Long land

See Lang land. VIII. A play with this name was performed at the Fortune Theatre in 1594. The name "Long Meg" has since been given to a number of things of unusual length, par ticularly to a column of red freestone near Penrith, England. It is 15 feet in circumference and 18 feet high, and is supposed to be part of a Druidical temple. Longobardi, Longobards. See Langobardi. Long Parliament. The Parliament which a embled on Nov. 3, 1640, and carried on the civil war. On its showing a disposition to come to terms with the party of Charles I., it was "purged," Dec. 6, 1648, by the expulsion of a large number of its members. It then abolished the House of Lords, and appointed the High Court of Justice which tried and condemned the king. The Parliament was forcibly di olved by Cromwell on April 20, 1653, but was twice restored in 1659, and was finally di olved in March, 1660, after providing for the summoning of a free Parliament. In its later history it was known as the Rump Parliament. Long's Peak (lôngz pēk). A peak in the Rocky Mountains, Colorado, about 45 miles northwest of Denver. Height, 14,270 feet. Long street (lông's trēt), August us Baldwin. Born at August a, Ga., Sept. 22, 1790: died at Oxford, Mi ., Sept. 9, 1870. An American clergyman of the Methodist Episcopal Church, educator, and humorous writer. He is best known from his "Georgia Scenes" (1840). He also wrote "Master William Mitten" (1858), etc. Long street, James. Born in Edge field district, S. C., Jan. 8, 1821. An American general in the Confederate service. He graduated at West Point in 1842; served in the Mexican war; entered the Confederate service with the rank of brigadier-general in 1861; was promoted major-general in the same year; commanded a corps at the second battle of Bull Run; commanded the right wing of Lee's army at Antietam; commanded a corps with the rank of lieutenant-general at Gettysburg; led the left wing at Chick am aug a; unsucce fully attacked Burnside at Knoxville in 1863; and served with distinction in the Wilderne in 1864, and before Richmond 1864-65. He was United States minister to Turkey 1880-81. Long sword (lông'sōrd), Richard. A son of Henry II. Rosamond Clifford has long been said to be his mother. The evidence of Long sword being Rosamund's son is equally untrustworthy, and the fact is discredited by all sound recent historical writers. The name of his true mother is unknown even in early tradition. The argu ment, drawn from the grant made to Long sword by his father, shortly before his death, in 1188, of the manor of Apple by in Lincoln shire, rests on a confusion between that manor and the manor of Apple by in West more land, which was held by Rosamund's family, the Cliff ords, Notes and Queries , 8th ser., III. 293. Long Tom. A 42-pound gun, originally part of the armament of the French line-of-battle ship Hoche, captured by the English 1798, and sold to the Americans. It was used during the French at tack on Haiti in 1804; was dismounted till 1812; and was placed on the General Armstrong, which ran the blockade of the British at New Orleans, Sept. 9, 1814. This ve el ran into the bay near Horta, Fayal, for water after an encounter with a British squadron, in which she was rendered helple . Long Tom was dismantled, and lay at Fayal till it was brought back to New York on the steamship Vega April 18, 1893, through the efforts of Colonel Reid, the son of the commander of the General Armstrong. Long Tom Coffin. See Coffin . Long Tom Indians. See Chelamela . Longton (lông ton). A town in Staff ords hire, England, 34 miles south of Manchester. It has manufactures of pottery, etc. Population(1891), 34,327. Longueville (lông-vēl'), Duche e de (Anne Geneviève de Bourbon-Condé). Born at Vincennes, near Paris, Aug. 28, 1619: died at Paris, April 15, 1679. Sister of the great Condé, and one of the chief leaders of the Fronde. She was afterward a leading Jansenist. Longus (long'gus). [Gr. Λόγγος.] A Greek romancer and sophist, probably of the 5th century A. D.: author of the pastoral romance "Daphnis and Chloe" (which see). Nothing is known of his life, and it is doubtful whether the name "Longus" has been rightly a igned to him. Longus (the grammarian). See Velius Longus . Longuyon (lon-gyôn'). A town in the department of Meurthe-et-Moselle, France, situated at the junction of the Crusne and Chiers, 35 miles northwest of Metz. It has important hardware manufactures. Population (1891), commune, nephew, partner, and succe or of Thomas Long man (1699-1755). Long man, Thomas Norton. Born at London, 1771: died at Hampstead, Aug. 