Hosius (ho's hi-us), or Osius (o's hi-us)

Died in Spain about 358. A bishop of the early Christian church in Spain. He was appointed to the see of Cordova about 300, and in 324 was sent by Const an tine the Great to Alexandria, with a view to composing the difficulties between Alexander and Arius. He is said by some to have drawn up the symbol of faith adopted at the Coun cil of Nice in 325. Hosius (hō'sē-ös), Stanislaus. Born at Cracow, May 5, 1504: died near Rome, Aug. 5, 1579. Á Polish cardinal, a leading opponent of Protestant ism in Poland. Hosmer (hos'mer), Harriet G. Born at Water town, Ma ., Oct. 6, 1830. An American sculptor. She studied with Stevens on of Boston, and (anatomy) in the School of Medicine at St. Louis. In 1852 she went to Rome, and studied with Gibson. After 2 years she produced busts of "Daphne" and "Medusa." Among her best-known works are "Enone" (1855), "Zenobia in Chains" (1859), "The Sleeping Faun" (1867), "The Wak ing Faun," "Be at rice Cenci," "Puck" (1885). The foun tain in Central Park, New York, is by her. Houdin in Paris, of great size, burned by the Commune in 1871, but carefully restored and much enlarged. The original structure was begun in 1533 by an Italian, Domenico da Cortona: this is represented by the central part of the existing façade, which offers a picturesque combination of the Italian and French Renai ance styles. It is of 2 stories, flanked by pavilions a story higher, all with high hip-roofs, and surmounted by a high openwork central tower. The exterior is adorned with much sculpture. The rooms of state display splendid sculptures and wall paintings by the most distinguished contemporary artists. Hotho (hōtō), He in rich Gustav. Born at Berlin, May 22, 1802: died there, Dec. 24, 1873. A German historian of art, appointed profe or at the University of Berlin in 1829. He was director of the collection of prints in the Royal Museum from 1859. He wrote "Geschichte der deutschen und niederländischen Malerei" (1840-43), "Die Malerschule Huberts van Eyck" (1855-58), "Geschichte der christ lichen Malerei " (1867-72), etc. Hot Springs (hot springz). A town and water dermatt. Hospitalers of St. John of Jerusalem, Order of the. A body of military monks, which took its origin from an earlier community, not military in character, under whose auspices a hospital and a church had been founded in Jerusalem. Its military organization was perfected in the 12th century. After the retaking of Jerusalem by the Moslems, these knights defended Acre in vain, took shelter in Cyprus, and in the 14th century occupied the island of Rhodes. In 1522 the island of Rhodes was seized by the Turks, and the knights, after some wanderings, had po e ion given them of Malta, the government of which island they administered until it was occupied by Napoleon in 1798. The badge of the order was the cro of 8 points, without any central disk, and consisting in fact of 4 barbed arrowheads meeting at their points-the well-known Maltese cro . This is modified in modern times, with slight differences for the different nations in which branches of the order have survived. At different times the order has been called officially Knights of Rhodes and Knights of Malta. It maintains to the present day a certain independent existence. The most famous grand master of the order was La Valette, who succe fully defended Malta against the Turks in 1565. That branch of the order called the bailiwick of Brandenburg was revived and recognized as a separate order by the King of Pru ia in 1852. The dormant langue of England was revived 1827-31, and is again located at St. John's Gate, Clerkenwell. Hot can gar a. See Winnebago . Hôtel de Cluny (ō-tel' de klü-ne'). The palace, in Paris, of the Abbots of Cluny in Burgundy, built in the 15th and 16th centuries, and now a museum of medieval and Renai ance decorative art. It is a picturesque example of the late Pointed style, with towers, square mullioned windows, high roofs, and tracery-framed dormers. The little chapel is elaborately ornamented. The palace occupies the site of a Roman palace a igned to Constant i us Chlorus. Of this the baths survive in part, notably the vaulted frigidarium, 374 by 65 feet and 59 high, and decorated with rostra. Hôtel de Rambouillet (dė ron-bö-yā'). A famous house in Paris, on the Rue St. Thomas du Louvre. It was destroyed together with the street when the Louvre was finished. It was originally the Hôtel Pisani, the residence of the father of Madame Rambouillet. It was noted as being the center of a literary and exclusive circle out of which afterward grew the French Academy. This salon was instituted about 1615 by the Marquise de Rambouillet, who was shocked by the puerile and immoral society of the period. The women a umed the title of "Les précieuses," and proposed to devulgarize the French language. The men called themselves "Esprits doux." had a vocabulary of their and called all things by uncommon names. They also had a conventional language out of which Saumaise