LIBERTINES

Mention is made of the synagogue of the Libertines, Acts vi, 9; concerning whom there are different opinions, two of which bid fairest for the truth. The first is that of Grotius and Vitringa, that they were Italian Jews or proselytes. The ancient Romans distinguished between libertus and liber tin us . Libertus was one who had been a slave, and obtained his freedom; liber tin us was the son of a libertus . But this distinction in after ages was not strictly observed; and liber tin us also came to be used for one not born, but made free, in opposition to ingenu us , or one born free. Whether the libertini mentioned in this pa age of the Acts were Gentiles, who had become proselytes to Judaism, or native Jews, who having been made slaves to the Romans were afterward set at liberty, and in remembrance of their captivity called themselves libertini , and formed a synagogue by themselves, is differently conjectured by the learned. It is probable the Jews of Cyrenia, Alexandria, , built synagogues at Jerusalem at their own charge, for the use of their brethren who came from those countries; as the Danes, Swedes, , build churches for the use of their own countrymen in London; and that the Italian Jews did the same; and because the greatest number of them were libertini , their synagogue was therefore called the synagogue of the Libertines. The other opinion, which is hinted by Œcumenius on the Acts, and mentioned by Dr. Lardner, as more lately advanced by Mr. Daniel Gerdes, profe or of divinity in the university of Groningen, is this, that the Libertines are so called from a city or country called Libertus, or Libertina, in Africa, about Carthage. Suidas, in his Lexicon, on the word λιβερτινος, says it was ονομα εθνους, nomen gent is . [The name of a nation.] And the glo a interlinear is , of which Nicolas de Lyra made great use in his notes, hath over the word libertini, e regione , denoting that they were so styled from a country. In the acts of the famous conference with the Donatists at Carthage, A. D. 411, there is mentioned one Victor, bishop of the church of Libertina: and in the acts of the Later an council, which was held in 649, there is mention of Januarius grat iâ Dei episcopus sanctæ ecclesiæ Liber tin ens is ; [Januarius by the grace of God bishop of the holy church of Libertina;] and therefore Fabric i us, in his Geographical Index of Christian Bishoprics,” has placed Libertina in what was called Africa Propria, or the proconsular province of Africa. Now, as all the other people of the several synagogues, mentioned in this pa age of the Acts, are denominated from the places from whence they came, it is probable that the Libertines were so too; and as the Cyrenians and Alexandrians, who came from Africa, are placed next to the Libertines in that catalogue, it is probable they also belonged to the same country. So that, upon the whole, there is little reason to doubt of the Libertines being so called from the place from whence they came; and the order of the names in the catalogue might lead us to think, that they were farther off from Jerusalem than Alexandria and Cyrenia, which will carry us to the proconsular province in Africa about Carthage.