29, 1842. An English publisher, son and succe or of Thomas Long man (1730-97). He published, with Rees, Lardner's and Rees's cyclopædias, Lindley Murray's "English Grammar," and works of Scott, Moore, Macaulay, Words worth, Southey, and others. After 1826 they were sole proprietors of the "Edinburgh Review." Long Meg of Westminster. A name given to a noted scold and procure in the time of Henry Long wood (lông'wud). A farm-house in the interior of the island of St. Helena: the res i dence of Napoleon in his exile. Longwy (lon-we'). A fortified town in the department of Meurthe-et-Moselle, northeastern France, situated on the Chiers 34 miles northwest of Metz. It was besieged and taken by the Pru ians in Aug., 1792, and Sept., 1815, and by the German forces in 1871. Population (1891), commune, 6,978. Lonigo (lō-nē'go). A small town in the province of Vicenza, northeastern Italy, situated on the Gua 19 miles east by south of Verona. Lopez, Carlos Antonio Lönnrot (len'rot), Elias. Born at Sammatti, Nyland, Finland, April 9, 1802: died there, March 19, 1884. A Finnish scholar, one of the founders of modern Finnish literature. He edited the "Kalevala" (1835-49), and collections of Finnish poems, proverbs, and riddles, and published a Finnish Swedish lexicon (1874-80). Lons-le-Saunier (lôn'lė-so-nya'). The capital of the department of Jura, France, situated on the Vallière in lat. 46° 41′ N., long. 5° 33′ E.: the Roman Ledo Salinarius. It contains noted salt springs, and has a museum. It was an ancient Gallic and Roman town. Rouget de l'Isle was born here. PopulaLoochoo (lö-chö'), or Liukiu (lyöʻkyö′), or Riu Kiu (ryö kyö) Íslands. A group of islands southwest of Japan, to which they belong. The chief islands are Okinawa and Oshima. The chief port is Nafa. They were annexed to Japan in 1874. Area, 950 square miles. Population (1893), 410,881. tion (1891), commune, 12,610. Looking Backward: 2000-1887. A story by Edward Bellamy, published in 1888. In it he sets forth his views of the next stage in the industrial and so cial development of humanity." His idea is a pure socialism. Looking-Gla for London and England, A. A play by Lodge and Greene, published in 1594. The plot is the story of Jonah and the Ninevites, with application to London and England. It was probably written about 1590. Lookout (luk'out), Cape. A cape in North Carolina, projecting into the Atlantic Ocean in lat. 34° 37' N., long. 76° 31′ W. Lookout Mountain. A ridge in northwestern Georgia and adjacent parts of Tenne ee and Alabama. It is 1,600 feet above the Tenne ee River. Lookout Mountain, Battle of. A part of the battle of Chattanooga, a Federal victory won by General Grant over the Confederates under Bragg. In the storming of Lookout Mountain, Nov. 24, 1863, the Federals were under the immediate command of Hooker, and advanced up the northern face. Owing to the heavy mist on the mountain-side, the battle is often called "the battle above the clouds.' Loomis (lö'mis), Elias. Born at Willing ton, Conn., Aug. 7, 1811: died at New Haven, Aug. 15, 1889. An American mathematician and physicist. He graduated at Yale in 1830, and was profe or of mathematics at Western Reserve College 1837-44, of natural philosophy at the University of the City of New York 1844-60, and of natural philosophy and astronomy at Yale 1860-89. He published a series of mathematical textbooks, including "Plane and Spherical Trigonometry" (1848), "Elements of Algebra" (1851), "Elements of Geometry and Conic Sections" (1851). Loos (los). A town in the department of Nord, France, immediately west of Lille. Population (1891), commune, 7,924. Loosjes (lōs'yes), Adriaan. Born on the island of Texel in 1761: died at Haarlem in 1818. A Dutch novelist and poet. He was intended, at the outset, for the church, but became a bookseller, a calling which he followed until his death. He wrote the volume of poems "Minnezangen" ("Love Songs," 1783), the epic "De Ruyter" (1784), and a number of dramas. His principal work is, however, his romances. These are the historical novels "Frank van Borselen en Jacoba van Bei jeren" (1790-91), "Charlotte van Bourbon" (1792), "Hugo de Groot en Maria van Rei gers bergen " (1794), "Louise de Colligny" (1803), "Johan de Witt" (1805). They were followed by a series of contemporary character sketches in three parts, under the title "Zedelijke Vertalen" ("Moral Tales," 1804-05). The novel "Historie van Mejnfvrouw Susanna Bronkhorst" ("The History of Mi Susanna Bronkhorst," 1806-07) was in epistolary form. His principal historical novel, "Maurits Lijnslager," was the