composed his "Dictionnaire des précieuses." Richelieu, Bo uet, Corneille, Des cartes, La Roc he fou cauld, Balzac, Madame de Sévigné, and others were members of this coterie, and it exerted a good influence. Pedantry and affectation, however, in creased, and the gatherings declined in interest, and never recovered from the irony of Molière in "Les précieuses ridicules" and "Les femmes savantes," though it was only the extravagances of a few that he attacked. La Bruyère also took occasion to quarrel with them. Hôtel des In vali des (ō-tel' da zań-vä-lēd'). A great establishment founded in 1670 at Paris for disabled and infirm soldiers. The monumental façade, about 650 feet long, has 3 stories, and is adorned with military trophies and an equestrian statue of Louis XIV. The interior po e es halls adorned with interesting military paintings, and contains the Musée d'Artillerie, which includes a remarkable collection of medieval and Renai ance armor., The Church of the In vali des consists of 2 parts the Eglise St. Louis and the Dôme, since 1840 the mausoleum of Napoleon I. The nave of the former is adorned with captured battle-flags. The Dome was built by J. H. Mansart in 1706. In plan it is a square of 198 feet, surmounted by a gilded dome on a circular drum which is 86 feet in diameter, and with its cro and lantern 344 high. The entrance is adorned with 2 tiers of cla ical columns and a pediment. The tomb of Napoleon is a large monolithic sarcophagus of red granite, placed beneath the dome in an open circular crypt 20 feet deep and 36 in diameter. The walls of the crypt bear allegorical reliefs, and against its 12 piers stand colo al Victories. In alternate intercolumniations are placed 6 trophies, each of 10 flags taken in battle. Hôtel de Ville (ō-tel'dė vēl). Ahistoric building 48 west-southwest of Little Rock. It is noted for its hot springs. Population (1890), 8,086. Hotspur. See Percy , Henry . negro race, but cla es the Hottentot and Bushman There Hottentot-Bushmen (hot'en-tot-bush'men). A South African race. Ethnically Lepsius includes the Hottentots, Bushmen, and Pygmies, with the Bantu, in the languages with the Hamitic family. He derives the Hottentots from Cushitic Hamites blended with Bantu negroes. Generally the Hottentots, Bushmen, and Pygmies are cla ed as one race or two separate races. are striking differences between the Hottentots and the Bushmen in structure and language, but their physical and linguistic kinship seems to be well established. In the Bushmen the distinctive features of the Hottentots with regard to other races are found exaggerated. These peculiar features are (a) the color, that of the Bushmen being brown, that of the Hottentots yellow; (b) the stature, the Hottentots being somewhat shorter than the Bantu, while the Bushmen rank with the Pygmies; (c) the tufty hair; ( d ) the diminutive and broad nose; (e) the perpendicular forehead; (f) the tapering chin with prominent cheek-bones; (9) the wrinkled skin. Intellectually, the Hottentots and Bushmen are fairly gifted. By no people are the Bushmen more ill-treated than by their nearest of kin, the Hottentots. The Hottentots are pastoral; the Bushmen and Pygmies are exclusively given to hunting. The Hottentots are independent, even aggre ive; the Bushmen and Pygmies are timid, and hover, as Helots, on the skirts of the stronger Bantu settlements, which they supply with game. See Khoikhoin, Bushmen, and Africa (with subheadings). Hottentots (hot'n-tots). [Native name Khoi khoin. Hottentot is supposed to be imitative of stammering, stammering, with ref. to the clicking sounds of Hottentot speech.] A nickname given by the first colonists to the natives of the Cape of Good Hope, because of the clicks and other strange sounds of their language. The Hottentots call themselves Khoikhoin, 'the men.' Sometimes this name is used for the Bushmen and Pygmies as well, all three being considered as one race. In this acceptation the name Hottentot-Bushmen (which see) is to be preferred. Hottinger (hot'ting-er), Johann He in rich. Born at Zurich, Switzerland, March 10, 1620: drowned in the river Limmat, near Zurich, June 5, 1667. A Swi Orientalist and biblical scholar. He wrote "Thesaurus philologic us" (1644), "Etymologicum orientale" (1661), etc. Houbraken (hou'brä-ken), Jacobus. Born at Dordrecht, Netherlands, Dec. 25, 1698: died at Amsterdam, Nov. 14, 1780. A Dutch engraver and painter. Houchard (ö-shär'), Jean Nicolas. Born at For bach, Lorraine, 1740: guillotined at Paris, Nov. 16, 1793. A French general. He defeated the Allies at Hondschoote Sept. 6-8, 1793, but was defeated at Court ray Sept. 15. This defeat was the cause of his arrest and execution. Houdan (ö-don'), Luc de. Born at Rennes, 1811: died at Paris, 1846. A French hydrographer. He was a lieutenant in the French fleet in the Rio de la Plata 1840-43, made extended surveys, and published several works on the Plata and Paraná, and on South American hydrography in general. Houdetot (öd-to), Comte e d' (Élisabeth