fishing colonies are around shores. Minerals include gold, which is extensively worked, coal, copper, iron, graph its, mica. Exports are cereals, gold, ginseng, hides, cattle. Railway mileage, Religions are ancestor worship and Con fuci an ism; Buddhism fs not now important, and there are many converts to Chirstianity. The inhabitants, besides Koreans themselves, include Chinese, Japanese, Americans, British, French, Germans. Area, c. 84,000 sq. In early times Korea included three independent kingdoms which, owing to Chin. influence, attained considerable degree of civilization. After various vici itudes, Korea became an independent kingdom in X. cent.; overrun by Mongols under Jenghiz and Kublai Khan in X1i1i, cent.; came under suzerainty of Ming emperors of China in XIV. cent.; invaded and ravaged by Japanese in 1592-8, since when it has been subject of continual dispute between China and Japan. In 1894, Chinese-Jap. War broke out, which resulted in defeat of Chinese, and proclamation of Korean independence. In 1904, occured Ru o-Jap. War, at end of which Japan obtained formal recognition of her right to control Korean affairs. In 1907, Emperor of Korea abdicated, and in 1910, the country was annexed to Jap. empire. Administered by gov.-gen., who represents Japan. feudatory state, India. Pop. 37,000.