next to appear (1808). This was followed, finally, by four others: "Hillegonda Buisman"(1808), "Lotgevallen van den Heere R. J. van Golstein" ("The Adventures of Mr. R. J. van Golstein," 1809-10), "Robert Hellemans" (1815), and "Johan Wouter Blommestein" (1816). Lopamudra (lō-pä-mö'drä). In Hindu mythology, a girl whom the sage Agastya formed from the most graceful parts of different animals and introduced into the palace of the King of Vidarbha, who believed her to be his daughter. When she was grown, Agastya, who had formed her that he might have a wife after his own heart, asked her in marriage. Her name is explained as meaning that the animals suffered lo (lop a) by her engro ing of their distinctive beauties (mudra), such as the eyes of the deer. Lope de Rueda. See Rueda . Lope de Vega. See Vega . Lopez (lo'path), Cape. A cape on the western coast of Africa, situated in lat. 0° 36′S., long. 8° 44' E. Lopez (lō'path, locally lõ ́pāz), Carlos Antonío. Born near As unci on about 1795: died there, Sept. 10, 1862. President of Paraguay. He was made first consul March 12, 1841, and from that time was practically dictator. Elected president for 10 years in 1844, he was reëlected for 3 years in 1854, and for 7 years in 1857: but these elections were merely nominal, since Congre simply obeyed his orders. His arbitrary acts caused constant quarrels with foreign nations, and in 1859 the United States sent a squadron to the Plata to enforce demands against him; in this case he offered to submit the question of damages to arbitration, but subsequently evaded the claim. IMG:content-0625.png:[blocks in formation] Lopez, Francisco Solano. Born at As unci on, July 24, 1826 or 1827: died near the Aquidaban, March 1, 1870. A Paraguay an soldier and states- man, son of Carlos Antonio Lopez. On the death of the elder Lopez, Sept. 10, 1862, he a umed the executhe title-page of the edition of 1602. 1870. An American Congregational clergyman, president of Dart mouth College 1828-63. Lord Cromwell. A play once attributed to Shakspere on account of the initials W. S. on Lopez Pacheco Cabrera y Bobadilla (pä-cha- kō kä-brāʼrä ē bō-bä-Thēl'yä), Diego, Duke of Escalona and Marquis of Villena. Died after 1643. A Spanish administrator. He became vice- roy of Mexico Aug. 28, 1640. Owing to his being related to the royal house of Portugal, which at this period sepа- rated from Spain, he was an object of suspicion, and this was increased by his quarrels with the visit a dor Palafox. On June 9, 1642, he was arrested, and soon after sent to Spain. There he cleared himself of all charges, and was appointed viceroy of Sicily. Lopez y Planes (plänes), Vicente. Born at Buenos Ayres, 1784: died there, 1856. An Ar- gentine jurist and politician. He was acting presie Court during the dictatorship of Rosas. After the fall of Rosas he had temporary charge givent him of the govern Lorbrulgrud (lor'brul-grud), The. The capital of Brobdingnag in Swift's "Gulliver's Travels." Lorca (lor'kä). A city in the province of Mur- cia, southeastern Spain, situated on the San- goner a 35 miles southwest of Murcia. It has a castle. Population (1887), 58,327. Lord (lôrd), Nathan. Born at Berwick, Maine, Nov. 28, 1793; died at Hanover, N. H., Sept. 9, Lord of the Isles. A narrative poem by Sir Walter Scott, published in 1814. The scene is laid in Scotland early in the 14th century. Lorel (lõ'rel). In Ben Jonson's "Sad Shepherd," a swineherd, a rustic lover of Earine. There is very beautiful rustic imagery in his part, taken from Ovid's Lorelei, or Loreley (lõ're-li), or Lurlei (lör'li). A dangerous cliff on the Rhine, between St. Goar and Oberwesel, the traditional abode of a river siren. It is the subject of poems by Heine and others, and of operas by Mendel ohn (fragmentary) and Lachner. Height above the Rhine, 430 feet. Lorelei, Die. 1. An opera begun by Mendel ohn in 1847. The words are by Geibel. It has since been composed by Max Bruch (1864).