Françoise Sophie de La Live de Bellegarde). Born at Paris, 1730: died Jan. 22,1813. A French lady, known from her intimacy with Rou eau. She is described as Julie in Rou eau's "Nouvelle Héloïse." Houdin (ö-dan'), Jean Eugène Robert. Boru at Blois, France, 1805: died there, June, 1871. A French conjurer and mechanician. He learned the trade of watch-making, but a friendship with a traveling juggler and a love of works on natural magic turned his attention to conjuring. He constructed the most complicated toys and automata, and in 1845 began a series of juggling exhibitions. In 1855 he received the gold medal at Paris for an application of electricity to clocks. In 186, at the request of the French government, he went to Algeria to "hoist with their own petard," if po ible, the priests who were stirring up the people with their tricks In this he was succe ful. He published "Robert Hondin, etc." (1857), "Confidences" (1859), and "Les tricheries des Grecs dévoilées" (1861), exposing gambling cheats. Houdon Houdon (ö-don'), Jean Antoine. Born at Versailles, France, about 1741: died at Paris, July 16, 1828. A noted French sculptor. He won the prix de Rome at the age of nineteen, and remained in Italy 10 years, during the period of Winckelmann and the excavations at Pompeii and Herculaneum. While in Rome he made the famous statue of St. Bruno at Sainte-Marie-des Houston (hus'ton or hous'ton). A city and the capital of Harris County, Texas, situated on Buffalo Bayou 45 miles northwest of Galveston. It is an important railway, commercial, and manufacturing center. Its trade is chiefly in cotton, cotton-oil, sugar, and lumber. It was settled in 1836, and was the temporary capital of the State in 1837. Population (1890), 27,557. Howells of Bull Run and Fair Oaks, a division at the battles of An tietam and Fred ericks burg, and an army corps at Chancellorsville, Gettysburg, Mi ionary Ridge, and Chattanooga; and led the right wing of Sherman's army in the march from Atlanta to the sea. He was chief of the Freedmen's Bureau 1865-74, and was promoted major-general in 1886. He retired in 1894. Howard, Thomas, Earl of Surrey and second of 1771 a statuette of Morphée, which gained him entrance to, the Academy, and soon after he made his famous "Ecorché," reduced copies of which are well known in the drawing-schools. He visited America with Franklin, and resided with Washington at Philadelphia, where he mod eled a bust from which he afterward made his Richmond statue. In 1773 he made busts of Catharine of Ru ia and of Diderot, and in 1775 busts of Turgot and Gluck, and a statue of Sophie Arnould as Iphigenia. In the Salon of 1781 he entered his nude statue of Diana (which was ex cluded), the statue of Tourville, and the famous Voltaire of the Theatre Français. He also made busts of Molière, Rou eau, Franklin, D'Alembert. His bust of Buffon is perhaps his finest work. In the Revolution he was denounced at the tribunal of the Convention for having a statue of a saint in his atelier, and escaped through the presence of mind of a member who declared that the work was a statue of Philosophy. Houghton (hou'ton), Baron. See Milnes , Rich ard Monckton. Houghton-le-Spring (hō'ton-le-spring'). A town in Durham, England, 7 miles northeast of Durham. Population (1891), 6,476. Hougomont (ö-go-môn'). A house near Waterloo, noted for its importance in connection with the battle of Waterloo. Houlgate. See Beuzeval - Houlgate . Hounds ditch (hounz'dich). A district in the east of London, near White chapel, occupied largely by Jews. It is called "Dogs ditch" contemptu ously by Beaumont and Fletcher. Its is a of the old fo which encircled the city, formerly a recept a cle for dead dogs. Hare. Hounslow (hounz'lō). A town in Middle sex, England, 12 miles west by south of St. Paul's. It was formerly an important coaching center. Hounslow Heath. A heath formerly situated west of Hounslow (now inclosed). It was long notorious as a resort of highwaymen. A military camp was formed here by James II. in 1686. Hours, The. See Horæ . Housatonic (hö-sa-ton'ik), or Ousatonic (ö-sat on'ik). A river in the western part of Ma achusetts and Connecticut, flowing into Long Island Sound 13 miles southwest of New Haven. Length, about 150 miles. Household Words. A periodical conducted by Charles Dickens. It first appeared March 30, 1850. House of Fame, The. A poem by Chaucer. The influence of Dante is marked in it, and Lydgate speaks of it as "Dante in English." Its general idea is from Ovid, though the first book follows Vergil. Pope converted it into "The Temple of Fame" in 1715. House of the Faun. See Pompeii . House of Life, The. A series of sonnets by Dante Gabriel Ro etti. Admirable as are his ballads, "The House of Life," recording a personal experience transmuted by the imagination, is Ro etti's highest achievement in verse. There are two other "sonnet-sequences," and only two, in English poetry which can take rank beside it, "The Sonnets of Shakspere" and "Sonnets from the Portuguese."