-2. An opera by Lachner, with words by Molitor, pro- duced at Munich in 1846. Lorencez (lō-ron-sa'), Comte de (Charles Fer- dinand Latrille). Born at Paris, May 23, 1814: died in Béarn, April 25, 1892. A French gen- eral. He distinguished himself in the Crime an war, and from April to Nov., 1862, commanded the French army of invasion in Mexico. On May 5 he was repulsed at Puebla. Lorente (lō-ren'te), Sebastian. Born about 1820: died at Lima, Nov., 1884. A Peruvian his tori an. From 1845 he was profe or of history at the Uni- versity of San Marcos. His most important works are "His- toria del Perú" (5 vols. 1860) and "Hist or i a de la Con quist a Lorenz (lõ'rents), Ottokar. Born at Iglau, Moravia, Sept. 17, 1832. An Austrian historian, profe or of history in Vienna from 1862. His works include "Deutsche Geschichte im 13. und 14. Jahr- hundert" (1863-67), with Scherer "Geschichte des Elsa " (1871), etc. Lorenzana y Butron (lō-ren-thä'nä ē bö-tron'), Francisco Antonio. Born in Leon, Spain, Sept. 22, 1722: died at Rome, April 17, 1804. A Spanish prelate and historian. He was bishop of Plasencia 1765; archbishop of Mexico 1766-72; and arch- bishop of Toledo and primate of Spain 1772-1800. In 1789 he became a cardinal. During the French Revolution he protected many banished priests, and by direction of Charles IV. he accompanied and aided the Pope during his French captivity. After 1800 he resided at Rome. His most important works are "Hist or i a de Nueva-España" (1770: founded on the letters of Cortés), and several bool:s (in Latin) on the Mexican ecclesiastical councils. Lorenzo (lō-ren'zō). See Laurence . Lorenzo. 1. A Venetian gentleman in love with Je ica, in Shakspere's "Merchant of Venice."_ 2. The principal character in Shirley's tragedy "The Traitor," the kinsman and favorite of the duke: a subtle and traitorous schemer for the duke's death. Lorenzo de' Medici. See Medici , Lorenzo de. Lorenzo Marques (lō-ran'sö mär'kes). A sea- port in Portuguese East Africa, situated on Del- agoa Bay in lat. 25° 58′ S.; also, the province of which this is the capital. Loreto (lō-rā'tō), or Loretto (lō-ret'tō). A small town in the province of Ancona, eastern Italy, situated on the Musone 13 miles south by east of Ancona. The Chiesa dell a Santa Casa here is a beau- tiful late-Pointed building of 1465, with a Renai ance marble façade and three celebrated bronze doors bearing Old and New Testament reliefs. The three-aisled interior incloses beneath the central dome the Santa Casa, a famous pilgrimage shrine, reputed to be the veritable house of the Virgin, transported by angels from Nazareth and miracu- lously set down in Italy on Dec. 10, 1294. The Santa Casa is 44 feet long, 29 wide, and 36 high; it is incased in marble, with columns and niches, and panels sculptured by Sansovino with scenes from of the in its present form is one of the most beautiful productions of the Renai ance. The interior is disposed as a chapel, and displays the rough masonry of the original structure. Loreto. An inland department of Peru. Area, about 17,000 square miles. Pop. (1876), 61,125. Lorient, or L'Orient (lō-ryon'). A town in the department of Morbihan, France, situated at the entrance of the Scorff and Blavet into the ocean, in lat. 47° 45′ N.. long. 3° 22′ W. It is an important seaport, is strongly fortified, and has a noted dockyard and arsenal. It was developed in the 17th cen- tury when the French East India Company founded their ship-building yards there. It was unsucce fully attacked by the British in 1746. Population (1891), 42,116. Loring (lor'ing), William Wing, called Lor- ing Pasha. Born in North Carolina, 1818: died Dec. 30, 1886. An American soldier. rielowitch Tainoff, Count. Born at Tiflis, Ru ia, Jan. 1, 1826: died at Nice, Dec. 22, 1888. A Ru ian general and statesman, of Armenian descent. He was appointed commander-in-chief of the Ru ian army in Armenia in 1877; was defeated by Mukh- tar Pasha at Zewin and at Guediklar in the same year; stormed Kars in 1877; was created a count in 1878; was appointed governor-general of Kharkoff in 1879; and was minister of the interior 1880-81. Lorme, Marion de. See Delorme . Lormes (lorm). A town in the department of Nièvre, France, 39 miles northeast of Nevers. Population (1891), commune, 2,979. Lorna Doone (lôr'nä dön), a Romance of Ex- moor. A novel by R. D. Black more, published in 1869. IMG:content-0626.png:[blocks in formation] Lorraine, Louis de, third Cardinal of Guise. Born about 1580: died at Saintes, France, June 21, 1621. A French ecclesiastic, son of the third Duke of Guise. Lorraine, or Hapsburg-Lorraine, House of. A royal house descended from Francis of Lor- raine, who became grand duke of Tuscany in 1737, married Maria The res a (the last Haps- burg), and was Holy Roman emperor 1745-65. It furnished thenceforth the emperors, Austrian sovereigns, and rulers of Tuscany. responding nearly to the present departments of those names, together with Hue hue ten an go, San Marcos, Retal- huleu, and Suchitepequez. A constitution was adopted, and Marcelo Molina was elected president, Dec., 1838. The state was recognized by Salvador, and at first by Guatemala, but was destroyed by Carrera in Jan., 1840, and reincorpо- rated with Guatemala. Los Angeles (los an'je-les; Sp. pron. lōs äng' He-les). A city and the capital of Los Angeles County, California, situated on the river Los Angeles in lat. 34° 5' N., long. 118° 13′ W. It is the center of an orange and grape-growing district, and Liberalism at an unlucky juncture, and no repaying con- sequence that I could ever see. But once call my fancy say!" portrait Words worth, and how much more ought one to Lost Tales of Miletus, The. A volume of poems by Bulwer Lytton, published in 1866. Lot (lot). In Old Testament history, the son of Haran and nephew of Abraham, ancestor of Ammon and Moab. IMG:content-0627.png:[blocks in formation] Lötzen (let's en). A town in the province of East Pru ia, Pru ia, 68 miles southeast of Königsberg. Population (1890), 5,272. Loucheux. See Kutch in . way; in Malory's "Morte d'Arthur," a king of Orkney. In the first he marries Anne, sister of Arthur; in the second he marries Margawse, the sister of Arthur. Tennyson makes him the husband of Bell i cent and king of Orkney. Lot (lo). A river in southern France, joining the Garonne at Aiguillon. Length, 300 miles; Lot. A department of southern France, capi- tal Cahors, formed chiefly from the ancient Quercy in Guienne. It is bounded by Corrèze on the north, Čantal and Aveyron on the east, Tarn-et-Garonne on the south, and Lot-et-Garonne and Dordogne on the west. The chief occupation is agriculture. Area, 2,012 square miles. Population (1891), 253,885, Lot (lot), Parson. A pseudonym of the Rev. Charles Kingsley 1848-56. Lot-et-Garonne (lo-ta-gä-ron'). A department of France, capital Agen, formed from parts of the ancient Guienne and Gascony. It is bounded the east, Gers on the south, and Landes and Gironde on the west. It is mainly an agricultural department. Area, 2,067 square miles. Population (1891), 295,360. Lothair (lō-thar') I., G. Lothar (lō'tär), F. Lothaire (lō-tar'). Born about 795: died at Prüm, Pru ia, Sept., 855. Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire 840-855, eldest son of Louis le Débonnaire. On the death of his father a war broke out between him and his brothers Louis the German and Charles the Bald over the division of the empire. He was defeated by them at Fontenay 841, and consented to the treaty of Verdun in 843, by which he was left in po e ion of the imperial title and of the territory included between the Alps, the Rhine, the Meuse, the Saône, and the Rhone. Lothair II., called "The Saxon." Died near Trent, Tyrol, Dec. 3, 1137. Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire 1125-37. He was made duke of Sax- ony in 1106; was elected king of Germany in 1125; and was crowned by the Pope in 1133. Lothair. Born 941: died 986. King of France 954-986, son of Louis IV. Lothair (lō-thar'). 1. A Norman knight in M. G. Lewis's tragedy "Adelgitha." He proves to be Adelgitha's son. The part was played by Mac ready.-2. The principal character in Dis- raeli's novel of that name, published in 1870. Lot haring i a. See Lorraine . Lothario (lō-thare-ō). 1. The principal male character in Rowe's play "The Fair Penitent." He is a libertine ("that haughty gallant, gay Lothario"), the seducer of Calista, the fair penitent. His name has become the synonym for a fashionable and unscrupulous rake. He was the original of Richardson's Love lace. 2. A German gentleman and aristocrat in Goethe's "Wilhelm Meister's Lehrjahre." He bears an undoubted resemblance to Karl August, and is worshiped by Wilhelm Meister. Lothian (loʻTHi-an). A former division of Scot- land, reaching at one time from the English bor- der to the Forth. For East Lothian, Mid loth i an, and West Lothian, see Hadding ton , Edinburgh , and Linlithgow . Lothringen. See Lorraine. Loti (lō-te'), Pierre. See Viaud , Louis Marie Julien. Lotophagi (lō-tof'a-ji). [Gr. Λωτοφάγοι , lotus- eaters.] The lotus-eaters; in Greek legend, especially as given in the Ody ey, the name of a people who ate the fruit of a plant called the lotus, conjecturally identified with various plants which have borne that name. Those of the followers of Ody eus or Uly es who ate of it are described as being rendered forgetful of their friends and unwilling to return to their own land. In historical times a people known under the name of Lotophagi lived on the northern coast of Africa in Tripoli, and on the island of Meninx (Lotophagitis, modern Jerba) in Tunis. Lötschenthal (let's hen-täl). The valley of the Lonza, a right-hand tributary of the Rhone, canton of Valais, Switzerland, about 13 miles Lo ing (los'ing), Benson John. Born at Beek- man, N. Y., Feb. 12, 1813: died near Dover Plains, N. Y., June 3, 1891. An American his west-northwest of Brieg. tori an and journalist. Among his works are "Pic- Lotte. See Charlotte. torial Field-Book of the Revolution" (1850-52), "History Lotus-eaters, The. See Lotophagi . of the United States the War Lotze (lot'se), Rudolf Hermann. Born at Baut- zen, Saxony, May 21, 1817: died at Berlin, July 1, 1881. A noted German philosopher, psycholo- gist, and physiologist, profe or of philosophy at Göttingen 1844-81. In 1881 he was appointed pro- ologist, the theory of a "vital force"; was one of the fe or of philosophy at Berlin. He opposed, as a phys i- founders of physiological psychology: and, as a metaphy. sician, elaborated a system of ideal-realism or teleologi cal idealism. He published notable articles in Wagner's "Handwörterbuch der Physio logie," "Metaphysik" (1840), "All gem eine Pathologie und Therapie als me chan is che Naturwi enschaften" (1842), "System der Philosophie" German, the throne of Lorraine having been vacated by the death of his brother Lothair in 869. Louis III. Died 929 (9171). Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire 901-905, son of Boso, king of Provence. He acceded to the throne of Provence in 890; was crowned emperor in 901; and was deposed in 905 by Be ren gari us I. of Italy, by whom he was blinded and sent back to Provence. Lost Leader, The. A poem by Robert Browning. Concerning it many queries have been asked. Browning himself, in a letter written in 1875, quoted in the London "Literary World," says: "I can only answer, with something of shame and contrition, that I undoubtedly had Words worth in my mind, but simply as a 'model,' you know.... I thought of the great poet's abandonment of art and literature. On the outbreak of the revolution in 1848 he abdicated in favor of his son Maximilian II. Louis II. Born at Nymphenburg, near Munich, Aug. 25, 1845: died June 13, 1886. King of Bavaria 1864-86, son of Maximilian II. He supported Austria against Pru ia in 1866, and Pru ia against France in 1870-71. He joined the North German Zollverein in 1867, and became a member of the German Empire in 1871. He is chiefly known as the patron of Richard Wagner IMG:content-0628.png:[blocks in formation] III. of England in 1259, in return for which the latter re- nounced his claim to Normandy, Anjou, Maine, Touraine, Poitou, and northern Saintonge. He undertook a crusade against Tunis in 1270, during which he died. He was can- onized by Boniface VIII. in 1297. Louis X., surnamed "Le Hutin" (F., 'the Quarreler'). Born 1289: died 1316. King of France 1314-16, son of Philip IV. He inherited the kingdom of Navarre through his mother, Joan of Na- VIII. of England. Henry and the emperor defeated Longueville at Gui negate in the "battle of the spurs," Aug. 16, 1513, and the French were in the same year ex- league by diplomacy, and was preparing to reconquer Milan when he died. Louis XIII. Born at Fontainebleau, France, Sept. 27, 1601: died at St. Germain-en-Laye, France, May 14, 1643. King of France 1610 1643, son of Henry IV. He succeeded under the regency of his mother Marie de Médicis; was declared of age in 1614; and married Anne of Austria in 1615. In 1614 he summoned the States-General, which were not sum- moned again before the Revolution of 1789. In 1624 he chose as his prime minister Richelieu, whom he main- tained in office until Richelieu's death in 1642. The chief results of his reign, due to the policy of Richelieu, were the destruction of the political power of the Huguenots, which was completed by the siege and capture of Rochelle 1627-28; the centralization of the government in the hands of the king, who was made independent of the nobles and the parliament; and the abatement of the power of the house of Austria, whose preponderance in Europe was irre- trievably lost by the intervention of France and Sweden in the Thirty Years' War. See Richelieu . Louis XIV., surnamed "Le Grand" (F., 'the Great'). Born at St.-Germain-en-Laye, France, Sept. 16, 1824. King of France 1814-24, young- Sept. 5 (167), 1638: died at Versailles, France, Sept. 1, 1715. King of France 1643-1715, son of Louis XIII. and Anne of Austria. He ascended the throne under the guardianship of his mother, who chose Cardinal Mazarin as her chief minister. He was declared of age at fourteen, but retained Mazarin in office until the cardinal's death in 1661, when he a umed personal con- trol of the government. He a umed the direction of af- fairs at a time when the policy inaugurated by Richelieu and continued by Mazarin had made the Bourbons abso- lute at home and paramount abroad. The reforms of Col. bert, his comptroller-general of the finances (1661-83), swelled his treasury while promoting industry and econ- Louis XI. A melodrama by Casimir Delavigne, produced in 1832. Boucicault wrote an English ver- sion in 1846. Henry Irving is identified with the character. Louis, Pierre Charles Alexandre. Born at Aï, Marne, France, 1787: died at Paris, 1872. A French physician. He wrote "Recherches zati on in Europe. His desire of conquest and dreams of a French universal monarchy embroiled him in numerous wars, in which his arms were sustained by Turenne, Condé, Luxembourg, Catinat, Villars, Vendôme, and Vauban. His first war (1667-68) was fought with Spain on account of the Spanish Netherlands, which he claimed through his wife Maria The res a, daughter of Philip IV. of Spain. It was ended by the treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, and resulted in the acquisition of a number of fortified towns on the Belgian frontier. His second war (1672-78) was directed against Holland supported by the Empire, Spain, Brandenburg, and Sweden, and resulted in the acquisition of territory from Spain and Austria at the peace of Nimwegen. In 1681 he annexed Strasburg (see Reunion , Chambers of ), and in 1685 revoked the Edict of Nantes (which see). His third war (1688-97) was with England, the Netherlands, the Em- pire, Spain, and Savoy, and concerned the Palatinate, to which laid claim. It was unsucce ful, and was ended by the peace of Ryswick, by which Alsace and Strasburg were formally ceded to France. His fourth war (1701-14) concerned the succe ion in Spain, whose throne he claimed for his grandson, Philip of Anjou. In this war he fought, after 1703, almost single-handed against the bulk of Eu. rope. (See Spanish Succe ion, War of.) The peace of Utrecht (1713) and of Rastatt and Baden (1714) secured Spain for his grandson, but left Louis with an exhausted treasury and a broken army. As a result of these wars, of the vicious fiscal policy which he introduced after the death of Colbert, and of his bigoted and intolerant policy toward the Huguenots, which drove 50,000 families from France, the country was prostrated, and the way prepared for the Revolution. The reign of Louis XIV. has been 1710: died at Versailles, May 10, 1774. King of France 1715-74, great-grandson of Louis XIV. During his minority the government was administered by the Duke of Orléans. He was declared of age in 1723, and in 1725 married Marie Leczinska, daughter of Stan is las, the dethroned king of Poland. On the death of the Duke of Orléans in 1723, the Duke of Bourbon was appointed prime minister. He was in 1726 superseded by Fleury, after whose death in 1743 the government was conducted by appointees of the king's mistre es Pompadour and Du Barry. In 1741 Louis joined the coalition against Maria The res a of Austria (see Austrian Succe ion, War of ), and was a party to the peace of Aix-la-Chapelle in 1748. In 1754 hostilities broke out between the French and the English in America without any declaration of war (see French and Indian War ), and in 1756 he became involved in the Seven Years' War as the ally of Maria The res a and Ru ia against Pru ia and England. He lost by the treaty of Paris in 1763 Canada and Louisiana, and at his death left the kingdom impoverished, oppre ed, and discontented. Louis XVI. Born at Versailles, France, Aug. 23, 1754: guillotined at Paris, Jan. 21, 1793. King of France 1774-92, grandson of Louis XV. He married in 1770 Marie Antoinette, daughter of Maria The res a of Austria, who was at first extremely popular, but afterward incurred the dislike of the people, and whose influence was exerted for the maintenance of the system of favoritism which obtained at court. On ascending the throne in 1774, he appointed Turgot minister of finance. The finances were in extreme disorder, dating from the closing years of the reign of Louis XIV., and the temper of the nation had been roused by the waste and incompe- tence under Louis XV. Turgot began a series of reforms which were opposed by the nobility and the clergy, with the result that he was superseded by Necker in 1777. Lonis recognized the independence of the United States in 1778, and sent an army and a fleet to their support, which ma- terially a isted in securing the peace of Paris between the United States and Great Britain in 1783. France con- cluded a separate treaty with Great Britain in the same year. On the conclusion of peace, the French troops which had been employed in America returned enthusiastic for freedom and a republican form of government. In 1781 Louis Napoléon. See Napoleon III. Louis Philippe (lö'ē fi-lēp'), surnamed "Roi Citoyen" (F., 'Citizen King'). Born at Paris, Oct. 6, 1773: died at Claremont, England, Aug. 26, 1850. King of the French 1830-48, son of Philippe Egalité, duc d'Orléans. He favored the Revolution, and served under Dumouriez against the Aus- trians, but became involved in the conspiracy of his chief against the republic, and found himself compelled to join the émigrés. He returned to France on the restoration of the Bourbons in 1814, and was restored to his hereditary estates. On the deposition of Charles X. in 1830, he was elected by the deputies and peers to the vacant throne, chiefly at the instance of Lafayette. He was deposed by the revolution of Feb., 1848. Louis William I. Born at Paris, April 8, 1655: died at Rastatt, Baden, Jan. 4, 1707. Margrave of Baden. He fought with distinction against the Turks 1683-91, and against the French in the War of the Spanish Succe ion. Louise (lö-ez') of Savoy. Born at Pont-d'Ain, France, 1476: died about 1531. The mother of Francis I. of France. She was twice regent, and negotiated the peace of Cambray ("Ladies' Peace") in 1529. Louisiade (lö-e-ze-äd') Archipelago. An ar- chipelago of small islands, belonging since 1885 to Great Britain, southeast of Papua, inter- sected by lat. 11° S., long. 153° Ε. Louisiana (lö-e-zi-an'ä). One of the Southern States of the United States of America. Capi- tal, Baton Rouge; chief city, New Orleans. It is bounded by Arkansas and Mi i ippi on the north, Mis- si ippi and the Gulf of Mexico on the east, the Gulf of Mexico on the south, and Texas on the west. Its north- ern boundary is lat. 33° N. It is separated partly from Texas by the Sabine, and from Mi i ippi by the Mi is- sippi and Pearl. The surface is generally level, in part oc- cupied by swamps and alluvial lands. It abounds in for- ests. The chief industry is agriculture. The leading pro- ducts are cotton, sugar, rice, and Indian corn. It is the leading State in the production of sugar. It has 59 par- ishes (corresponding to the counties of the other States), sends 2 senators and 6 representatives to Congre , and has 8 electoral votes. It was explored by De Soto in 1541, by Marquette in 1673, and by La Salle in 1682; was settled by the French under Iberville and Bienville about 1700; was granted to Law's company in 1717, but in 1732 reverted to the crown; was ceded by France to Spain in 1763; was The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia: The Century Cyclopedia of names Louisiana retroceded to France in 1800; was purchased by the United States in 1803 (see Louisiana Purchase ); was made a separate Territory (the Territory of Orleans) in 1804; had the portion east of the Mi i ippi annexed in 1810; was admit ted to the Union in 1812; seceded Jan. 26, 1861; was large ly occupied by the Federals 1862-63; and was readmitted in June, 1868. There were rival State governments under Kellogg (Republican) and McEnery (Democrat) in 18721874. The disputed electoral vote for President in 1876 was given to Hayes by the Electoral Commi ion in 1877. Area, 48,720 square miles. Population (1890), 1,118,587. Louisiana Purchase. The territory which the United States in 1803, under Jefferson's administration, acquired by purchase from France, then under the government of Bonaparte as first consul. The price was $15,000,000. The purchase consisted of New Orleans and a vast tract extending westward from the Mi i ippi River to the Rocky Mountains, and from the Gulf of Mexico to British America, Louisiana Territory. That part of the Louisiana Purchase which is not included in the present State of Louisiana. It was formed in 1804. The name was changed to Mi ouri Territory in 1812. Louisville (lö'is-vil or lö'i-vil). The capital of Jefferson County, Kentucky, situated at the falls of the Ohio River in lat. 38° 15′ N., long. 85° 45' W. It is the largest city of Kentucky, and has important trade in tobacco, provisions, and whisky. The facture of agricultural implements, leather, wagons, cement, wood-work, etc. It was founded in 1778, and is leading industries are pork-packing and manu often called Falls City. Population (1890), 161,129. Loulé (lo-lā'). A town in the province of Algarve, Portugal, situated in lat. 37° 4′ N., long. 7° 54′ W. Population (1890), 18,872. Loupgarou (lö-gä-rö'). [F., 'a werwolf.'] A leader of the giants in Rabelais's "Gargantua and Pant a gruel." Pant a gruel, becoming angry with him, picked him up by the ankles and used him like a quar ter-staff.